IGCSE Computer Science 2023-25 ​​- Topic 3: HARDWARE (3) - Embedded Systems

Summary

This video is the third in a series covering IGCSE Computer Science, focusing on embedded systems within hardware architecture. It explains that embedded systems are small computers designed to perform specific tasks within larger systems, such as home appliances, vehicles, and fitness trackers. The video discusses key components like microcontrollers, microprocessors, and systems on chips (SoCs). It also highlights the benefits (low cost, small size, real-time operation) and drawbacks (difficulty in upgrades, security risks) of embedded systems. The video concludes with examples of embedded systems in cars, security systems, and an introduction to the Micro:bit as a learning tool.

Takeaways

• 💻 Embedded systems are small computers that control devices and allow users to interact with them, performing a limited number of specific tasks.
• 🛠️ Examples of embedded systems include heating systems, engine management in vehicles, dishwashers, mobile phones, GPS systems, and fitness trackers.
• ⚙️ Embedded systems can be based on microcontrollers, microprocessors, or system-on-chips (SoCs), each with varying components like CPUs, RAM, ROM, and I/O ports.
• 📱 Embedded systems are feedback-oriented, featuring user interfaces, inputs (such as sensors), outputs (such as actuators), and internal software for control.
• 🚗 Applications of embedded systems are wide-ranging, including home appliances, vehicle systems (GPS, airbags, braking), and even security systems.
• 🏠 Embedded systems offer advantages like small size, low cost, dedicated tasks, low power consumption, and remote control capabilities.
• ⛔ Drawbacks include difficulty in upgrading, specialized troubleshooting, vulnerability to hacking, and contributing to the throwaway society due to limited repair options.
• 🔧 Embedded devices often need software upgrades, especially for systems like GPS, which require periodic updates to stay current.
• 📊 Sensors and actuators are key components, with examples including water level sensors in washing machines and actuators that control valves.
• 🔑 Security systems are an example of embedded systems, featuring elements like keypads, sensors, and remote access control through mobile devices.

Q & A

What is an embedded system?

An embedded system is a small computer that is part of a larger system or device, designed to control the device and allow the user to interact with it. It typically performs one or a limited number of tasks.

Can you provide examples of devices that use embedded systems?

Examples of devices with embedded systems include central heating systems, engine management systems in vehicles, dishwashers, TVs, mobile phones, smartwatches, GPS systems, and fitness trackers.

What are the three key components that embedded systems can be based on?

Embedded systems can be based on microcontrollers, microprocessors, or systems on chips (SoCs). Microcontrollers include a CPU, RAM, ROM, and peripherals on one chip, while microprocessors only have a CPU. Systems on chips combine a microcontroller with other components such as memory and I/O ports.

How do feedback systems work in embedded systems?

Feedback systems in embedded devices compare outputs to desired inputs and take corrective actions to ensure that the outputs match the inputs. An example is a burglar alarm system that constantly compares sensor data with stored values.

How are embedded systems used in washing machines?

In washing machines, embedded systems control the washing process, including water levels, temperature, and timing. Sensors monitor the water level, and actuators control the water flow. The user inputs options like temperature, and the system runs washing, rinsing, and spinning cycles automatically.

What is the difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor?

A microcontroller is a single chip that includes a CPU, RAM, ROM, and peripherals, while a microprocessor only contains the CPU. Microprocessors require additional components such as memory and peripherals to function.

What are the main benefits of using embedded systems?

The main benefits of embedded systems are their small size, low cost, ability to perform specific tasks, low power consumption, remote control capability, fast response time, and high reliability due to mass production.

What are some drawbacks of embedded systems?

Drawbacks of embedded systems include difficulty in upgrading, complex troubleshooting, the potential for devices to become obsolete, susceptibility to hacking if connected to the internet, and contributing to a 'throwaway society' when devices are discarded instead of repaired.

Can users upgrade the software of embedded systems?

While embedded systems are usually programmed by the manufacturer, some devices allow for software upgrades, such as fitness trackers and GPS systems in cars, to update or add new features.

How do embedded systems interact with sensors and actuators?

Embedded systems receive data from sensors, such as water level or temperature sensors, and use actuators, like motors or valves, to control physical processes based on the sensor inputs. For example, in a washing machine, the system controls water levels based on sensor feedback.