Cómo FUNCIONAN los RAYOS X? 🤔 | TUBO DE RAYOS X partes y funciones ☢️ | ¡RADIACIÓN IONIZANTE !
Summary
TLDREl script proporciona una descripción detallada de cómo se generan los rayos X, destacando la importancia de la tubería de rayos X y su funcionamiento. Se explica que los rayos X son una forma de radiación dentro del espectro electromagnético, caracterizada por su alta frecuencia y capacidad para ionizar la materia. El proceso de generación de los rayos X involucra un flujo de electrones bajo una diferencia de potencial, que al chocar con el ánodo, liberan energía en forma de fotones. La mayoría de la energía liberada se convierte en calor, lo que requiere del enfriamiento del ánodo. Los rayos X tienen efectos biológicos, pueden ser atenuados al atravesar la materia y tienen efectos luminiscente y fotográficos. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen descubrió los rayos X en 1895 y su descubrimiento ganó el Premio Nobel de Física en 1901. Los efectos biológicos de los rayos X se agrupan en efectos deterministas y estocastas, siendo la mayoría de ellos controlables. Los rayos X son esenciales en la radiología médica, aunque su uso debe ser cuidadoso debido a sus efectos ionizantes.
Takeaways
- 🌟 Los rayos X son una forma de radiación dentro del espectro electromagnético, caracterizada por tener una frecuencia de onda muy alta y ser ionizantes.
- 🔋 La generación de rayos X ocurre en un tubo de rayos X, donde un voltaje alto hace que los electrones se aceleren desde el catodo hacia el ánodo.
- 🚫 El tubo de rayos X está vacío para evitar que las moléculas del gas interfieran en la trayectoria de los electrones.
- 🔥 El choque de los electrones con el ánodo, generalmente hecho de tungsteno, produce una disminución repentina de velocidad y la energía se convierte en fotones de alta energía.
- 📉 La mayor parte de la energía en el proceso se convierte en calor, y solo alrededor del 10% se transforma en fotones de rayos X.
- 🛡️ El ánodo debe girar constantemente y estar enfriado por un sistema de enfriamiento para dissipar el calor generado.
- 📈 Los rayos X son generados a kilovoltios entre 50 y 150, lo que indica una diferencial de potencial alta.
- 📡 La salida de los rayos X se controla a través de un filtro y un sistema de colimación para ajustar el haz de rayos X.
- 🧬 Los efectos biológicos de los rayos X incluyen daños directos al ADN y daños indirectos a través de la formación de radicales libres, como el peróxido de hidrógeno.
- 🎞️ La historia de los rayos X comienza con Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, quien descubrió los rayos X en 1895 y recibió el Premio Nobel de Física en 1901.
- ⚖️ Los efectos biológicos de los rayos X se pueden clasificar en efectos deterministas, que dependen de la dosis y otros factores, y efectos estocásticos, que son inherentemente impredecibles.
Q & A
¿Cómo se generan los rayos X?
-Los rayos X se generan en un tubo de rayos X, donde un alto voltaje produce un campo eléctrico que acelera los electrones desde el cátodo hacia el ánode. Al chocar los electrones con el ánode, que está hecho de un elemento de alto número atómico como el tungsteno, se decelera y libera energía en forma de fotón, creando así un fotón de alta energía, correspondiente a la frecuencia de los rayos X.
¿Por qué el tubo de rayos X debe estar en un vacío?
-El tubo de rayos X debe estar en un vacío para evitar que las moléculas del gas, incluyendo el aire normal, interfieran con la trayectoria de los electrones. Esto asegura que los electrones no se desvíen y sigan una trayectoria recta hacia el ánode.
¿Cuál es la importancia de que el ánode gire en el tubo de rayos X?
-El giro del ánode es importante para disipar el calor generado por la radiación. Como el proceso de generación de rayos X es ineficiente y la mayoría de la energía se convierte en calor, el giro del ánode ayuda a enfriarlo.
¿Cómo se define la radiación ionizante?
