What Are the 4 Major Macromolecules and How Are They Made?
Summary
TLDRIn this educational video, Mrs. G explains the four types of macromolecules essential for life: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. She breaks down how these macromolecules are formed, starting with monomers, the building blocks, and moving on to polymers. The video highlights the functions of each macromolecule, such as energy provision, long-term energy storage, tissue building, and genetic information transmission. Through engaging examples, Mrs. G teaches viewers how these molecules contribute to living organisms. The video encourages students to actively create macromolecules themselves.
Takeaways
- 📚 Macromolecules are essential for life and include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
- 🧩 Macromolecules are built from smaller units called monomers, which combine to form polymers.
- 🍬 Carbohydrates are made of monomers called monosaccharides, simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose.
- 🍞 When many monosaccharides combine, they form polysaccharides like starch, which provide long-lasting energy.
- 💪 Proteins are made up of amino acids and are crucial for building tissues, muscles, and controlling chemical reactions.
- 🔥 Lipids, such as fats and oils, provide long-term energy storage, insulation, and form cell membranes.
- 📜 Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, store and transmit genetic information and are made up of nucleotides.
- 🔄 Polymerization is the process of monomers joining to form polymers, creating macromolecules.
- 🧬 The elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are common to all macromolecules, with proteins containing nitrogen and nucleic acids also containing phosphorus.
- 🥩 Lipids are not considered polymers, as they don't have true monomers, unlike carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Q & A
What are macromolecules, and why are they important?
-Macromolecules are giant molecules essential for life, found in living organisms. They are important because they make up the structure and perform key functions such as providing energy, storing genetic information, and building tissues.
What are the four types of macromolecules mentioned in the video?
-The four types of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What is a monomer, and how does it relate to macromolecules?
-A monomer is a single basic unit or 'building block' of a macromolecule. When many monomers are combined, they form a polymer, which is a macromolecule.
What is the monomer of carbohydrates, and what are its different forms?
-The monomer of carbohydrates is a monosaccharide, a simple sugar. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
What is the difference between simple and complex sugars?
-Simple sugars (like monosaccharides) are sweet and provide quick energy, found in candies and fruits. Complex sugars (polysaccharides) are made of many monosaccharides and provide longer-lasting energy, found in foods like bread, pasta, and vegetables.
How do lipids differ from carbohydrates, and what functions do they serve?
-Lipids differ from carbohydrates in that they are not soluble in water. They provide long-term energy storage, insulation, and make up a major component of cell membranes.
What are the components of lipids, and why are they not considered true polymers?
-Lipids are often formed by combining glycerol and fatty acids. However, they are not considered true polymers because they are not made up of repeating monomer units like other macromolecules.
What is the monomer of proteins, and what are its key functions in the body?
-The monomer of proteins is an amino acid. Proteins help with tissue and muscle building, control chemical reactions, fight diseases, and transport materials in and out of cells.
What are nucleic acids, and what is their role in living organisms?
-Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information in living organisms.
Which elements are found in each type of macromolecule, and how can they be remembered?
-Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids all contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins also contain nitrogen, while nucleic acids contain nitrogen and phosphorus. To remember, use 'CHO' for carbohydrates and lipids, 'CHON' for proteins, and 'CHONP' for nucleic acids.
Outlines
🧬 Introduction to Macromolecules and Their Basic Units
In this segment, Mrs. G introduces macromolecules, which are essential components of living organisms. The four main types—carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins—are highlighted. She explains that macromolecules are made up of smaller units called monomers, which combine to form polymers. Using a puzzle analogy, she simplifies how monomers, like puzzle pieces, join together to create larger structures, specifically explaining how carbohydrates are made from monosaccharides, or simple sugars, like glucose.
🍝 Carbohydrates: Simple and Complex Sugars
This paragraph delves deeper into carbohydrates, breaking down how combining monosaccharides forms disaccharides and polysaccharides. Simple sugars like glucose and fructose taste sweet, while complex sugars like starch are found in bread and potatoes and provide longer-lasting energy. Mrs. G explains the significance of carbohydrates in providing quick or sustained energy, comparing simple sugars' immediate energy to complex sugars that break down slowly, fueling activities like marathon running.
