Approaches - AQA Psychology in 20 MINS!
Summary
TLDRThis video script offers a concise revision of psychological approaches, skipping comparisons but directing viewers to a dedicated comparison video. It covers the origins of psychology with Wundt's experimental methods, behaviorism with Pavlov and Skinner, social learning theory, cognitive psychology, biological influences, psychodynamic theory, and humanistic psychology. Each approach is briefly explained, including key figures, theories, and evaluations of their scientific validity and practical applications.
Takeaways
- 🔬 **Origins of Psychology**: Wilhelm Wundt is recognized as the father of experimental psychology, establishing the first psychological laboratory and using scientific methods to study the mind.
- 🧠 **Structuralism**: Wundt's approach to psychology involved introspection, where participants reported on their conscious experiences, leading to the development of theories about mental processes.
- 🐶 **Behaviorism**: Behaviorists like Pavlov and Skinner focused on observable behaviors and their environmental causes, using classical conditioning and operant conditioning to understand learning.
- 🔄 **Social Learning Theory (SLT)**: SLT expands on behaviorism by including cognitive processes and the influence of observing and imitating models, as demonstrated by Bandura's Bobo doll experiment.
- 💡 **Cognitive Approach**: Cognitive psychology examines internal mental processes like attention and memory, often using theoretical models and inferences to understand these unobservable processes.
- 🧬 **Biological Approach**: This approach considers the influence of biological structures, neurochemistry, and genetics on behavior, with advancements in scanning techniques allowing for direct observation of brain activity.
- 🌿 **Evolutionary Psychology**: It suggests that behaviors providing survival advantages are passed down through generations, with innate behaviors being selected for their adaptive benefits.
- 💭 **Psychodynamic Approach**: Freud's theory posits that the mind consists of conscious, preconscious, and unconscious parts, with early childhood experiences and defense mechanisms playing significant roles in personality development.
- 🌟 **Humanistic Psychology**: Humanistic psychologists emphasize personal agency, free will, and self-actualization, focusing on holistic approaches to understanding behavior rather than reductionist methods.
- 📈 **Evaluation of Approaches**: Each psychological approach has its strengths and limitations, with some being more scientifically rigorous due to their methods, while others offer valuable insights into human behavior despite methodological challenges.
Q & A
Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?
-Wilhelm Wundt is considered the father of experimental psychology.
What was the significance of Wundt's establishment of the first psychological laboratory?
-Wundt's establishment of the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in the 1870s marked the beginning of psychology as an independent field of scientific research.
What was the main focus of Wundt's structuralism research?
-Wundt's structuralism research focused on using introspection to study conscious experiences and sensations, feelings, and images.
How did behaviorist approaches differ from Wundt's structuralism?
-Behaviorist approaches rejected the study of internal mental states and focused on observable behaviors and their relationships with environmental stimuli.
What are the key principles of Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning?
-Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning involved learning by association, where a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that triggers a response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
How did BF Skinner's operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
-BF Skinner's operant conditioning focused on learning by reinforcement, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.
What is the main criticism of behaviorist approaches?
-A main criticism of behaviorist approaches is that they are overly reductionist and ignore complex cognitive processes that influence behavior.
What is social learning theory and how does it differ from behaviorism?
-Social learning theory incorporates cognitive processes and argues that learning occurs through observation of others, not just through direct experience. It differs from behaviorism by acknowledging the role of attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation in learning.
What is cognitive psychology's primary area of research?
-Cognitive psychology's primary area of research is the study of internal mental processes such as attention, perception, memory, and how information is processed in the mind.
How does cognitive neuroscience contribute to the understanding of mental processes?
-Cognitive neuroscience contributes to the understanding of mental processes by examining the neurological structures and chemical processes in the brain that are linked to these processes.
What is the psychodynamic approach and who is its most famous proponent?
-The psychodynamic approach focuses on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior. Its most famous proponent is Sigmund Freud, who proposed theories about the structure of the mind, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages.
