S9Q1W7: Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration (Part 1)
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script covers the critical biological processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, highlighting their importance to life on Earth. It explains how plants produce oxygen and glucose through photosynthesis, utilizing sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. The script also delves into the structure of chloroplasts and the two stages of photosynthesis: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. It emphasizes the role of plants in ecosystems, providing food, resources, habitats, and maintaining the atmosphere, concluding with a quiz to test understanding.
Takeaways
- 🌿 **Importance of Plants**: Plants are crucial for life on Earth as they serve as a source of food, provide resources, habitats, and play a role in biogeochemical cycles.
- 🌳 **Photosynthesis**: Plants produce oxygen and glucose through photosynthesis, a process that requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
- 🔬 **Chloroplasts**: Chloroplasts are the organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, containing chlorophyll for light absorption.
- 🌞 **Light Dependent Reactions**: These reactions occur in the thylakoids of chloroplasts and require sunlight to oxidize water into oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH.
- 🌱 **Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reactions)**: This cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts, converting carbon dioxide into glucose without the need for light.
- 🌈 **Visible Light**: Photosynthesis utilizes the visible light spectrum, which is absorbed by chlorophyll to power the process.
- 🌎 **Ecosystem Services**: Plants contribute to the Earth's atmosphere by maintaining oxygen levels and reducing carbon dioxide, thus combating global warming.
- 🌐 **Biogeochemical Cycles**: Plants are involved in biogeochemical cycles like transpiration, which moves water from the soil to the atmosphere.
- 🔋 **ATP Production**: ATP, the energy currency of cells, is produced during photosynthesis, particularly in the light-dependent reactions.
- 🌿 **Plants and Human Life**: Beyond aesthetics, plants provide essential resources such as food, shelter, clothing, and economic benefits like medicine and fibers.
- 📚 **Educational Activity**: The script mentions an advocacy board activity for students, encouraging them to propose projects to prevent human extinction.
Q & A
What is the role of plants in the ecosystem?
-Plants play a crucial role in the ecosystem by providing food for almost all organisms, offering resources for humans with aesthetic and economic benefits, providing habitats for different organisms, participating in biogeochemical cycles like transpiration, and maintaining the earth's atmosphere through photosynthesis.
How does photosynthesis contribute to the atmosphere?
-Photosynthesis contributes to the atmosphere by producing oxygen, which is essential for cellular respiration, and by removing carbon dioxide, which reduces the greenhouse effect and global warming.
What are the two major biological reactions used by almost all organisms?
-The two major biological reactions used by almost all organisms are photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
What is the significance of the color green in leaves?
-The color green in leaves is significant because it reflects the green wavelength of light, which is absorbed by the leaves and powers photosynthesis.
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
-The reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water, while the products are glucose and oxygen.
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
-Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants that is responsible for absorbing light energy, which is essential for the process of photosynthesis.
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
-The two stages of photosynthesis are the light-dependent reactions, which occur in the thylakoids, and the light-independent reactions or Calvin cycle, which occur in the stroma of the chloroplast.
What is the function of the chloroplast in a plant cell?
-The chloroplast is an organelle in plant cells that carries out photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
What is the role of ATP in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
-In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, ATP is produced using the energy transferred by light and is generated through chemiosmosis with the help of an enzyme called ATP synthase.
How does the Calvin cycle utilize ATP and NADPH?
-The Calvin cycle utilizes ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into glucose. ATP provides the energy, and NADPH provides the electrons needed for the reduction of carbon dioxide.
What is the difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions in photosynthesis?
-Light-dependent reactions require sunlight and occur in the thylakoids, producing oxygen, ATP, and NADPH. Light-independent reactions, or the Calvin cycle, can proceed without light and occur in the stroma, using ATP and NADPH to produce glucose.
