Lesson 2: Gender & Sexuality Across Time
Summary
TLDRIn this educational lesson, Sean Savialita explores the historical understanding of gender and sexuality, highlighting the evolution from egalitarian societies to patriarchy. The lecture defines key terms like patriarchy and feminism, discusses how gender roles shifted with the discovery of paternity and the advent of agriculture, and outlines the feminist movement's progress in challenging oppressive structures. It also addresses contemporary issues like the gender pay gap and women's rights, emphasizing the ongoing struggle for equality.
Takeaways
- 📚 The lesson aims to discuss the historical evolution of gender and sexuality, and how these concepts have shaped human societies.
- 👥 Patriarchy is defined as a social system where men hold primary power in political and private spheres, leading to the oppression of women.
- 🌐 Feminism is a series of social movements challenging patriarchy and advocating for women's rights and gender equality.
- 🌟 Historically, societies had a high regard for women, treating them equally due to the concept of divine feminine and their role in childbearing.
- 👨👩👧👦 The discovery of paternity during the agricultural era led to a shift in societal views, favoring men in productive roles and relegating women to domestic tasks.
- 🏭 The industrial era intensified gender disparity, with men being preferred for labor due to their perceived physical strength and the fact they do not bear children.
- 🏛️ Patriarchy is considered a social construct rather than a biological phenomenon, as prehistoric societies showed more egalitarian structures.
- 📜 Historical views on gender varied, with Greek philosophers viewing women as inferior, while Egyptian women enjoyed higher status and rights.
- 🚫 Gender biases in ancient patriarchal societies were strict and often violent, severely limiting women's rights and opportunities.
- 💪 Feminism has led to significant progress in women's rights, including suffrage, reproductive rights, and equal opportunities in education and employment.
- 🌍 The United Nations reports highlight the ongoing struggle for gender equality, with women performing more work but receiving less income and owning less property.
Q & A
What is the main objective of the lesson on gender and sexuality across time and history?
-The main objective is to enable students to discuss the historical roots of our understanding of gender and sexuality and to appreciate how this understanding has evolved over time, affecting various aspects of social and human life.
What is the definition of 'patriarchy' as discussed in the script?
-Patriarchy is defined as a social system where men primarily hold power in the political and private spheres.
How does the script describe the role of women in early civilizations?
-In early civilizations, women were highly regarded due to the concept of divine feminine, and they were treated equally with men, leading to egalitarian societies where men and women had equitable power and roles.
What significant change occurred in societal views of gender with the discovery of paternity?
-With the discovery of paternity, societies began to privilege men over other genders, mainly due to their preferential role in the productive sphere, while women were viewed as solely capable of reproductive affairs and home-related tasks.
How did the industrial era impact gender disparity according to the script?
-The industrial era intensified gender disparity by favoring men in the workforce because they did not have to bear children for nine months and were perceived to have greater physical strength.
What is the origin of the term 'patriarchy' as mentioned in the script?
-The term 'patriarchy' comes from the Greek word 'patriarchas', which means the rule of the father.
How does the script explain the historical view of gender in ancient Greece?
-In ancient Greece, philosophers like Plato and Aristotle viewed women as inferior and as properties of men whose only job was to obey their husbands, bear children, and take care of the household.
What role did Confucianism play in shaping gender norms in China according to the script?
-Confucianism in China had stringent written rules dictating how women should conduct themselves, emphasizing obedience to father, husband, and son, and restricting their roles to the household.
What is the script's description of the feminist movement's aim?
-The feminist movement aims to challenge the patriarchal society and the oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women.
What are the key demands of feminism as outlined in the script?
-The key demands of feminism include women's suffrage, equality in politics and society, reproductive rights, addressing domestic violence and sexual harassment, and equitable wages and equal employment opportunities.
How does the script summarize the progress of women's rights from ancient times to the present?
-The script summarizes that women have come a long way since ancient times through the feminist movement, but patriarchy still exists in subtle forms of oppression such as sexism and gender pay gap.
Outlines
🌐 Introduction to Gender and Sexuality
Sean Savialita introduces the topic of gender and sexuality across different historical periods. The lesson aims to discuss the historical roots of our understanding of these concepts and how they have evolved over time, affecting various aspects of social and human life. The instructor defines key terms such as 'patriarchy' and 'feminism,' explaining how societies have shifted from egalitarian to patriarchal systems. Historical accounts and archaeological findings suggest that early human societies valued women highly, but the discovery of paternity and the agricultural era led to a shift in gender roles, favoring men in the productive sphere.