How does humanistic psychology contrast with other approaches?
-Humanistic psychology emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and free will, contrasting with other approaches that focus on illness or reductionist explanations of behavior.
Outlines
🔬 Origins and Early Approaches in Psychology
The paragraph introduces the history of psychology, highlighting Wilhelm Wundt as the father of experimental psychology who established the first psychological laboratory in 1870s Germany. It discusses the shift from philosophical and medical studies to empirical scientific research. Wundt's structuralism and introspection techniques are explained, along with the limitations of his methods. The paragraph then transitions to behaviorism, detailing classical conditioning by Pavlov and operant conditioning by Skinner, emphasizing the observable and measurable aspects of behavior. Criticisms of behaviorism are also mentioned, including the limitations of using animal subjects and the potential for findings not to generalize to human behavior.
🧠 Cognitive and Learning Approaches
This section delves into cognitive psychology, focusing on internal mental processes such as attention, perception, and memory. It discusses the use of inferences to understand these processes, as well as the role of schemas and theoretical models like the multistore model of memory. The paragraph also covers social learning theory, emphasizing the role of cognitive processes, modeling, and vicarious reinforcement. The Bobo doll study is mentioned as evidence for social learning theory. The cognitive approach is contrasted with behaviorism, highlighting the importance of conscious thought processes and personal control over actions.
🌿 Biological and Evolutionary Approaches
The paragraph explores the biological approach to psychology, discussing the influence of biological structures, neurochemistry, and genetics on behavior. It covers topics like the endocrine system, neurotransmitters, and the role of genes in behavior. The paragraph also touches on evolutionary psychology, explaining how innate behaviors that offer survival advantages are selected for in future generations. Criticisms of biological determinism are mentioned, along with the practical applications of biological research, such as drug therapies for mental health conditions.
🧐 Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches
This section covers Freud's psychodynamic theory, including the id, ego, and superego, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages of development. It also addresses the limitations of Freud's theories, such as their lack of scientific credibility and testability. The paragraph then moves on to humanistic psychology, emphasizing personal agency, free will, and self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Rogers' concept of congruence are discussed, along with the practical applications of humanistic psychology in various fields. The paragraph concludes with a critique of humanistic psychology for potentially being culturally biased towards Western individualism.
📚 Conclusion and Resources
The final paragraph serves as a conclusion, reminding viewers of the available resources for studying psychology, such as the Psy Boost app and Patreon support. It mentions the mission to develop a free, high-quality A Level psychology course and acknowledges the contributions of supporters, particularly highlighting a donor for their significant support at the developer level.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Experimental Psychology
💡Introspection
💡Behaviorism
💡Classical Conditioning
💡Operant Conditioning
💡Social Learning Theory
💡Cognitive Approach
💡Schema
💡Cognitive Neuroscience
💡Biological Approach
💡Psychodynamic Approach
💡Humanistic Psychology
Highlights
Introduction to the approaches revision video for quick key points summary.
Availability of a 10-minute comparison video and a free blank comparison grid for download.
Access to over 16 hours of tutorial support videos and hundreds of printable resources on Patreon.
Origins of psychology and the establishment of the first psychological laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt.
Wundt's use of introspection and the development of structuralism in psychology.
Critique of Wundt's methods for being subjective and not truly scientific.
Behaviorist approach and the focus on observable and measurable behaviors.
Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning and the learning by association process.
B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning and the role of reinforcement in learning.
Social learning theory and the importance of cognitive processes in human behavior.
Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment and the concept of vicarious reinforcement.
Cognitive psychology's focus on internal mental processes and the use of inferences.
Cognitive neuroscience and the direct observation of brain activity through advanced scanning techniques.
The biological approach to psychology and the influence of neurochemistry on behavior.
Evolutionary psychology and the role of inherited behaviors in survival advantages.
Psychodynamic approach and Freud's theory of the psyche with the id, ego, and superego.