-La radiación ionizante se define como tal porque tiene la capacidad de generar iones en la materia. Cuando los fotónes de alta energía de la radiación ionizante chocan con la materia, desplazan los electrones de los átomos, ionizando la materia.
¿Cómo se diferencian los rayos X de los rayos gamma en términos de su origen?
-Los rayos X son una radiación de origen extranuclear, es decir, están relacionados con los orbitarios de los electrones y generalmente se producen por fenómenos de desaceleración de electrones. Por otro lado, los rayos gamma son una radiación de origen nuclear, provenientes de la desintegración de isotopos radioactivos y están relacionadas con el núcleo atómico.
¿Quién descubrió los rayos X y en qué año?
-Los rayos X fueron descubiertos por el físico alemán Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen en 1895. Röntgen recibió el Premio Nobel de Física en 1901 por este descubrimiento.
¿Cuáles son los efectos biológicos de los rayos X?
-Los efectos biológicos de los rayos X se pueden agrupar en efectos deterministas y estocásticos. Los efectos deterministas dependen de la dosis de radiación, el tiempo de exposición, el órgano expuesto y la edad. Los efectos estocásticos, que son menos comunes, dependen de la chance y no pueden ser controlados.
¿Cómo afecta la radiación ionizante a las moléculas de agua en el cuerpo humano?
-La radiación ionizante puede causar radiolisis de agua, lo que da lugar a la formación de radicales libres, incluyendo el peróxido de hidrógeno, que es altamente tóxico y puede causar daños en la materia viva, incluyendo el ADN.
¿Por qué la mayoría del cuerpo humano es susceptible a los efectos de los rayos X?
-La mayoría del cuerpo humano, alrededor del 70 al 80%, está compuesto de moléculas de agua, y la radiación ionizante puede causar radiolisis en estas moléculas, lo que a su vez produce radicales libres que pueden ser dañinos para las células.
¿Cómo se diferencia la radiología de la medicina nuclear?
-La radiología utiliza principalmente los rayos X, que son una forma de radiación ionizante de origen extranuclear. La medicina nuclear, por otro lado, utiliza la radiación ionizante a través de isotopos radioactivos, que es una radiación de origen nuclear y se relaciona con la desintegración de estos isotopos.
¿Cuáles son los efectos luminiscente y fotográficos de los rayos X?
-Los rayos X tienen un efecto luminiscente que produce fluorescencia en ciertos materiales llamados fosforos. Además, tienen un efecto fotográfico que permite grabar imágenes en película fotográfica. Hoy en día, se utilizan receptores digitales en lugar del desarrollo químico de la placa radiográfica.
¿Por qué el proceso de generación de rayos X es considerado ineficiente?
-El proceso de generación de rayos X es ineficiente porque solo un 10% de la energía utilizada se convierte en fotónes de rayos X, mientras que aproximadamente el 90% de la energía se convierte en calor, el cual debe ser disipado, por ejemplo, mediante el giro del ánode y sistemas de enfriamiento.
Outlines
🔬 Generación de rayos X
Este párrafo introduce la importancia de entender cómo se generan los rayos X, describiendo la estructura y funcionamiento de un tubo de rayos X. Se destaca la importancia de la corriente eléctrica de alta tensión, el cátodo y el ánodo, y cómo estos elementos están ubicados dentro de una cámara de vacío y protegidos por un blindaje de plomo. Además, se menciona la rotación del ánodo para disipar el calor generado y la salida del haz de rayos X a través de un filtro y un sistema de colimación.
🚀 Colisión de electrones y generación de fotones
Se explica el proceso físico de generación de rayos X, donde los electrones, atraídos por el gradiente de voltaje desde el cátodo hacia el ánodo, colisionan con este último, provocando una deceleracón repentina. Como el ánodo está hecho generalmente de tungsteno, un elemento con un número atómico alto, el electron no puede atravesarlo y su energía se libera en forma de fotón, creando así un fotón de alta energía dentro del espectro de rayos X. Se aclara que el proceso es ineficiente, con el 90% de la energía convertida en calor y solo el 10% en fotónes de rayos X.
