Type 2 diabetes mellitus (mechanism of disease)

Summary

This video discusses the mechanisms of disease related to type 2 diabetes, outlining its etiologies, pathophysiology, and manifestations. Key risk factors include genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and demographic influences. The pathophysiology is driven by peripheral insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction, leading to hyperglycemia. Common symptoms include increased hunger, weight loss, excessive urination, and thirst. Understanding these interconnected factors is essential for effective management and treatment of type 2 diabetes, highlighting its complexity and the importance of awareness in prevention.

Takeaways

• 😀 Family history is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes, especially if a first-degree relative is affected.
• 😀 Certain racial and ethnic groups, such as Native Americans and African Americans, have higher incidences of type 2 diabetes.
• 😀 A sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes.
• 😀 Medical history, including cardiovascular disease and polycystic ovarian syndrome, increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
• 😀 Conditions like severe obesity and a high-calorie diet are associated with insulin resistance, a key factor in type 2 diabetes.
• 😀 The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes involves peripheral insulin resistance and dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells.
• 😀 Peripheral insulin resistance is driven by visceral adiposity, leading to increased levels of free fatty acids in the blood.
• 😀 Dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells occurs due to excessive production of proinsulin and proamylin, impairing insulin secretion.
• 😀 Symptoms of hyperglycemia include increased thirst (polydipsia), excessive urination (polyuria), and weight loss.
• 😀 The relationship between hyperglycemia and dehydration creates a feedback loop that exacerbates the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

Q & A

What are the primary risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes?

Primary risk factors include family history, race and ethnicity, physical inactivity, obesity, history of cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and gestational diabetes.

How does family history influence the risk of type 2 diabetes?

Having a first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes significantly increases an individual's risk, with studies indicating a 40% chance if one parent is diabetic.

What role do race and ethnicity play in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes?

Certain racial and ethnic groups, such as Native Americans and African Americans, exhibit higher rates of type 2 diabetes, indicating it is a social determinant of health.

What is the connection between obesity and type 2 diabetes?

Severe obesity, particularly visceral adiposity, is linked to insulin resistance, which is a major factor in the development of type 2 diabetes.

Can you explain the term 'peripheral insulin resistance'?

Peripheral insulin resistance refers to the body's decreased ability to respond to insulin, leading to impaired glucose uptake in tissues such as muscle and fat.

What happens to pancreatic beta cells in type 2 diabetes?

In type 2 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells become dysfunctional due to the overproduction of proinsulin and proamylin, resulting in reduced insulin secretion.

How does hyperglycemia occur in type 2 diabetes?

Hyperglycemia occurs due to inadequate insulin secretion and increased hepatic glucose output, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.

What are the symptoms of dehydration in patients with type 2 diabetes?

Symptoms include increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), and weight loss due to the body's inability to retain water, which follows glucose in urine.

What is glycosuria, and how does it relate to type 2 diabetes?

Glycosuria is the presence of excess glucose in the urine, which occurs when blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold for reabsorption.

Why do patients with type 2 diabetes often experience increased hunger (polyphagia)?

Increased hunger occurs because of muscle and fat breakdown for gluconeogenesis, resulting from low insulin levels and the body's inability to utilize glucose effectively.