Humanistic psychology and the focus on personal growth, self-actualization, and free will.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs and its application in various fields like sports and business.
Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy and the concept of congruence.
The potential cultural bias in humanistic psychology towards Western individualism.
Invitation to test knowledge on the approaches unit with the PsyBoost app.
Transcripts
I've combined and summarized the content
from my approaches videos into this
approaches revision video if you
understand any of the content I cover
here go to my longer videos for a full
explanation but if you just need to
cover the key points quickly this is the
video for you I've decided not to
include comparison of approaches in this
video but I did release a 10-minute
comparison video just before this you
should watch that video next while
filling in a comparison grid you can
download my blank version for free while
there you can download other free
approaches resources including a
psychology timeline and biopsychology
worksheets If instead you want tutorial
support videos with questions from all
free papers you can access over 16 hours
of these as well as hundreds of
printable resources over on my patreon
but enough of that let's get started
origins of
psychology vun father of experimental
psychology set up the world's first
psychological laboratory The Institute
of experimental psychology leig Germany
h 1970s and produced the first academic
Journal that published psychological
experiments the emergence of psychology
of the science before them the study of
the mind and behavior was limited to
philosophy and Medicine he was the first
to use controlled empirical scientific
research techniques to study the mind
bu's use of scientific methods helped
establish psychology as an independent
field of scientific research in his
structuralism research V used an
experimental technique called
introspection with participants focusing
inwards and Reporting Sensations
feelings and images process participants
were one trained to report conscious
experiences objectively two asked to
focus on a sensory object and three
asked to systematically report their
experience breaking their thoughts into
separate elements V developed General
theories of mental processes based on
the experimental data collected
evaluation for his time V's work was
highly scientific primarily because of
his controlled experiments large sample
sizes and transparent methods this
systematic approach was a significant
inspiration for subsequent scientific
psychologists compared to Modern
psychological techniques F's
introspective methods are considered
subjective and are not classified as
truly scientific as participants cannot
be relied on to report their mental
States accurately V's use of inference
to identify internal mental States has
been criticized inferences are
assumptions so they could be mistaken
Behavior psychologists rejected the
study of internal mental States seeing
the mind a black box V's use of
inferences influenc cognitive
psychologists these researchers asked
participants to complete tasks under
experimental conditions and made
inferences about the structure of
internal mental processes like memory
and attention learning approaches the
behaviorist approach as a learning
theory behaviorists argue that behavior
is learned through experiences and
interactions with the environment Ivan
pavlof classical conditioning and BF
Skinner offering conditioning were
leading theists behaviors argue it only
possible to sign scientifically
investigate or can be directly observed
and measured this includes what you do
to a creature stimulus and the resulting
Behavior the response as the Mind cannot
be directly observed behaviorist argue
it's a black box so it's not suitable
for scientific study classical
conditioning learning by association
pavo's research used two types of
stimuli a neutral stimulus an s a
metronome that initially did not produce
a response an unconditioned stimulus UCS
food that naturally triggers a
reflective unconditioned response
salivation in dogs procedure pavlof
presented the NS with the UCS over
several trials findings the NS became a
condition stimulus producing the
condition response salivation even when
the food was not present this showed the
dogs had learned an association between
the NS and the UCS food operate
conditioning learning by reinforcement
when a creature performs voluntary
sponses it learns from the consequences
of those actions consequences that are
rewarding reinforce a behavior so they
performed more frequently and actions
that result in consequences that are
punishing or perform less skinners
research rats were placed in a Skinner
box a controlled environment with levers
and a food dispenser Skinner
demonstrated positive reinforcement
adding a pleasant stimulus food
encourage to desire Behavior lever
polling negative reinforcement removing
an unleas stimulus electric Shar
encourage Behavior lever pulling and
Extinction if the reinforcing
consequences stop the behavior will to
evaluation considered scientific due to