Outlines
🌿 The Importance of Biodiversity and Photosynthesis
This paragraph discusses the concepts of species extinction and the role of environmental changes. It highlights the impact of human activity on the accelerated rate of species extinction and the importance of all species in the ecosystem through the food web. The paragraph also introduces the topic of two vital biological processes, photosynthesis and cellular respiration, emphasizing the crucial role of plants in the life cycle of all living organisms. Plants are highlighted as sources of food, resources for humans with aesthetic and economic benefits, habitats for various organisms, and as key players in biogeochemical cycles and maintaining the earth's atmosphere.
🌞 Understanding Photosynthesis
This section delves into the process of photosynthesis, explaining how plants convert solar energy into glucose. It describes the role of visible light in photosynthesis and how different colors of light are absorbed or reflected by objects, using shirts of different colors as examples. The paragraph outlines the two major steps of photosynthesis: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). It introduces the chloroplast as the organelle where photosynthesis occurs, describing its components such as thylakoids, granum, lumen, stroma, inner and outer membranes, and the inter-membrane space. The light-dependent reactions are detailed, explaining how water is oxidized into oxygen, and how ATP and NADPH are produced.
🍃 The Calvin Cycle and ATP's Role
This paragraph focuses on the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin cycle. It explains how the Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose. The paragraph clarifies that while the Calvin cycle does not require light, it relies on the products of the light-dependent reactions. The similarities and differences between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions are highlighted, noting that both processes occur within the chloroplast but at different locations and under different energy requirements.
📝 Quiz on Photosynthesis
The final paragraph presents a quiz to test the understanding of photosynthesis. It includes five questions that cover the products of photosynthesis, what absorbs light energy, the location of photosynthesis within a plant cell, misconceptions about the Calvin cycle, and the standard formula of photosynthesis. The answers to the quiz are provided, reinforcing the key concepts discussed in the previous paragraphs.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Extinction
💡Ecosystem
💡Photosynthesis
💡Cellular Respiration
💡Chloroplast
💡Thylakoid
💡Granum
💡Stroma
💡ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
💡NADPH
💡Calvin Cycle
Highlights
Extinction is a normal part of evolution, but human activity has accelerated the rate of species extinction.
Some extinct species once lived in our country, highlighting the loss to our local ecosystems.
All species play a vital role in the ecosystem through the food web.
Students were tasked with creating advocacy boards to propose projects to prevent human extinction.
Plants are crucial for life on Earth due to their role in the life cycle of all organisms.
Plants are a source of food for almost all organisms on the planet.
Plants provide resources for humans with aesthetic and economic benefits.
A single tree can provide food and shelter to many species.
Plants are involved in biogeochemical cycles, such as transpiration.
Photosynthesis maintains the Earth's atmosphere by producing oxygen and reducing carbon dioxide.
Plants and trees are important for providing shelter, food, clothing, and income sources.
Photosynthesis is a biological reaction that converts solar energy into glucose.
Visible light, particularly the green wavelength, powers photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis has two major steps: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).
The chloroplast is the organelle that carries out photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants, is responsible for light absorption in photosynthesis.
The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids of the chloroplast.
The light-independent reactions or Calvin cycle occur in the stroma of the chloroplast.
The light-dependent reactions produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.
The Calvin cycle reduces carbon dioxide into glucose using the energy from ATP and NADPH.
Photosynthesis can be summarized by the formula: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O yields glucose + 6 O2.
The differences and similarities between light-dependent and light-independent reactions are highlighted.
A quiz is provided to test understanding of photosynthesis.
Encouragement is given for continuous learning and improvement in understanding photosynthesis.