🏛️ Patriarchy: Definition and Historical Roots
The second paragraph delves into the concept of patriarchy, tracing its origins to the Greek word 'patriarchas,' meaning the rule of the father. It describes how patriarchy is a social system where men hold power in political and private spheres, leading to an expectation for women to obey and be relegated to domestic roles. The paragraph also discusses the historical progression from egalitarian societies to patrilineal ones, where men inherit property and family names, excluding women from such rights. The influence of Greek philosophers and the spread of Greek culture, as well as Confucian teachings in China, are highlighted as examples of how women were historically viewed as inferior and confined to服从 roles.
🚫 Gender Biases and Patriarchal Society
Paragraph three addresses the strict enforcement of gender biases in ancient patriarchal societies, where women faced severe limitations, such as being denied education and the right to express opinions. It provides examples from the Spanish period in the Philippines, where women were voiceless and treated as second-class citizens. The paragraph also discusses the subtle forms of oppression that persist today, such as sexism, the gender pay gap, underrepresentation in politics, and societal expectations that limit women's roles. The feminist movement is presented as a series of social movements aiming to challenge patriarchy and promote women's rights.
🌱 Women's Empowerment and Feminism
The fourth paragraph focuses on women's empowerment and the feminist movement, which seeks to challenge patriarchal structures and promote equality. It outlines the historical progression of feminism, from the first wave demanding voting rights and property ownership to later waves addressing issues like reproductive rights, domestic violence, and wage inequality. The paragraph also highlights the United Nations' reports on the unequal distribution of work and income between men and women. It concludes by listing the key demands of feminism, such as women's suffrage, equal representation in politics and society, reproductive rights, and the right to be free from sexual harassment and violence.
🔄 Recap of Gender and Sexuality's Evolution
The final paragraph reiterates the lesson's objectives, emphasizing the importance of understanding the historical roots of gender and sexuality. It recaps the definition of key terms like 'patriarchy' and 'feminism' and summarizes the shift from societies that revered women to those that privileged men, particularly in the productive sphere. The paragraph also touches on the industrial era's impact on gender roles, reinforcing the need for a continued examination of social and political conditions to promote a more equitable understanding of gender and sexuality.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Patriarchy
💡Feminism
💡Gender and Sexuality
💡Divine Feminine
💡Paternity
💡Industrial Era
💡Egalitarian Society
💡Feminine Empowerment
💡Intersectionality
💡Reproductive Rights
💡Gender Bias
Highlights
Lesson objective: Understand historical roots of gender and sexuality.
Definition of patriarchy as a social system where men hold power.
Feminism challenges patriarchal society and oppressive structures.
Information availability allows for detailed examination of social conditions.
Early civilizations regarded women with high esteem due to divine feminine concept.
Discovery of paternity shifted societal views, favoring men in productive roles.
Patriarchy is a social construct, not a biological phenomenon.
Friedrich Engels argued patriarchy emerged with private property.
Greek philosophers viewed women as inferior and properties of men.
Egyptian women had higher social status than Greek women.
Confucianism in China dictated strict rules for women's conduct.
Patriarchal society enforced strict gender biases and often violent.
Spanish period in the Philippines suppressed women's voices.
Feminism seeks to challenge and change oppressive patriarchal structures.
First wave of feminism focused on women's right to vote and own property.
Second wave of feminism addressed social and cultural inequalities.
Third and fourth waves of feminism continue to fight for women's rights.
UN reports show women perform more work but earn less and own less property.
Feminism demands equality in voting, politics, society, reproductive rights, and employment.