studying objectively observable and
measurable stimulus response mechanisms
Pavlov and Skinner established cause and
effect relationships using controlled
lab experiments that manipulated
variables one criticism of pav and
Skin's use of animal subjects is their
findings may not be generalizable to
human behavior
complex social and cultural forces
influence human behavior and humans
possess greater intelligence Behavior
the has practical applications such as
counterconditioning treatments flooding
and systematic
desensitization the effectiveness of
these therapies suggest the behaviorist
principles they are based on or valid
using Behavior behavioral modification
techniques to alter human behavior has
been viewed as manipulative with harmful
effects as seen in gambling and social
media companies encouragement of
compulsive Behavior
Behavior's attempt to explain behavior
due to simplistic stimulus response
links is overly reductionist human
behavior like justice culture and
self-sacrifice are too complex to
describe as a result of reinforcement
learning approaches social learning
theory social learning theists agree
with behaviorist principles learning
from experience but argue that human
behavior can't be fully understood
without including the role of cognitive
processes that happen between stimuli
and
response the mediational process are
attention retention reproduction and
motivation and must happen between
observing a model per form of behavior
stimuli and imitating that behavior
response observing others serves as a
template for our actions when we see
someone rewarded for a behavior we're
more likely to imitate it a process
social learning fair is called vicarious
reinforcement witnessing someone
punished for an action vicarious
punishment makes us less likely to
imitate that behavior modeling
individuals we observe and imitate are
called models live models include
parents friends and family members we
can also learn from symbolic models such
as characters from movies and books
identification we're more likely to
imitate models with similar
characteristics such as gender and age
or people perceived to be attractive or
high status bandora 1961 procedure
participants with children Age 3 to 6
one group oberved an adult demonstrating
physical and verbal aggression towards a
Vero doll the second group watch the
adult non- aggressively findings
children exposed to an aggressive model
were more likely to be aggressive
themselves imitation and boys were more
likely to mimic an aggressive male model
identification evaluation SLT is
supported by robust evidence for example
the Bobo doll study has high internal
validity due to its laboratory setting
this study ensured environmental control
by having participants to follow the
same procedure the Bobo doll study
ecological abity can be questioned as
the aggression observ Obed in a
controlled lab setting may not directly
translate into real world scenarios such
as imitating televised violence in
school environments research supporting
SLT like the Bobo Del study relies on
inferences processes such as
identification of a model by car's
reinforcement and mediating cogntive
factors are not directly observable but
are inferred from Behavior SLT is a less
reductionist approach than behaviorism
SLT acknowledges the roles of
Consciousness and rationality providing
a more believable explanation for
complex behaviors like aggression slt's
concept of reciprocal determinism is a
potentially more valid perspective than
simpler deterministic approaches bandora
argued that behavior is not only
influenced by the environment but it
also shapes it the cognitive approach
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cognitive psychologist study internal
mental processes how information is used
processed in the mind this includes
conscious and unconscious thoughts
typical areas of research are attention
perception and memory as internal mental
processes can't be directly observed
cognitive psychologist have to go beyond
the research evidence and use inferences
this is making assumptions about the
internal mental processes that produce
the participant Behavior observed in an
experiment schema on mental Frameworks
collections of connect basic knowledge
about concept or object built from
previous experience with the world role
of schema schema work as mental
shortcuts used to quickly understand and
navigate the world and interact with
people and objects however schemas can
lead to inaccurate memory and negatively
bias schemas can produce mental health
issues theoretical models are flowchart
representations of the steps of a mental
process for example the multistore model
of memory which shows how sensory UT
progresses from short-term memory to
long-term memory the computer model is
an analogy between the operation of a
computer's Central Processing Unit CPU
running software programs and the human
brain conducting internal mental
processes this comparison suggests both
systems receive inputs generate outputs
and process information through a
sequence of program steps cognitive
Neuroscience aims to scientifically
