Sejarah Kota dan Perencanaan Kota di Indonesia

Summary

This script discusses the urban history and city planning in Indonesia, divided into four historical periods: ancient temples like Borobudur (3rd-9th centuries), the rise of coastal cities during the fall of Majapahit (15th-17th centuries), European influence from the 19th to 20th centuries, and post-independence urbanization. It also covers different periodizations by experts like Sujarto and Alisjahbana, highlighting the evolution from traditional considerations to modern, structured planning aimed at achieving urban welfare and environmental control.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ The script discusses the history and urban planning of cities in Indonesia, divided into different historical periods.
• 🗓️ The first period covers from the 3rd to the 9th century, marked by the presence of monumental temples like Borobudur and Prambanan, indicating a high culture and complex social structure.
• 🏰 The second period spans from the 9th to the 15th century, featuring the rise of kingdoms like Kediri, Singosari, and Majapahit, with more substantial evidence of urban development.
• 🌊 The third period, from the 15th to the 17th century, saw the emergence of coastal cities like Gresik and Demak due to the decline of Majapahit, facilitating trade and urban growth.
• 🏞️ The fourth period covers the 19th to the 20th century, where Indonesian cities began to be influenced by European powers, including the impact of the Suez Canal opening.
• 📚 According to Sujarto, there are four historical periods of city development in Indonesia: pre-VOC, colonial, transition (post-independence and decolonization), and the New Order era.
• 🏗️ Alisjahbana's perspective divides the urban planning period into five: VOC era planning focused on forts, Dutch colonial urbanization to address urban issues, improvement of indigenous villages, revolutionary era legislation for comprehensive city planning, and post-independence development with structured planning laws.
• 🎓 The 1960s-70s saw the establishment of urban planning studies at ITB to support city planning.
• 📋 The 1970s-85s introduced regulations for city planning, such as the Mendagri No. 4 of 1980 and the introduction of the 'Kotabaru' plan inspired by British town and country planning.
• 🗂️ Post the 1992 spatial planning law, urban planning became more hierarchical with national, provincial, and regional spatial plans to ensure consistency with national strategies and regional coherence.
• 🌐 The ultimate goal of urban planning in Indonesia is to organize cities for the welfare of urban communities and to control the environment.

Q & A

What is the first period of Indonesian city history mentioned in the script?

The first period mentioned in the script is from the 3rd to the 9th century, which includes the construction of monumental temples like Borobudur and Prambanan, indicating a high culture and complex social structure.

Which kingdoms are associated with the first period of Indonesian city history?

The kingdoms associated with the first period are Sriwijaya and Medang, which are indicative of a sophisticated culture and complex social structure.

What is the second period of Indonesian city history as described in the script?

The second period spans from the 9th to the 15th century and includes the rule of kingdoms such as Kediri, Singosari, and Majapahit. This period is characterized by more substantial evidence of urban development.

What is the significance of the Majapahit kingdom in Indonesian city history?

The Majapahit kingdom is significant as it left tangible remains of cities and was a traditional center of governance located near rivers, protected by forts.

What changes occurred in Indonesian city locations during the third period?

During the third period, from the 15th to the 17th century, cities began to emerge along the coasts, such as Gresik, Demak, and Jakarta-Banten, due to the ease of navigation and trade in shallow seas.

How did inland cities develop during the third period of Indonesian city history?

Inland cities like Jogjakarta, Surakarta, and Surabaya also began to grow during this period, influenced by European presence and the spread of Islam.

What are the key features of the fourth period of Indonesian city history?

The fourth period, from the 19th to the 20th century, is marked by European influence on Indonesian cities, including the impact of the Suez Canal opening.

According to Sutarto, how many periods of Indonesian city development are there?

According to Sutarto, there are four periods of Indonesian city development, which are pre-VOC, colonial, post-independence transition, and the New Order era.

What is the focus of Alisjahbana's city planning periods in Indonesia?

Alisjahbana's periods of city planning focus on the development from the VOC era, through urbanization efforts by the Dutch government, to the establishment of comprehensive city planning during the revolution and development periods.

What was the role of the Department of Public Works in Indonesian city planning during the 1980s?

In the 1980s, the Department of Public Works introduced the Kotabaru plan, which was inspired by British town and country planning concepts, aiming to maintain consistency between city development and national strategies.

How has Indonesian city planning evolved from Dutch colonial times to the post-1992 era?

Indonesian city planning has evolved from being limited during Dutch colonial times to a more structured and hierarchical approach post-1992, with the introduction of the Spatial Planning Law (No. 24 of 1992), leading to the creation of national, provincial, and regional spatial plans.