Hypertension- causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
Summary
TLDRThe video discusses hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, which affects over a billion people worldwide. Blood pressure is represented by two numbers: systolic (heart contracting) and diastolic (heart relaxing). Elevated blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Hypertension is classified into stages based on systolic and diastolic values. Primary hypertension often has no symptoms and can be managed with lifestyle changes, while secondary hypertension stems from underlying conditions. Hypertensive crises involve dangerously high pressures and potential organ damage, requiring immediate intervention.
Takeaways
- 🌍 Over a billion people worldwide have hypertension, making it a common condition.
- 📏 Blood pressure is measured in two numbers: systolic (top) and diastolic (bottom).
- 🩸 Systolic pressure measures arterial pressure when the heart contracts, while diastolic measures when the heart relaxes.
- ⚖️ Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mm Hg, while elevated blood pressure is 120-129 mm Hg systolic and less than 80 mm Hg diastolic.
- 🚨 Stage 1 hypertension is defined as 130-139 mm Hg systolic and 80-89 mm Hg diastolic; Stage 2 is anything above 140/90 mm Hg.
- 🔄 Sometimes, only systolic or diastolic pressure is high, a condition known as isolated hypertension.
- 💔 High blood pressure damages blood vessels over time, leading to serious issues like heart attacks and strokes.
- 🧓 Primary hypertension has no specific cause but is linked to aging, obesity, high-salt diets, and sedentary lifestyles.
- 🩺 Secondary hypertension has identifiable causes, such as kidney disease or hormonal disorders.
- 🚑 Hypertensive crisis occurs when blood pressure spikes over 180/120 mm Hg, leading to potential organ damage.
Q & A
What is hypertension and how is it typically measured?
-Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is measured using two numbers: systolic blood pressure (the pressure when the heart contracts) and diastolic blood pressure (the pressure when the heart relaxes). Blood pressure is usually measured in the brachial artery of the upper arm.
What are the normal blood pressure ranges?
-Normal systolic blood pressure is less than 120 millimeters of mercury, and normal diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 millimeters of mercury.
How is elevated blood pressure defined?
-Elevated blood pressure is defined as a systolic pressure between 120 and 129 millimeters of mercury, with diastolic pressure remaining under 80 millimeters of mercury.
What are the criteria for stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension?
-Stage 1 hypertension is when systolic blood pressure is between 130 and 139 millimeters of mercury and diastolic is between 80 and 89 millimeters. Stage 2 hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 millimeters or higher and diastolic pressure of 90 millimeters or higher.
What is isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension?
-Isolated systolic hypertension occurs when only the systolic pressure is elevated, while isolated diastolic hypertension occurs when only the diastolic pressure is elevated.
Why is high blood pressure harmful to blood vessels?
-High blood pressure can cause wear and tear on the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, leading to cracks and tears, which can result in serious conditions like myocardial infarctions, aneurysms, and strokes.
What are the primary risk factors for hypertension?
-Primary risk factors for hypertension include old age, obesity, salt-heavy diets, and sedentary lifestyles. Most of these can be improved with lifestyle changes, except for age.
What is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension?
-Primary hypertension occurs without an identifiable cause and develops over time. Secondary hypertension has a specific underlying cause, such as conditions affecting blood flow to the kidneys, atherosclerosis, or hormone imbalances.
What role do the kidneys play in blood pressure regulation?
-The kidneys help regulate blood pressure by secreting the hormone renin when blood flow to the kidneys is reduced. Renin causes the kidneys to retain more water, which increases blood volume and leads to higher blood pressure.
What is hypertensive crisis, and how is it classified?
-A hypertensive crisis occurs when blood pressure rises very high very quickly. It is classified into hypertensive urgency, where there is no damage to organs, and hypertensive emergency, where there is evidence of damage to organs like the brain, kidneys, heart, or lungs.
Outlines
💉 Understanding Blood Pressure and Hypertension
This section explains the basics of blood pressure, including the definition and significance of systolic and diastolic pressure. It describes how blood pressure is typically measured in the brachial artery and outlines the recent changes in guidelines for categorizing blood pressure levels. The normal systolic pressure is less than 120 mm Hg, while normal diastolic pressure is less than 80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension are defined based on specific ranges. Additionally, it explains the concept of isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension, where one pressure is elevated, and the other remains normal, posing significant health risks.
🚨 The Dangers of High Blood Pressure
This paragraph delves into the long-term consequences of untreated high blood pressure on blood vessels. It compares the effects to a garden hose under constant high pressure, which can develop cracks and tears. Similarly, hypertension can lead to endothelial cell damage, increasing the risk of myocardial infarctions, aneurysms, and strokes. The section introduces the terms 'primary hypertension' (when there is no clear cause but related to risk factors like age, obesity, diet, and inactivity) and 'secondary hypertension' (due to specific conditions like atherosclerosis or diseases affecting the kidneys). It stresses the importance of recognizing and managing hypertension to avoid these severe complications.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Hypertension
💡Systolic Blood Pressure
💡Diastolic Blood Pressure
💡Primary Hypertension
💡Secondary Hypertension
💡Endothelial Cells
💡Renin
💡Isolated Systolic Hypertension
💡Hypertensive Crisis
💡Lifestyle Changes
Highlights
Over a billion people worldwide have hypertension.
High blood pressure is common and defined by two numbers: systolic and diastolic.
Systolic blood pressure measures the pressure when the heart contracts.
Diastolic blood pressure measures the pressure when the heart relaxes.
Blood pressure is typically taken in the brachial artery in the upper arm.
New guidelines reflect evidence that moderately high blood pressures increase heart disease risk.
Normal systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mm Hg.
Normal diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mm Hg.