identify and examine the neurological
structures and chemical processes in the
brain that are linked to internal mental
processes the emergence of cognitive
neuroscience is due to the development
of scanning techniques pet and fmri
scanners allow researchers to observe
brain activity directly evaluation the
con approach is considered to be a
scientific approach due to the use of
Highly controlled experiments for
example many of the studies supporting
the models of memory were conducted in a
lab setting of large samples cognitive
research makes inferences about internal
mental processes from Behavior
assumptions can be mistaken for this
reason cogntive psychologists despite
their highly controlled lab studies are
not considered fully scientific the
computer model of the mind is criticized
for being overly simplistic machine
reductionist other psychologists argue
the human brain is far more complex than
a CPU and the mind experiences
Consciousness and emotions understanding
the role of schemas has led to the
Practical real world application of
ctive behavioral therapy CBT where
therapists help clients change negative
thought patterns con psychologists are
soft determinists arguing experience
creates schemas in the brain's
biological structure yet they also
suggest that conscious thought processes
provide personal control over actions a
core principle of CBT the biological
approach the influence of biological
structures on Behavior biological
structures include the body-wide system
of glands called the endogen system
glands influence behavior by releasing
chemical messenges called hormones for
example the adrenal gland releases
adrenaline as part of the fight or
flight response increasing
alertness the brain is the center of all
conscious and unconscious thought
localization of function research has
revealed biological structures within
the brain that influence behavior for
example the frontal lobe is linked to
rational decision- making and the lyic
system is the emotional center of the
brain influence of neurochemistry and
behavior neurotransmitters or release at
the syapse to enable communication
between two neurons these
neurotransmitters play a range of roles
in influencing Behavior serotonin is
associated with wild being and happiness
dopamine is linked to pleasure neur
adrenaline influences attention and
glutamate affects learning in memory the
influence of genes on Behavior genes
influence how the brain and neurons are
formed and function genotypes are the
genetic codes in the DNA that they
characteristics of an organism
phenotypes are the expression of the
genotype for example being aggressive
the C Gene that's been associated with
the development of OCD this part of the
genetic code influences serotonin
transport and imbalance has been linked
to compulsions Evolution and behavior
evolutionary psychologists argue that
inherited innate behaviors that provide
survival advantages are selected for and
become more common in future generations
of a species for example in early Hunter
gav societies male aggression was
beneficial for protecting families
hunting and competing for mates less
aggressive males were less likely to
reproduce leading to highly aggressive
traits being passed on evaluations
biological therapies that argue
biological structures neurochemistry and
genes influence behavior are backed up
by a range of Empirical research studies
such as replicable and objective fmri
brain activation studies and Drug trials
biological processes alone are not a
complete explanation for Behavior
diaphysis stress response explanations
include both biological and
environmental factors and can be applied
to mental health and aggression the
development of drug therapies is a
practical application of biological
research these treat mental health
conditions like OCD and depression by
targeting neurochemical processes for
example ssris reducing serotonin
reuptake the biological approach is seen
as scientific due to Advanced tools like
fmri scanners genetic analysis and
direct measurements of hormones and
neurotransmitters these methods offer
direct observation in controlled
studies the belief that behavior is
caused by biological factors biological
determinism has significant implications
for example arguing criminal behavior is
due to a criminal Gene could challenge
legal principles of responsibility the
psychodynamic approach in Freud's
psychodynamic Theory the psyche mind is
a complex system that consists of three
distinct Parts the conscious fors we
aware of the preconscious not currently
aware of but can be and the unconscious
fors desires and memories that are not
accessible to awareness will influence
our behaviors and feelings the
tripartate structure personality
the adult personality is constructed of
three parts the ID present from birth
Pleasure Principle focuses only on
satisfying personal needs and desires
the ego from 18 months reality principle
acts rationally as a mediator between
the it and super ego the super ego from
3 to 5 years morality principle
influences Behavior by using guilt where
an individual's actions don't match its
strict standards moderating Behavior