⚛️ Espectro electromagnético y rayos X
Este párrafo describe el espectro electromagnético, que abarca desde las ondas de radio hasta los rayos gamma, y cómo la frecuencia de onda del fotón determina su posición en el espectro. Los rayos X son una parte de este espectro y se caracterizan por tener una frecuencia de onda muy corta, similar al tamaño de un átomo. Se diferencian de los rayos gamma, que son una forma diferente de radiación ionizante y tienen una frecuencia de onda aún más corta, similar al tamaño del núcleo atómico. Además, se menciona el efecto ionizante de la radiación, que se debe a la capacidad de los fotones de desplazar electrones y ionizar átomos al impactar con la materia.
🌟 Efectos biológicos y aplicaciones de los rayos X
Se discuten los efectos biológicos de los rayos X, clasificados en efectos deterministas y estocásticos. Los efectos deterministas dependen de la dosis de radiación, el tiempo de exposición, el órgano expuesto y la edad, mientras que los efectos estocásticos son puramente aleatorios. La mayoría de los efectos biológicos en las dosis utilizadas en la radiología son controlables y se deben a radicales libres, principalmente el peróxido de hidrógeno, producto de la radiolisis del agua. También se menciona la historia del descubrimiento de los rayos X por Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen en 1895 y su premio Nobel en 1901.
⏳ Efectos a largo plazo y seguridad en la radiología
Este párrafo aborda los efectos a largo plazo de la radiación en la radiología, destacando que la mayoría de los efectos biológicos son debidos a radicales libres y que los daños directos al ADN ocurren a dosis de radiación muy altas. Se menciona la importancia de la seguridad en la radiología, donde las dosis utilizadas son muy bajas y se administran en millisievertes. Además, se anticipa que el próximo tutorial se centrará en los factores de exposición en la radiología.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡X-rays
💡Tubo de rayos X
💡Espectro electromagnético
💡Radiación ionizante
💡Cátode y ánodo
💡Vacío
💡Diferencial de kilovoltaje
💡Iones
💡Efectos biológicos
💡Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
💡Radiología y medicina nuclear
Highlights
La naturaleza de los rayos X se puede entender mejor conociendo cómo se generan, utilizando un tubo de rayos X.
Un tubo de rayos X es una estructura clave en la generación de rayos X y comprender su funcionamiento es fundamental.
El tubo de rayos X contiene una corriente eléctrica de alta voltaje que es crucial para la generación de radiación electromagnética, incluidos los rayos X.
La corriente eléctrica alta voltaje se conecta a un cátode y un ánodo, que son las dos estructuras principales del funcionamiento del tubo de rayos X.
El cátode y el ánodo están dentro de una cámara de vacío, lo que es esencial para evitar interferencias en la trayectoria de los electrones.
El ánodo tiene un mecanismo de rotación para disipar el calor generado por la radiación.
La energía generada en el proceso de generación de rayos X se convierte principalmente en calor, con solo un 10% convertido en fotónes de rayos X.
La radiación electromagnética se dispersa en el espectro electromagnético, donde los rayos X tienen una frecuencia de onda corta.
Los rayos X son una forma de radiación ionizante que tiene efectos biológicos al interactuar con la materia.
Los rayos X son generados por un proceso de frenado súbito de electrones al chocar con el ánodo.
Los rayos gamma son una forma diferente de radiación ionizante que proviene de fenómenos nucleares y se utiliza en medicina nuclear.
La radiación ionizante puede causar daños directos a la molécula de ADN, especialmente a dosis altas de radiación.
Los efectos biológicos de los rayos X se pueden agrupar en efectos deterministas y estocásticos, dependiendo de la dosis y la duración de la exposición.
El descubrimiento de los rayos X por Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen en 1895 cambió la radiología y la medicina.
Los rayos X tienen efectos luminiscente, fotográficos e ionizantes que han tenido aplicaciones históricas y modernas en la radiología.