Elevated systolic blood pressure is between 120 and 129 mm Hg.
Stage 1 hypertension is between 130 and 139 mm Hg systolic and 80 to 89 mm Hg diastolic.
Stage 2 hypertension is 140 mm Hg or higher systolic and 90 mm Hg or higher diastolic.
Isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension occurs when one number is normal and the other is high.
High blood pressure causes wear and tear on the endothelial cells lining blood vessels.
Blood vessel damage can lead to myocardial infarctions, aneurysms, and strokes.
Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause and is the most common type.
Risk factors for primary hypertension include age, obesity, salt intake, and sedentary lifestyle.
Secondary hypertension has a specific identifiable underlying condition.
Kidney issues can cause hypertension by affecting blood flow and hormone secretion.
Other conditions causing secondary hypertension include atherosclerosis, vasculitis, and tumors.
Hypertensive crisis is defined by very high blood pressure readings.
Hypertensive urgency and emergency are terms used to describe severe high blood pressure with or without organ damage.
Primary hypertension often has no symptoms, earning it the nickname 'silent killer'.
Treatment for hypertension begins with lifestyle changes and may include medication.
Transcripts
over a billion people around the world
have hypertension or high blood pressure
so that pretty much means it's pretty
common
let's start by defining it
typically it's represented by two
numbers the top number is the systolic
blood pressure which is the arterial
pressure when the heart's contracting
and the lower number is the diastolic
blood pressure which is the arterial
pressure when the heart's relaxing or
refilling
most of the time blood pressure is taken
in the brachial artery in your upper arm
because of the pressure's high there
it's probably high throughout all of the
arteries
the guidelines for categorizing blood
pressure have recently changed to
reflect a growing body of evidence that
shows even moderately high blood
pressures can significantly increase
your risk for developing heart disease
now normal systolic blood pressure is
defined as less than 120 millimeters of
mercury
and in normal diastolic pressure is less
than 80 millimeters of mercury
elevated systolic blood pressure is
considered between 120 and 129
millimeters of mercury
and less than 80 millimeters of mercury
in the diastolic side
stage 1 hypertension is between 130 and
139 millimeters of mercury on the
systolic side and between 80 and 89
millimeters of mercury on the diastolic
side
stage 2 hypertension is defined as
anything that's 140 millimeters of
mercury or higher on the systolic side
and 90 millimeters of mercury are higher
on the diastolic side
typically both systolic and diastolic
pressures tend to climb or fall together
but that's not always the case sometimes
you can have systolic or diastolic
hypertension
when one number's normal and the other
is really high
this is referred to as isolated systolic
hypertension or isolated diastolic
hypertension
high blood pressure is a serious problem
for the blood vessels because it causes
wear and tear on the endothelial cells
that line the inside of the blood
vessels
just like a garden hose that's always
under higher pressure in the long term
blood vessels can develop tiny cracks
and tears that can lead to serious
problems like myocardial infarctions
aneurysms and strokes
now about ninety percent of the time
hypertension happens without a clearly
identifiable underlying reason
and we call this primary hypertension or
essential hypertension
in other words over time pressure in the
artery starts to silently creep up
and there are a bunch of risk factors
that we've identified for primary
hypertension
and these include old age obesity
salt heavy diets and sedentary
lifestyles
with the exception of age all of these
can be improved with lifestyle changes
and those changes can help reduce
hypertension
about 10 percent of the time though
there is a specific identifiable
underlying condition that's the cause of
the hypertension and we call this
secondary hypertension
for example anything that limits the
blood flow to the kidneys or the renal
blood flow can cause hypertension
as well as things like atherosclerosis
vasculitis or aortic dissection
this is because the kidneys play a super
important role in blood pressure
regulation
when not enough blood flows to the
kidney the kidney secretes the hormone
renin which ultimately helps the kidneys
retain more water that water contributes
to more blood in the arteries making
them more full which leads to higher
pressures
other diseases can also cause secondary
hypertension
fibromuscular dysplasia which affects
young women can cause the walls of the
large and medium-sized arteries to
thicken
if it involves the renal artery and
limits blood flow to the kidneys it
triggers more renin
another example is a tumor that produces
excess aldosterone and just like renin
this leads to fluid retention
finally if the blood pressure gets
really high really fast it's referred to
as hypertensive crisis
it involves a systolic pressure greater
than 180 millimeters of mercury or a
diastolic pressure greater than 120
millimeters of mercury
hypertensive crisis can be further split
into hypertensive urgency and
hypertensive emergency
with hypertensive urgency there hasn't
yet been damage to end organs like the
brain kidneys heart and lungs
in hypertensive emergency there has been
shown to be evidence of damage to end
organs
so for symptoms usually primary
hypertension isn't actually accompanied
by any symptoms which is why it's
sometimes referred to as a silent killer
secondary hypertension might involve a
variety of symptoms associated with the
underlying cause
and finally hypertensive emergency might
involve symptoms like confusion
drowsiness chest pain and breathlessness
the first choice for treatment of
hypertension is lifestyle changes like
changes to the diet exercise and stress
reduction techniques
in addition there are a variety of
anti-hypertensive medications that might
be given in some cases as well
all right as a quick recap
hypertension or high blood pressure
affects over a billion people around the
world and over time is a major risk
factor for heart disease and stroke
stage 1 hypertension is defined as 130
to 139 millimeters of mercury for the
systolic blood pressure and between 80
to 89 millimeters of mercury for the
diastolic pressure
while stage 2 hypertension is defined as
greater than 140 millimeters of mercury
on the systolic side and greater than 90
millimeters of mercury on the diastolic
side
hypertension usually doesn't cause any
symptoms and the first line of treatment
is lifestyle changes
helping current and future clinicians
focus learn retain and thrive learn more
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