The 9 Essential Terms of Second Language Acquisition | Science Behind Language Learning

Summary

This video introduces essential terms for understanding Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Caitlin explains nine key concepts, starting with SLA itself, which can refer to both a field of study and the process of learning a second language. Terms like first language (L1), second language (L2), acquisition, input, output, and proficiency are clarified, emphasizing their roles in language learning. The video also explores bilingualism and the challenges of defining proficiency. Aimed at helping viewers grasp foundational ideas in SLA, this video offers resources like flashcards to aid learning.

Takeaways

• 📚 Second Language Acquisition (SLA) is both a scientific field and a process of learning a second language.
• ✏️ SLA, as a field of study, focuses on the learning and teaching of additional languages after the first language.
• 🗣️ The distinction between first language (L1) and second language (L2) is crucial, with L1 being acquired early in life and L2 referring to any language learned after L1.
• 🌍 Second languages can be any additional languages, including third, fourth, or more languages, and are sometimes called foreign or target languages.
• 👶 First language refers to the language learned in early childhood, typically from caregivers, and is often called the native language.
• 🧠 The term 'acquisition' in SLA refers to the process of developing language skills, and while historically separated from 'learning,' both terms are now used synonymously.
• 👥 Learners of a second language are often referred to as 'second language learners,' and may also be called users, speakers, writers, or signers depending on the context.
• 🎧 Input refers to the language learners are exposed to, while output refers to the language they produce, both being critical for second language development.
• 📈 Proficiency is the level of ability in a language and is usually measured on a scale from beginner to native-like, though it's hard to define and measure consistently.
• 🌐 Bilingualism exists on a spectrum, and the term can describe anyone who speaks two or more languages, with no clear-cut answers for when someone is considered bilingual.

Q & A

What is the primary focus of the field of second language acquisition (SLA)?

The primary focus of second language acquisition (SLA) is the learning and teaching of second and subsequent languages. It is a subfield of linguistics that scientifically studies language learning.

How can you differentiate between the two meanings of 'second language acquisition'?

Second language acquisition can refer either to the scientific field of study or the process of learning a second language. In writing, the field is capitalized (SLA) and the process is written in lowercase (l2 acquisition). Context helps clarify which meaning is intended.

What is a first language (L1) and when is it typically acquired?

A first language (L1) is any language learned very early in life, typically from birth to around age four. It is usually learned from parents, caregivers, or close relatives.

What is a second language (L2), and how does it differ from a first language?

A second language (L2) is any language learned after the first language. It could be the second, third, or even fifteenth language a person learns. While a first language is acquired in early childhood, second languages are learned later in life.

What is the difference between acquisition and learning in the context of SLA?

Historically, acquisition and learning were considered separate processes, with acquisition referring to a more natural development of language skills. However, today the terms are treated synonymously, both referring to the process of developing language ability.

What are input and output, and why are they important in second language learning?

Input refers to the language a learner is exposed to (listening, reading, viewing), while output is the language a learner produces (speaking, writing, signing). Both are crucial for language development, as input provides examples and context, while output allows learners to practice and refine their language skills.

How is proficiency in a second language measured, and why is it challenging?

Proficiency refers to an individual's level of ability in a language, often measured on scales ranging from beginner to native-like. It's challenging to define and measure because proficiency can vary across different language skills (e.g., reading, speaking) and is influenced by various factors.

What does it mean to be bilingual, and how does it relate to second language acquisition?

Bilingualism refers to the ability to speak two or more languages, but it exists on a spectrum. People who learn two languages from birth are often considered bilinguals, but the term can also apply to individuals who learn another language later in life. Bilingualism and SLA are closely related fields, with SLA focusing on the learning process and bilingualism on living with multiple languages.

What is the 'intermediate plateau' in second language learning?

The 'intermediate plateau' refers to the large middle ground of language proficiency where many learners feel stuck. It occurs when learners have reached an intermediate level but struggle to progress to advanced levels of proficiency.

What are some alternative terms for 'second language learners'?

In addition to 'second language learners,' individuals may also be referred to as second language users, speakers, writers, or signers. These terms emphasize using the language rather than focusing solely on the acquisition process.