Transcripts
last time we talked about species
extinction and we related it with the
failure of populations of organisms to
adjust to abrupt changes in the
environment
we also discussed that although
extinction is a normal part of evolution
rapid human modifications on the planet
have caused the extinction of more
species at an accelerated rate
we also learned about some extinct
species that once roamed our land and
lived in our country
finally we discovered that all species
play a vital role in the ecosystem
through the food web
wow
there were really interesting topics
we've discussed last episode
and i remembered giving you an activity
to make your advocacy board with the
programs or projects that you would like
to propose to avoid extinctions of human
beings
and here are the works of the three
grade nine learners about their
advocacies
good job students
today we will be talking about two
important biological reactions that
almost all organisms in this planet use
these are photosynthesis and cellular
respiration
in this episode we shall know each one
of them then later on we shall compare
them the question is why are plants so
important to us
the plant kingdom plays a crucial role
in the life cycle of all living things
for the following reasons
first
it is a source of food for almost all
organism in the planet
second it provide resources for humans
with aesthetic and economic benefits
such as provision for medicine
firewood fibers oils
rubber and many more
third
it provides habitats for different
organisms
do you know that a single tree can
provide food and shelter to many species
of insects worms small mammals birds and
reptiles
fourth because of its role in the
biogeochemical cycles an example of this
is the process of transpiration where
plants move water from the soil to the
atmosphere
and fifth
it maintains the earth's atmosphere
through photosynthesis
oxygen is essential for cellular
respiration for all aerobic organisms it
also maintains the ozone layer that
helps protect earth's life from the
damaging uv radiation
removal of carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere reduces the greenhouse effect
and global warming
plants and trees are very important
aside from the fact that they give
coloring beauty to our surroundings they
also provide us shelter food clothing
and sometimes they can also be our
sources of income hello there to all our
deer puntitos and plantitas more so they
perform a very important role in our
lives do you know that the role where i
refer to
they give off oxygen that we need
but how do plants give off oxygen
they do it through the biological
reaction of photosynthesis
this is made possible when plants take
in carbon dioxide and water from the air
and soil
within the plant cell the water is
oxidized meaning it loses electrons
while the carbon dioxide is reduced
meaning it gains electrons
this transforms the water into oxygen
and the carbon dioxide into glucose
the plant then releases the oxygen back
to the air and stores energy within the
glucose molecules
photosynthesis is a process of making
food for plants it involves the
following
energy from the sun
water carbon dioxide it will give off
oxygen and will also make simple sugar
like glucose
it may look simple but it's a bit
complex
let us try to look at the sun it gives a
variety of types of energy such as radio
wave microwave infrared visible
ultraviolet x-ray and gamma rays but we
will be focusing on the visible light
because it is the wavelength of visible
light that drives and powers
photosynthesis
visible light is also called white light
it is actually a mixture of royjib
red
orange
yellow green
blue indigo
violet or the colors of the rainbow
how is it so
try to use a white light in a prism and
a rainbow will appear
look at this example a blue shirt
appears blue because all the blue color
is reflected into our eyes and the other
colors are absorbed
a white shirt appears white because all
the color is reflected into our eyes and
nothing gets absorbed
a black shirt appears black because all
the color is absorbed and nothing is
reflected into our eyes the same thing
the color of the leaves appear green
because it will reflect the green
wavelength and will be absorbed by the
leaves and that is what powers
photosynthesis
we should remember that photosynthesis
is a process that converts solar energy
into glucose
this formula outlines photosynthesis
carbon dioxide plus water in the
presence of sunlight will yield glucose
and oxygen
where carbon dioxide and water are the
reactants and glucose and oxygen are the
by-products
photosynthesis has two major steps the
photo part and the synthesis part
the photo part is going to encompass the
light dependent reactions and the
synthesis part is going to be the light
independent reaction or the kelvin cycle
did you get it grade 9 learners
let us first discuss what a chloroplast
is
the chloroplast is an organelle that
carries out photosynthesis
let us look at each part of the
chloroplast
inside the chloroplast are thylakoids it
contains the green pigment of the plant
responsible for light absorption called
chlorophyll
one stack of thylakoid is called the
granum
multiple stacks of granum is called the
grana
the lumen is the fluid inside the
thylakoid
the stroma is the fluid inside the
