Anatomi Systema Respiratorium : Pulmo et Pleura

Summary

This video, presented by Fai Salsabila, an anatomy lab assistant at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, covers the anatomy and neurovascularization of the pleura and lungs (pulmo). The pleura consists of two layers, the parietal and visceral pleura, which protect the lungs. The speaker explains the topography, vascularization, innervation, and specific anatomical features of the lungs, such as the lobes and fissures. The video also covers the functional aspects of the pleura and lungs in respiration, including their blood supply, innervation, and relationship to surrounding structures.

Takeaways

• 🫁 The pleura consists of two layers: parietal pleura attached to the thoracic wall and visceral pleura attached to the lungs (pulmo).
• 🔬 The pleura originates from the mesoderm and contains a pleural cavity (cavitas pleuralis) filled with serous fluid, aiding smooth lung movement during respiration.
• 🧠 The parietal pleura is divided into four sections based on location: costalis, mediastinalis, diaphragmatica, and cervikalis.
• ⚙️ The pleura has two important recesses: the costomediastinal recess (between costal and mediastinal pleura) and the costodiaphragmatic recess (between costal and diaphragmatic pleura), providing space for lung expansion.
• 🩸 The visceral pleura receives blood from bronchial arteries (branches of the aorta), while the parietal pleura is supplied by intercostal and phrenic arteries.
• 🧬 The visceral pleura is innervated by autonomic nerve fibers, insensitive to pain, while the parietal pleura has somatic nerve innervation, making it sensitive to pain.
• 👃 The lungs (pulmo) are conical organs with an apex, base, and three surfaces: costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic.
• 🫀 The right lung (pulmo dexter) has three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior, separated by horizontal and oblique fissures, while the left lung (pulmo sinister) has only two lobes: superior and inferior, with an oblique fissure.
• 🩻 The hilum of the lung is the entry/exit point for structures like bronchi, pulmonary arteries, and veins, with significant anatomical differences between the right and left lungs.
• 🫁 Each lung segment has its own vascular supply, with the right lung having 10 segments and the left lung having 8-9 segments.

Q & A

What is the pleura, and what are its two main layers?

The pleura is a double-layered serous membrane that originates from the mesoderm and surrounds the lungs (pulmo). It consists of two main layers: the parietal pleura, which adheres to the thoracic wall, and the visceral pleura, which attaches to the lungs.

What is the function of the pleural cavity (cavitas pleuralis)?

The pleural cavity, located between the parietal and visceral pleura, contains a small amount of serous fluid that reduces friction and allows the lungs to move smoothly during respiration.

How is the parietal pleura subdivided topographically?

The parietal pleura is subdivided into four regions based on its location: the costal part (pleura costalis), which attaches to the ribs; the mediastinal part (pleura mediastinalis), covering the mediastinum; the diaphragmatic part (pleura diaphragmatica), adjacent to the diaphragm; and the cervical part (pleura cervicalis), covering the lung apex.

What are the two recesses within the pleural cavity?

The pleural cavity contains two recesses: the costomediastinal recess, where the pleura costalis contacts the pleura mediastinalis, and the costodiaphragmatic recess, formed by the pleural fold between the costal and diaphragmatic pleura. These spaces allow lung expansion during breathing.

What is the significance of the pulmonary ligament (ligamentum pulmonale)?

The pulmonary ligament stabilizes the position of the inferior lobes of the lungs and accommodates their upward and downward movements during respiration.

How is the pleura vascularized?

The visceral pleura is supplied by the bronchial arteries, branches of the thoracic aorta. The parietal pleura is vascularized by different sources depending on the region: the mediastinal part by the pericardiophrenic artery, the diaphragmatic part by the superior phrenic and musculophrenic arteries, and the costal part by the intercostal arteries.

What is the innervation of the pleura?

The visceral pleura is innervated by general visceral afferent fibers, and pain is typically not felt here. The parietal pleura, however, is innervated by general somatic afferent fibers and is sensitive to pain. Specific regions of the parietal pleura are innervated by the intercostal nerves (costal part) and the phrenic nerve (diaphragmatic and mediastinal parts).

What are the three lobes of the right lung (pulmo dexter)?

The right lung consists of three lobes: the superior lobe, the middle lobe, and the inferior lobe. These lobes are separated by two fissures: the horizontal fissure (between the superior and middle lobes) and the oblique fissure (between the middle and inferior lobes).

What structures are associated with the mediastinal surface of the right lung?

On the mediastinal surface of the right lung, several impressions or sulci are present, including the sulcus for the azygos vein, the sulcus for the superior vena cava, the sulcus for the esophagus, and the cardiac impression for the right atrium.

What are the key differences between the right and left lungs?

The right lung has three lobes and is larger, while the left lung has only two lobes (superior and inferior) and is smaller due to the space occupied by the heart. The left lung also features the lingula, a small tongue-like projection of the superior lobe, and a deeper cardiac impression for the left ventricle.