Transcripts
okay good day too my dear students I'm
Sean savialita and we'll talk about
gender and sexuality across time and
across history
okay so lesson objectives at the end of
this lesson you should be able to
discuss the historical roots of our
understanding of gender and sexuality
and show appreciation of how this
understanding evolved Through Time
affected various aspects of social of
human life
okay so by definition of terms
patriarchy is considered as a social
system where men primarily hold power in
the political and private spheres
feminism is a continuing series of
social movements that aim to challenge
the patriarchal society and creates this
oppressive political structures beliefs
and practices against women
thank you
so introduction
so the society has progressed so much in
a way that information and knowledge is
available to everyone
this gives us an opportunity to examine
our social and political conditions in
more detail than when information was
cursed and limited to only a few
individuals
historical accounts show that across
time humans conception of gender and
sexuality has also changed
archaeological artifacts reveal that in
the distant past during the dawn of
civilizations
human societies have high regard for
women
the concept of divine feminine the
sacredness of the woman due to her
ability to consume children has
prevailed and thus women are treated
equally with men
so this makes societies egalitarian
so men and women have Equitable power
and roles
however humans discovery of paternity
which refers to fatherhood
presumably during the agricultural ERA
with societies began to establish
communities
and tame rear cattle stocks
have also changed how societies have
viewed women and men they're from
for the longest time they're after
Society is a privileged men over other
genders mainly because of the
preferential given to them
in the productive sphere
so women who have been revered due to
their ability to conceive have been
viewed as solely capable only of
reproductive affairs
world of the home and related tasks such
as suckling the young child rearing and
home management
the the gender disparity was intensified
by the industrial era where factors were
built and men were preferred because
they do not have to bear children for
nine months and because of their
perceived physical strength
but how did they really the
conceptualization of gender and
sexuality changed
this lesson tackles the movements in
history which shows how men women and
people of other genders are viewed in
human societies
so patriarchy
a close examination of our society can
lead us to see the invisible layers of
Oppression in our society which is
called a patriarchy a system based on
the control and oppression of women
wherein they perceived to be a weaker
sex
it is a structure that upholds a male
Supremacy in the law
tone
in the workplace in the society
so the word patriarchy comes from the
Greek word patriarchas
which means the rule of the father it is
a social system where men primarily hold
power in the political and private
spheres
this means that in this social system
Society is organized and maintained in a
way that men rule over women and their
children
so in the social legal political and
economic spheres
men are expected to lead while women are
expected to obey and are relegated to
household chores bearing children Child
Care cleaning the house uh
attending the the plants watering the
plants
so a patrilineal society often follows a
patriarchal society
this means that only men can inherit
property
and the family name
women were left with no inheritance and
are expected to marry a man who can
support her economically
in fact women were not allowed to go to
schools or even vote because they are
viewed as a weaker sex and should not
concern themselves in learning science
or politics
women had to fight for the right to vote
and to go to school to go to work and
even participate in politics
patriarchy is viewed by more
sociologists as a social construct and
not a biological phenomenon
this is because history proves that in
the prehistoric
hunter-gatherer tribes and civilization
they prioritized equality of all members
male and female
history suggests an egalitarian system
rather than a patriarchal system
men and women contribute to society and
they enjoy the same social status
so according to Friedrich Engels German
philosopher and sociologist argues that
patriarchy came when the people started
having a private property instead of the
communal living
the development in agriculture
domestication of animals led to creating
product Surplus which allows people to
have a private property
as a way to control the excess wealth
generated by these advancements male
dominance was asserted over women so
only male so only the males can hurt can
inherit the prop the family well
okay so historical views on gender let's
start with the Greeks
Plato Aristotle and other Greek
philosophers viewed women as the
inferior sects and are properties of men
whose only job was only to obey their
husbands bear children
and take care of the household they were
forbidden to learn philosophy politics
and science
so that is according to the Greeks
um
I am Egypt
in the name of Greek historian Herodotus
observed the Egyptian civilization
citing that Egyptian women enjoyed
higher Social Status than Greek women
because they can inherit property and
engage in trade and politics
however Greek influence quickly spread
in Egypt throughout the conquests of
Alexander the Great across Asia and
Africa
for China Confucianism has stringent
written rules that dictate how women
should conduct themselves
written documents titled three
obediences and four virtues
and precepts of women states that women
should obey their father
when marriage is to obey her husband and
when widowed she has to obey her son
so
concerning about gender biases
gender biases in ancient patriarchal
society is very very strict heavily
enforced and often violent
imagine not being able to go to school
just because you're a woman
not being able to express your opinion
on important matters even when it
concerns your future and not being able
to say no to any man the best example
here is during the time of the Spanish
period here in the Philippines wherein
women were not given the voices
throughout the society and and the time
when women became uh was the second
class citizens in the Republic of the
Philippines
that was because of the influence of the
Spanish
Spanish culture the best example that
you can see here is the
um the
um the telesery about the Maria Clara
and Ibarra no we're in that the women
were not uh were not allowed to perform
Medical Practice because medical
practices are just only reserved for men
and not for women
are just only have to stay their homes
cleaning household chores and praying
inside the uh inside their
on their chapels or in or in front of
their the room altar
so women have come a long way since the
ancient times through the feminist
movement however patriarchy has taken in
the subtle forms of Oppression