🐻 Lipids: Energy Storage and Cell Structure
Lipids, commonly associated with fats, are introduced as another type of macromolecule. Mrs. G explains that lipids, such as fats, oils, and waxes, are crucial for long-term energy storage, insulation, and building cell membranes. Using the example of bears storing fat for hibernation, she describes how lipids provide sustained energy during periods of inactivity. She also explains that while lipids are not considered polymers, they are important biological molecules formed from glycerol and fatty acids.
💪 Proteins: Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are described as multifunctional molecules essential for body structure and function. They help build muscle, hair, and nails, as well as control chemical reactions and transport substances in and out of cells. The monomers of proteins are amino acids, which link together via peptide bonds to form proteins, also called polypeptides. Mrs. G emphasizes the importance of proteins in maintaining health and physical performance, such as in sports.
🧬 Nucleic Acids: Storing Genetic Information
In this section, nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are presented as macromolecules responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides, which combine to form long chains. Nucleic acids are found in every living organism, and they contain not only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen like other macromolecules, but also nitrogen and phosphorus. Mrs. G uses the mnemonic 'jump jump' to help remember the elements present in nucleic acids.
👩🏫 Conclusion: Recap and Student Activity
Mrs. G wraps up the lesson by encouraging students to create their own models of macromolecules. She invites viewers to visit her classroom website for additional resources and announces her presence on social media platforms. She ends the lesson on an energetic note, linking carbohydrates to energy needed for activities like soccer.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Macromolecule
💡Monomer
💡Polymer
💡Carbohydrate
💡Lipid
💡Protein
💡Nucleic Acid
💡Monosaccharide
💡Polysaccharide
💡Amino Acid
Highlights
Introduction to macromolecules: living organisms are made up of four types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
Definition of macromolecules: macromolecules are giant molecules made up of smaller units called monomers.
Monomers: single pieces that combine to form polymers (many monomers) through polymerization.
Carbohydrates: made from monosaccharides (simple sugars), such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Disaccharides: two monosaccharides combined, examples include sucrose and lactose.
Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides combined, forming complex sugars like starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
Energy source: simple sugars provide quick energy, while complex sugars offer longer-lasting energy.
Lipids: biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water, including fats, oils, and waxes.
Function of lipids: used for long-term energy storage, insulation, and as major components of cell membranes.
Lipids formation: glycerol and fatty acids combine to form triglycerides, although lipids are not considered polymers.
Proteins: made from amino acids, with functions including building muscle, controlling chemical reactions, and fighting diseases.
Polypeptides: chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds, forming proteins.
Nucleic acids: store and transmit genetic information, examples include DNA and RNA.
Monomer of nucleic acids: nucleotides combine to form nucleic acids, found in every living organism.
Elements in macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with proteins also containing nitrogen and nucleic acids containing phosphorus.
Transcripts
hi it's mrs. G today we're gonna learn
about macromolecules we're gonna go live
to PC who's there with the
macromolecules right now living
organisms are made up of four types of
macromolecules carbohydrates lipids
nucleic acids and proteins these are
also referred to as biomolecules because
you can find these molecules in living
organisms because the living organisms
produce them and they are needed for
life now what is a macro molecule and
how are they made macromolecules are
giant molecules you can think of
creating these giant molecules is like
putting together a puzzle you need the
basic units you need the pieces the
pieces for a macro molecule are called
monomers it should be easy to remember
this word if you can remember mono means
one so think of a single puzzle piece it
is a mono mer a single piece now we know
that we create a puzzle you need lots of
pieces the same thing goes for creating
a macro molecule you need lots of
monomers to create your macro molecule
once all the monomers are connected the
completed puzzle is the macro molecule
now if a macro molecule is made of mini
monomers it is also called a polymer
poly means many so you can see why they
call most macromolecules a polymer it is
made up of many monomers when a polymer
is made we say polymerization has
occurred now let's create macromolecules
but before we start you need to know
that the monomers the puzzle pieces
needed to build macromolecules are named
differently in each macro molecule for
example the first macro molecule we are
going to build is a car behind