chloroplast
the chloroplast has two membranes called
the inner membrane and the outer
membrane
while the space between them is called
the inter-membrane space
photosynthesis has two stages the light
dependent reactions which covers the
photo part and the light independent
reactions or the kelvin cycle also known
as the dark reactions
the light dependent reactions happen at
the thylakoids within the chloroplast
the light independent reactions or the
kelvin cycle however
occurs inside the stroma of the
chloroplast
why is it called a light independent
reactions
it is because it can proceed even
without light energy
the light dependent reactions oxidizes
water into oxygen gas
oops
the word oxidized makes me think of the
word oxidation
oxidation involves the loss of electrons
so whenever there is oxidation
there is always a reduction reaction
it is picked up by the nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate or in
short nadp plus
where will nadp plus bring the electrons
it will be brought to the nadph or the
reduced form of nadp plus
some of the energy transferred by light
is used to make adenosine triphosphate
or
atp
from adp and phosphate
atp is produced by chemi osmosis using
an enzyme called
atp synthase
the products of light dependent
reactions are oxygen gas
atp
and nadph
while the reactants are the following
water
nadp plus
and adp plus p
now let us proceed to the light
independent reactions or the calvin
cycle also known as the dark reactions
in this type of reaction
it takes in carbon dioxide and reduces
it into glucose
carbon dioxide turned into glucose
is a reductive process
meaning to say
there must be an oxidation process
how
this time nadph
gives up its electrons and nadp plus
will gain it
carbon dioxide will receive its
electrons and eventually turn it into
glucose
what powers the calvin cycle
atp is responsible for powering the
calvin cycle process
in this process the atp is converted
back into adp plus b
so in the kelvin cycle
the reactants are carbon dioxide
atp
and nadph
while the products are glucose
nadp plus
adp plus b
to clearly understand the processes
involved in photosynthesis
let us simplify things by comparing the
light dependent and light independent
reactions
first of all let's talk about the
differences between the two
the first difference the two reactions
happen in different places
the light dependent reactions happen in
the thylakoid
while the light independent reactions
happen in the stroma
another point of contrast
light-dependent reactions require energy
from the sun
while light-independent reactions can
happen without the sun's energy
they also differ as far as their
reactants and products are concerned
the reactants of light dependent
reactions are
water
nadp plus
and adp
and phosphorus
while the products of the light
independent reactions are glucose
nad plus and adp plus p
and now let's go to their similarities
both of them require atp
both of them generate atp
both of them utilize the electron
transport chain through oxidation
reduction
both of them utilize the atp synthase to
power them
now it's time for you to test yourself
read each question carefully then write
the letter of your answer on a sheet of
paper
question number one
which of the following are the products
of photosynthesis
a
water and carbon dioxide
b
glucose and oxygen
c
carbon dioxide and glucose
or d
oxygen and water
question number two
light energy is absorbed by
a
thylakoid
b
grana
c
chlorophyll
or the inter membrane space
question number three
in what organelle of a plant cell does
photosynthesis take place
a
nucleus
b
mitochondria
c
cytoplasm
or d
chloroplast
question number four
which of the following is not true of
the calvin cycle
a
it requires sunlight
the
it happens at night
see
it takes in carbon dioxide and reduces
it into glucose
or d
it uses atp
question number five
what is the standard formula of
photosynthesis
a
six atoms of carbon dioxide plus six
atoms of water will yield glucose plus
six atoms of oxygen
b
six atoms of carbon dioxide plus six
atoms of water will yield glucose plus
six atoms of water
see
six atoms of carbon dioxide plus six
atoms of water will yield glucose plus
six atoms of oxygen
or d
six atoms of carbon dioxide plus six
atoms of carbon dioxide will yield
glucose plus six atoms of oxygen
depends up
let us answer the questions
question number one
which of the following are the products
of photosynthesis
the answer is
letter b
glucose and oxygen
question number two
light energy is absorbed by
the answer is
c
chlorophyll
question number three
what organelle of a plant cell does
photosynthesis
take place
the answer is
d
chloroplast
question number four
which of the following is not true of
the calvin cycle
the answer is
letter a it requires sunlight
question number five
what is the standard formula of
photosynthesis the answer is
letter a
six atoms of carbon dioxide plus six
atoms of water will yield glucose plus
six atoms of oxygen
how many of you got the correct answers
for all the items
for those who did not get to answer
everything correctly
you just need to remember that there is
always a room for improvement
just keep on trying
indeed there is much more to learn and
much more to explore and discover
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