La radiobiología estudia extensamente los efectos biológicos de los rayos X, que incluyen daños a la molécula de ADN y la formación de radicales libres.
La mayoría de los efectos biológicos en las dosis de radiología son controlados y se deben a radicales libres formados por la radiolisis del agua.
Transcripts
In order to properly understand the nature of x-rays, I think it is important that
we understand how they are generated; In this graphic we have a representation of what
an x-ray tube is. This is a term that I want you to be very clear about because we are going
to use it throughout the course. I want you to keep in mind what an
x-ray tube is and how it works, you will see that it is not something complex, that it is not something abstract,
but rather that it really is an easy mechanism to understand, at least in theory, and that it is
important to have this type of conceptual bases, to be able to learn in the best way everything
related to the radiographic technique, and even with the interpretation of x-rays.
This is an illustration that represents an x-ray tube, as I have been saying, we are going to recognize
the most important parts, before going on to talk about how it works. So
what parts make up an x-ray tube, so first there is a high voltage current,
that high voltage current is represented through this part of the graph, and like all
electrical current it has a positive side and a negative side. The high voltage is important to
generate the type of electromagnetic radiation that we want to generate at this moment, which is
radiation or x-rays, so this is the first component, a high
voltage electric current. That electric current is connected to a cathode and the other end to an anode;
These are the two main structures for the operation of the x-ray tube. In
turn, this cathode and this anode are inside a vacuum chamber. We are going to see what is
the importance of why they should be inside a vacuum chamber. vacuum, and the vacuum chamber in
turn is inside a chamber that has a generally lead shield, a shield that
does not allow x-rays to escape outside where we want the x-ray beam to be emitted.
Let's review, we have the high voltage electric current, this electric current has a
positive and negative charge, in turn each of the ends of the charge is attached to a cathode,
where the negative charge is, and an anode where the charge is connected . positive charge. As we can see
what we are going to generate through a high voltage electric current, it is a
charge or voltage gradient in which we are going to have a side charged with negatively charged electrons and a
positive side, that voltage difference is which will allow us to have an adequate functioning.
Another important thing is that the anode has a mechanism to rotate, this mechanism that is
represented here means that the anode is rotating, we are going to see that this is important
to dissipate a bit of the heat generated by radiation. As you can see, both the vacuum chamber
and the shielding are open at one of those ends and it is where we want the
x-ray beam to exit, so all the radiation that is generated inside the vacuum chamber and inside the
chamber of shielding, it will only go outside through this filter, which is generally
adapted to a collimation system to adjust the x-ray beam to what we want to irradiate.
Now we are going to see how it works, let's remember then that we have a cathode
charged with a negative electric charge and an anode that has a positive charge,
then, by increasing the voltage as such of this electric current,
what we are going to generate is a gradient of voltage, where there will be a very
negative voltage at one end and a positive voltage at the other, and to the extent that this kilovoltage,
in that kilovoltage differential increases, the electrons that arrive here at the cathode will come out ,
they will go out faster with more energy towards the anode, the greater the
potential differential becomes, that differential between the voltage. So, in radiology
kilovoltage differentials between 50 and 150 kilovolts are used, which is quite high, that is,
on this side we would have approximately between 50 and 150 kilovolts, and on this side we would have a
much smaller value so that these electrons are attracted to go to the other extreme.
What is going to happen? When we increase the voltage there will be a flow of electrons
through the cathode, which in turn will channel them through a filament so that
they do not go out scattered throughout the entire chamber vacuum, but all that flow of electrons
is going to be channeled through the filament, and due to the voltage gradient, they are going to go
looking for the anode. Remember, here is the negative charge of the electrons and here is the
positive charge of the anode, when the electrons shoot from the filament towards the anode, they
collide and undergo a sudden deceleration process, since the anode is usually made
of an element with a very high atomic number, which is tungsten, and the electron cannot advance, it
brakes is a sudden braking, and that energy that it carries detaches it, throws it into the medium,
in the form of a photon, so that is what we are going to represent with this graph, this illustration.