the monomer in a carbohydrate is called
a monosaccharide Wow that's a big worry
there yeah no kitty so if you combine a
bunch of monosaccharides you create a
carbohydrate I leak carbohydrate
a few side notes to mention here a
monosaccharide is a simple sugar high
you know I'm just a simple sugar a
monosaccharide
a simple sugar tastes sweet an example
of a simple sugar would be glucose
fructose or galactose you find simple
sugars in most candy cakes milk or fruit
Wow well in my case I love simple sugars
now if you combine two monosaccharides
two simple sugars we call that a
disaccharide huh dye means two and this
makes sense because you have two
monosaccharides here are some examples
of disaccharides you will see the two
monosaccharides that they contain
now when you combine many
monosaccharides together you create a
polymer called
polysaccharide remember poly means many
and we have many monosaccharides
combined many monosaccharides combined
create a complex sugar so when you have
many simple sugar units combined they
create a complex sugar complex sugars
don't usually taste sweet even though
they have simple sugars in them examples
of complex sugars or polysaccharides
would be starch well hello
I am starch I'm just a simple gal
made up of simple sugars I am quite
complex which you can find in bread
pasta potatoes like a gym which you can
find in beef muscle cellulose which you
find in plants like lettuce or corn now
the function of carbohydrates has to
provide you energy it is your main
source of energy simple sugars found in
candy provide you short bursts of energy
whoa because they are quickly digested
[Music]
complex sugars like those found in pasta
which has the complex sugar starch take
longer to break down so it takes longer
to digest so they provide longer-lasting
energy so that is why many marathon
runners eat a lot of pasta before a big
race they need longer-lasting energy by
running in a marathon tomorrow so I
guess I will have to eat a big bowl of
pasta before the race PC that's a smart
idea
the second macromolecule we are going to
build is a lipid lipids are biological
molecules that are generally not soluble
in water when I think of lipids
I think of fat but other examples of
lipids or oils waxes steroid hormones
and triglycerides the body uses lipids
for many things like long-term energy
storage when I think of this I think of
a bear fattening up in preparation for
the winter months when they will become
less active and sleep more to prepare
for this bears eat more and increase
their body fat they gain a lot of lipids
so they have more long-term energy
storage built up so that will help them
get through those cold winter months the
body also uses the lipids for insulation
fat helps to keep the body warm lipids
are also a major component in cell
membranes that is right the very thing
that surrounds and protects your cells
are lipids okay let's build a lipid many
lipids are formed when you combine a
glycerol molecule with compounds called
fatty acids today we are making a
triglyceride so we will combine one
glycerol and three fatty acids now are
these the monomers most people don't
believe lipids to have true monomers
thus they are not a polymer since
polymers are made up of monomers ask
your teacher what they want you to know
with regards to this corn oil and lard
have a lot of lipids in them the third
macro molecule we are going to build is
a protein proteins have a wide range of
functions in the body if you play sports
you might have heard your coach say eat
foods with a lot of protein in it that
is because proteins help with building
tissue and muscle your hair and nails
are mostly made of proteins a few other
functions of proteins is that they help
control the rate of chemical reactions
fight diseases and transport materials
in and out of cells go proteins so let's
build a protein
the monomer of proteins are called amino
acids it was inaudible only when two
amino acids combine they are being held
together by a peptide bond as more amino
acids combine eventually you create a
protein
hey are you doing I'm a protein over
here made up of a bunch of amino acid
often people will refer to a protein as
a polypeptide because the amino acids
are held together by many chains of
peptide bonds
the last macromolecule we have to cover
is nucleic acid nucleic acids store and
transmit your genetic information an
example of them would be your DNA and
RNA the monomer of nucleic acid is a
nucleotide I'm a nucleotide if you put
together a bunch of nucleotides you
create a nucleic acid uh-oh I'm a
nucleic acid
you can find nucleic acid in every
living organism PC you have nucleic acid
in your nucleus right here the last
thing I wanted to mention is what type
of elements make up each macro molecule
carbon hydrogen and oxygen is in each
macro molecule to remember this think
jo-jo
but proteins also have the element
nitrogen so a day in to chill for them
so think John John for proteins nucleic
acids also have nitrogen but they
contain phosphorus as well so for
nucleic acids think jump jump ok that's
it for today thanks for watching check
you guys later carbs because I need some
energy for soccer later have your
students create these macromolecules or
more stop by mrs. G's classroom com2
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for watching
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