according to moral and societal
expectations
defense mechanisms are strategies
involving the unconscious mind that the
ego can use to manage conflicts denial
are refusal to accept the reality of a
situation displacement strong emotion is
moved from the source of that emotion
and placed onto a substitute Target
repression an unpleasant memory or
emotion is puted into the unconscious
and is inaccessible to Consciousness
psychosexual stages at each stage the
child will experience an unconscious
conflict that must be resolved
If the child is unable to resolve a
stage they become fixated affecting
adult personality oral stage 0 to one
year pleasure from their mouth during
breastfeeding anal stage 1 to 3 years
pleasure comes from holding onto and
expelling feces fixation equals a
retentive phic stage 3 to 5 years boys
experience the edus complex a sexual
desire for their mother and castration
anxiety young suggest girls experience
the electric complex
latency stage 6 to 12 years Sexual
Energy libido is dispersed across the
body genital stage 12 plus years sexual
desire is in the adult form evaluations
Freud's theories have had significant
influence on Modern scientific
psychological theories his emphasis on
Early Childhood experience influenced
Balby and his exploration of the
unconscious mind influence congor
theorists Freud's ideas have intuitive
appeal face FY boys often have a
stronger attachment to their mother
early trauma can influence anxiety
people often identify examples of
defense mechanisms such as denial or
repression many of Freud's ideas lack
scientific credibility as they were
developed and supported through case
studies and by interpreting his clients
memories introspections and dreams
Freud's interpretations were potentially
biased Freud often framed his theories
and definitions in ways that make them
untestable this means that Freudian
Concepts like the super ego lack
falsifiability the ability to
demonstrate a theory is wrong through
empirical testing prac application de
mat's metanalysis of psychoanalytic
therapy found that many individuals
claim to have been successfully treated
this suggests the psychodynamic ideas on
which psychoanalysis is based have some
reality humanistic psychology humanists
argue that human behavior is too complex
to study through traditional
reductionist scientific methods which
identify and test simple cause and
effect
relationships instead they suggest a
holistic approach explaining Behavior
considering all possible influences on
behavior and its interactions humanists
argue that external cses don't set
determine our Behavior instead we have
personal agency through free will the
ability of individuals to shape our own
lives through conscious decision- making
humanistic psychology focuses on
personal growth not mental illness
self-actualization the highest level of
psychological development is the state
of realizing your full potential and
performing at your best maso's hierarchy
of needs argues that foundational needs
must be met before an individual can
achieve
self-actualization the hierarchy starts
with the most basic needs physiological
safety love and belonging then esteem
followed by self actualization KL Rogers
argued congruence is essential for
achieving self actualization congruence
is the alignment between your perceived
self self-image and the ideal self who
you aspire to be a significant Gap is in
congruence becoming congruent is
possible by enhancing the perceived self
or developing a more realistic ideal
self this is helped by reducing
conditions of worth which are
expectation from others that must be met
to earn their love or approval KL Rogers
client centered therapy emphasizes the
importance of the present and the future
over the past the therapist's role is to
assist clients in achieving congruence
by giving unconditional positive regard
to enhance their perceived self and as
clients are the experts in their own
lives supporting them and resolving
their own issues evaluations it's
considered non-scientific due to its
Reliance on non-experimental qualitative
methods which results in a lack of
empirical evidence for its claims
additionally Central Concepts such as
self-actualization lack
operationalization its holistic approach
to explain behavior could be more
accurate capturing the complexity of
Human Experience other simple
reductionist explanations often face
criticism but overlooking multiple
contributing factors the humanistic view
that humans act with Free Will has face
validy people have a subjective
experience of autonomy and
self-direction and like to believe their
actions are based on their own free
choices humanistic ideas have had
practical applications maso's hierarchy
of needs has been widely applied it's
improved performance in sports and
enhanced employee satisfaction and
motivation in the business World
developed in 1960s America humanistic
psychology may be culturally biased
towards Western individualism it
emphasizes self-actualization through
personal success which contrasts with
the collectivist values of many cultures
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