That little yellow ball is the electron and this light that surrounded the electron is the photon. Let's
see it again, as we see the electron leaves the filament towards the anode, attracted by the
potential differential with great speed, but this is abruptly stopped by the anode,
since it is made of an element with a very high atomic number and you can't get through it. But
what happens with that energy that the electron carried, since it returns it to the medium in the form of a photon,
and that photon is a high energy photon, we are going to see that this photon, the photons are the ones
that make up the entire spectrum electromagnetic, and depending on the frequency of its wave it will
be grouped into different spectra within the electromagnetic spectrum. In this case,
the photon would come out with a frequency that corresponds to the frequency of x-rays,
so this is the way in which x-rays are generated in medicine.
I go back and repeat doing a kind of summary, there is a high voltage electrical charge,
through which electrons flow from the cathode to the anode, the anode is made
of an element with a very high atomic number, which means that it has a great density
at the level of its atomic nucleus, and the electron is stopped once it passes with great speed,
from the filament of the cathode to the anode it is stopped, and the energy that
the electron carries is returned to the medium in the form of a photon, a high-energy photon
carrying a frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum, clumps together in x-radiation.
The reason why this chamber has to be in a vacuum is because if there were molecules of some
kind of gas, of all the gases that make up normal air, they would interfere with the trajectory of the
electron, and what we are looking for is that the electron does not deflect, lead to a straight path toward
the anode. Most of the energy that is released in this process is heat, approximately
90% of the energy in this process are not x but not heat, and that is why the anode must
constantly rotate to dissipate the heat and also this is cooled by an oil system,
thus also depending on the engineering of the x-ray tube, and only 10% of that energy
is converted into x-ray type photons, only 10%. So, it is a quite inefficient process
in which most of it is converted into heat, which is dissipated by rotating the anode and through
a cooling system that the vacuum chamber must have; As you can see, this would generate,
obviously, this is not a single electron, these are thousands of thousands of thousands of electrons, doing
this process in milliseconds and in very short fractions of time, photons would come out in all
directions, but, for a x-ray beam, leading in a definite direction the
camera has to be plumb, yes, then that's why there has to be external shielding.
This is the mechanism how it works in x-ray tubes in medicine,
so again here the beam of photons that will make up the x-ray beam would come out.
What are x-rays? To answer this question we necessarily have to know
at least in a very basic way, the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum
is quite broad, ranging from radio waves to gamma rays. So
what does the electromagnetic spectrum depend on? of the wave frequency of the photon, then,
the entire electromagnetic spectrum is made up of photons, remember that the photon is a quantum
of energy, it is like a packet of energy and the photon has a quantum duality and it
can behave like a particle , or as a wave. To understand the electromagnetic spectrum,
it is easier to understand it from the wave behavior of the photon. Since every wave has a
frequency and the frequency depends on the length of the wave, then, when the length of the
wave is very wide, in the order of 10 to 3, we are talking about that spectrum, that photon,
is within the spectrum of radio waves. From there the microwaves would continue,
then the infrared, and from there we would arrive at the photons that make up visible light, that
visible light is in the order of a very short wave frequency too, about the size of
protozoa, this is like A comparison, then, of the size of the wavelength,
and as you can see it is quite small, but in the quantum universe this is still very large,
this can even be made much smaller, and if we make that wave smaller, we would arrive
at the ultraviolet radiation, which is on the order of the size of a molecule and later
we would arrive at x-rays, which are on the order of the size of an atom, and finally,
the last mode of electromagnetic radiation that we know of so far is the gamma rays,
which are about the size of an atomic nucleus, this is another form of ionizing
radiation that is different from x-rays, so as I was saying, x-rays
are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum, It is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum,
where the photons that make it up have a very short wave frequency, now yes, we can
see the technical definition. What are x-rays? they are a type of radiation within the electromagnetic spectrum
, we already know that it is here whose wave is very high frequency as we see it here,
and it is ionizing in nature so we are going to see right now what it means to be ionizing.