such as sexism
which means a Prejudice stereotypes and
discrimination based on sex
gender pay Gap so men earn more than
women
under representation in politics
military executive positions
Etc
rape on women and their stigma making
women ashamed to report to crime
very conservative expectations on women
and how they behave
unrealistic depictions of women in
fiction of unfair sexualized
women do more household work and child
care
and boys were trained to be leaders
while women were trained to do the
household chores
okay so we're talking here now about the
women empowerment
women's Liberation movement women's
movement or feminism
is a continuing series of social
movements that aim to challenge the
patriarchal society
that creates these oppressive political
structures beliefs and practices against
women
it started at the different decades in
different countries some are far more
advanced in their struggle While others
are still starting a movement
during the 19th and 20th Century the
first wave of feminism spread across the
Western countries
as women demanded for their right to
vote or participate in elections and to
be able to legally own property
in France a Simone de Beauvoir
wrote the book entitled The Second Sex
in 1949
it outlined how the patriarchal society
disadvantaged women
by slowly raising her into submission
and hindering their productivity and
Happiness by relegating them to house
cleaning
so this inspired many women to write and
speak their truths such as
Betty Friedan so who wrote the Feminine
mistake
uh Kate Millet on sexual politics and
German Greer
so the female eunuch
but was book was instrumental in
Awakening women about their flight as a
wife servant to their husbands in her
famous quote
one is not born but rather becomes a
woman
the movement the liberal Liberation
the farm or women's Liberation movement
was formed in Europe and they sought the
right to education the right to work and
the right to vote in the 1940s
later they also won the the women's
right to decide on their own bodies and
their sexualities
so this Liberation movement views the
intersectionality of economic status or
class to patriarchy
in spider bouvos book the second wave
feminism in 1960s
through the 80s women Drew attention to
variosocial and cultural inequalities
such as a domestic violence
especially marital rape
Reproductive Rights wage inequality in
Etc
the 90s gave birth to the third wave and
2012 started the fourth wave
these movements only show that there is
still much to be done for women's rights
the United Nations reports that women do
more work than men
because even when they work at the
office
they are still expected to do household
tests another report from U.N women
states that women perform 66 percent of
the world were produced 90 percent of
wood but earned 10 of the income and own
percent of the property
this is because in agricultural
countries women participate in making
the produce
but only the father and a male head the
family controls the income
to put simply feminism demands equality
here are the few Salient points on
feminism demands number one the Women's
Suffrage the women were not allowed to
vote
before because they were viewed as
irrational
temperamental and therefore not able to
make rational decisions
this change after the World War One
wherein women were uprooted from the
household
number two the equality in politics and
Society for hundreds of years women
voices were silenced so Society must
make an effort to restore their rights
representation is very important for
women so that their genuine concerns are
heard the politics and in the society
next one is the reproductive rights mean
that a woman is in control of her body
and she can decide for herself and what
she sees is best for her
domestic violence such as marital rape
physical abuse are often dismissed by
society as part of marriage so that's
why we had the Republic Act 92-62
or anti-violence against women and
children
our cultures culture still dismisses
such incidents Asawa
five is sexual harassment and sexual
violence the Center for Women's
resources in the Philippines estimates
that one woman or child is raped every
arm mostly by someone they know
and also in their sexual harassment
it's typically
can be typically exist in the
also in the place especially in the
office
and and also in the churches as well
and that's why that we already have the
new law which is the
the safe spaces Act
the other rights include the right to
divorce their husbands
the right to make decisions on her
pregnancy
Equitable wages and equal
employment opportunity
so I guess that is all for the lesson
too
on
sexuality and gender across the time
so this is chances
thank you very much
[Music]
okay good day too my dear students I'm
Sean silviathleta and we'll talk about
gender and sexuality across time and
across history
okay so lesson objectives at the end of
this lesson you should be able to
discuss the historical roots of our
understanding of gender and sexuality
and show appreciation of how this
understanding evolved Through Time
affected various aspects of social of
human life
okay so by definition of terms
patriarchy is considered as a social
system where men primarily hold power in
the political and private spheres
feminism is a continuing series of
social movements that aim to challenge
the patriarchal society and creates this
oppressive political structures beliefs
and practices against women
so introduction
so the society has progressed so much in
a way that information and knowledge is
available to everyone
this gives us an opportunity to examine
our social and political conditions in
more detail than when information was
cursed and limited to only a few
individuals
historical accounts show that across
time humans conception of gender and
sexuality has also changed
archaeological artifacts reveal that in
the distant past during the dawn of
civilizations
human societies have high regard for
women
the concept of divine feminine the
sacredness of the woman due to her
ability to consume children has
prevailed and thus women are treated
equally with men
so this makes societies egalitarian
so men and women have Equitable power
and roles
however humans discover your paternity
which refers to fatherhood
presumably during the agricultural era
when societies began to establish
communities
and tame rear cattle
stocks
have also changed how societies have
viewed women and men they're from
for the longest time thereafter Society
is a privileged man over other genders
mainly because of the preferential given
to them
in the productive sphere
foreign
men who have been revered due to their
ability to conceive
have been viewed as solely capable only
of reproductive affairs
world of the home and related tasks such
as suckling the young child rearing and
home management
the the gender disparity was intensified
by the industrial era where factors were
built and men were preferred because
they do not have to bear children for
nine months
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