Ionizing radiation, this term is going to be heard a lot in medicine, both in radiology
and in nuclear medicine. Ionizing radiation, the simplest definition, is considered ionizing
because it generates ions in matter, generate ions in matter, when these high-
energy photons hit matter, they displace the electrons that make up the atoms of matter, they displace
those electrons , whether they send them out of the atom or change their energy levels,
in all cases the atom remains ionized and that is the effect of ionizing radiation. So
when ionizing radiation enters the human body, what will generate the biological effect
will be mediated by this because it generates ions. Well right now we are going to mention a little more
about what it is that ions are formed within the human body or within any living tissue;
but before that I want you to be clear about this difference. Ionizing radiation can be of
two types, it can be through x-rays or it can be through gamma rays, which are not the same,
I go back and repeat, x-rays have a wave frequency of the order of the size of an atom,
while the wave frequency of gamma radiation is much smaller, about the size
of the atomic nucleus. They are different radiations but both are ionizing. So, as I
was saying now, representing the graph of the x-ray tube, if we saw we were only talking about the
electron and the energy it gives off in the form of a photon, that is, x-rays have to do
with extra-nuclear phenomena, that is, about the electronic orbit, at no time do we talk about
the proton of the neutron, of all those annoying structures that make up the atomic nucleus
called nucleons, none of this has to do with x-rays, only electrons,
electrons that slow down and deliver their energy to the medium in the form of a photon,
and generally this type of radiation is given by phenomena of deceleration of electrons,
as we have seen, electrons coming from one side collide in an anode and release that high-
energy photon. So, as we see here, they are extra-nuclear phenomena, they have more to do with the orbit
of electrons and it is generally due to their deceleration phenomena. While the other
type of ionizing radiation is good and this is the one used by medical radiology. The other type of
radiation is gamma radiation, and gamma radiation is radiation of nuclear origin,
since what I mean by nuclear origin, at least in medicine, most of the
gamma radiation is produced by this phenomenon of disintegration of radioactive isotopes.
Remember that an atom can have a stable nucleus, that it is in equilibrium and that it will not
change if we do not modify it, but in nature there can be atoms with
unstable nuclei, that is, with an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons, and that
means that the atom is out of balance and is changing and that energy is delivered, that change in
the structure of its atom, of its nucleus as such, it is delivered in the form of gamma radiation. So
this radiation has to do with the nucleus of the atom, not with the orbit of electrons, and this type
of radiation generally comes from isotopes and is what is used in nuclear medicine.
So this is the big difference between radiology and nuclear medicine, both use
ionizing radiation but in radiology x-rays are used, at least because the part that
carries ionizing radiation, let's see which radiology has other diagnostic methods
like ultrasound, electromagnetism, in the case of resonance, but nuclear medicine
also produces ionizing radiation, but it does so through isotopes, which is a phenomenon
of disintegration of these isotopes, which is a nuclear phenomenon. In both cases,
ions are generated in matter, so the main ion that is formed, or at least the one that we know the most about,
are the ions that form the radiolysis of water, radiolysis of water is the effect
of radiation on water, and To summarize a bit, the type of ions that generate radiolysis
of water are known as free radicals, among which the most important is hydrogen
peroxide, this is the most toxic and is the one that generates a type of damage called indirect;
Also, when ionizing radiation is very high, it can generate direct damage, especially
in the DNA molecule, which could also be grouped into lethal damage and lethal damage,
but that is a slightly more complex issue, which comes out as the purpose of this presentation.
For now, I want you to be clear about what radiation is, that x-rays are part
of ionizing radiation, but that there is also gamma radiation that is used in
nuclear medicine and that we are not going to see this issue, we are going to focus on all in x-rays.
X-rays, already going into detail about them, have the characteristics,
in the first one is that they have a biological effect, then the radiation is attenuated when
passing through the matter, which means that part of it is absorbed, producing lesions in
living organisms and as I was saying, most of the human body is made up
of water molecules, between 70 or 80% of the human body is water molecules, and there radiation is what
generates radiolysis, and finally It is a somewhat long process, but what it generates in the end are
free radicals, among which hydrogen peroxide is the most toxic and is the one that will
mediate most of the harmful effects, at least in the doses that we use in radiology.
It will also have a luminescent effect that produces fluorescence in certain substances
called phosphors, this was initially used when a
chemical development of the radiographic plate was made, today chemical development is not used so much,
in fact it is already very scarce , what is done is to use a type of digital receivers,
which capture the intensity of the photons and it is not done so much in a chemical development,
but that is how radiology began with a chemical development, through luminescence,
the effect of luminescence. The photographic effect is that, also through the luminescent effect, they
impress and produce images on photographic film. And the ionizing effect, as we
said, is actually called ionizing radiation because it ionizes matter.
A bit of history, x-rays were discovered by the German physicist Wilhelm
Conrad Röntgen in 1895 and he discovered them incidentally while working
with cathode rays, in fact the x-ray tube is very similar to a cathode ray
tube. He determined that these rays created highly penetrating but invisible radiation,
which penetrated great thicknesses of paper and even thin metals. He
used photographic plates and made the first human X-ray, using his wife's hand.
At that time I call them unknown rays or x-rays, a man who to this day maintains,
because he did not know that they were just that they were generated by cathode rays when colliding with certain
materials. For this discovery, Röntgen received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
With respect to the biological effects of x-rays, this is a fairly broad topic,
radiobiology studies it extensively, but I only want to mention two aspects:
that the rays the biological effects of x-rays could be grouped into two broad categories,
deterministic effects and stochastic effects. Deterministic effects are those
related to the type of radiation, radiation dose, exposure time,
exposed organ, and age. What do I mean by deterministic, here we have to take into account
the radiation dose, if we are more likely to have biological effects on the DNA,
if we use high doses of radiation, while if we use low doses of radiation,
the probability of damage in the DNA, or through either directly or indirectly will be much
less. The same with the exposure time, it will be more likely that we will have more biological effects
and if the exposure time is prolonged and it will be much less if we use
short disposition times. The same happens with the organs, it is also more likely that we will have
more effects and irradiate organs that have a high mitotic rate, such as the
thyroid gland or the female or male gonads, differently from how we would irradiate, for example,
only muscle. Also age, children for example when they are growing have a
high mitotic rate and at that time the DNA is more susceptible to being damaged. Deterministic is that
we can calculate the probability of damage, yes, we know that the higher the dose, the greater the risk,
the longer the exposure time, the greater the risk. There are some organs that are more susceptible to radiation damage
and also the age of the patient, so this is deterministic. On the other hand
, we call the other biological effects stochastic because they depend solely
on chance. Generally, 90% of the biological effects of x-rays are deterministic,
that is, we can control them. But there are 10% effects of biological rays, of x-rays,
that we will not be able to control and that is called stochastic. And all this damage,
the biological effect generally at the dose that we handle in radiology,
is through free radicals that are formed by radiolysis of water.
There is also direct damage to the DNA, a helix can break, the double helix, well,
as I was saying, this is part of the lethal, sublethal damage, but it occurs with very
high doses of radiation. We have generally seen them in nuclear accidents, in nuclear plants,
we know, for example, in the lethal dose of radiation of a human being, we know, for example, that with an
exposure of 3 to 4 cybers, immediate death occurs in approximately 50% of cases. human beings
, so these are data that we bring from the accidents at nuclear plants.
But most of the biological effects in radiology doses, at least in radiology,
are very low doses and in the order of millisieverts, not cyber but millisievers,
and are given by free radicals, which are formed from radiolysis of water,
among them the most toxic hydrogen peroxide and that these can be formed,
by deterministic effects that are 90% and that we can control, and the stochastic ones
that are less but that will always exist and we cannot control them alone they depend on chance.
So this video tutorial is up to here, in the next one we are going to create a little bit of the
exposure factors, we are going to talk about that topic. Thank you very much for your attention until then.
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