Rersearch Approaches: Case study, Ethnographic, Grounded, narrative and action research

Summary

Today's class delved into various research approaches, including case study, grounded theory, ethnographic research, narrative inquiry, and action research. Each method was explored for its unique characteristics, such as the in-depth 360° perspective of case studies, the theory-building process of grounded theory, the immersive and long-term nature of ethnography, the story-based understanding of narrative inquiry, and the practical, change-oriented approach of action research. The lecture emphasized the importance of selecting the right research method based on the study's objectives and provided insights into how each approach contributes to the research process.

Takeaways

• 📚 Research approaches are crucial for structuring a research study and providing direction for research projects.
• 🔍 The initial step in research is identifying a specific area of study to focus on, which helps in narrowing down the scope of research.
• 📖 Conducting a literature review (a priori) is essential to understand what has been previously studied in the chosen research area.
• ❓ Formulating a good research question is a critical step as it guides the methodology and data collection process.
• 🔍 The methodology defines the source of data collection, whether primary or secondary, and helps in participant description or source identification.
• 📊 Data collection can be qualitative, quantitative, or mixed, and the analysis methods vary accordingly.
• 🔗 Posteriori analysis helps relate research findings to existing literature and can lead to new research or societal applications.
• 📝 Case study method is an investigative approach used to understand a group or individual in-depth, often focusing on a smaller, restrictive population.
• 🌐 Ethnographic research involves in-depth, long-term study of a group or culture, employing multiple methodologies to achieve a theoretical understanding.
• 📖 Narrative inquiry focuses on understanding experiences as stories, using verbal and written narratives to explore subjective phenomena.
• 🔄 Action research is a flexible, applied methodology aimed at supporting change through research, integrating social research with practical actions.

Q & A

What are the steps involved in conducting a research study?

The steps involved in conducting a research study include identification of the research area, doing a basic review of literature (a priori), formulating research questions, defining methodology, data collection, data analysis, and defining posteriori which helps relate findings to existing literature.

Why is it important to narrow down the research area during the initial phase of research?

Narrowing down the research area is crucial as it allows for a more focused and structured approach to research, enabling in-depth study of a specific component rather than attempting to study everything, which is impractical.

What is the purpose of a priori in research?

A priori serves to review existing literature in a specific research area, helping to derive the need for the study and narrow down research questions based on what has already been studied.

How does methodology guide the research process?

Methodology guides the research process by determining the sources of data collection, whether primary or secondary, and defining participant descriptions or sources of secondary data, which in turn shapes how data is collected.

What is the case study method and when is it used?

The case study method is an investigative approach used to understand a group of people or an individual in detail, often employed when a specific phenomenon is observed or to gain new understanding of a rare population.

What are the characteristics of a case study?

Characteristics of a case study include bounding the case to set boundaries on what is studied, having a clear purpose, and focusing on a restrictive population, often for in-depth understanding rather than generalization.

What is grounded theory and when is it used in research?

Grounded theory is used when existing theories are insufficient to define a phenomenon or are incomplete. It involves data collection and analysis to construct a new theory or redefine an existing one.

What are the types of grounded theory?

There are two types of grounded theory: classical grounded theory, which focuses on developing new theories from data analysis, and constructivist grounded theory, which emphasizes understanding subjective experiences.

What is ethnographic research and how does it differ from other research methods?

Ethnographic research involves in-depth investigation of a group or culture over an extended period, often using multiple methodologies. It differs by its immersive nature and focus on understanding cultural phenomena through prolonged engagement.

What is narrative inquiry and how is it used in research?

Narrative inquiry is a research method that focuses on studying experiences as stories. It uses verbal and written narratives to understand subjective phenomena and is often transactional, reflecting exchanges of ideas.

What is action research and how does it differ from other research approaches?

Action research is a flexible, applied research methodology aimed at supporting change. It differs from other approaches by integrating social research with actions to promote development, focusing on practical solutions to problems.

What are the steps involved in action research?

The steps in action research include investigating the current situation, planning for change, introducing and trying out new practices, monitoring the effectiveness of interventions, and analyzing data to generate actionable knowledge.

Outlines

00:00

🔍 Introduction to Research Approaches

This paragraph introduces the concept of research approaches, emphasizing their importance in structuring and directing research projects. It outlines the steps involved in conducting research, such as identifying a research area, reviewing literature, formulating research questions, defining methodology, collecting data, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. The paragraph also introduces various research methods like case study, grounded theory, ethnographic research, narrative approach, and action research, setting the stage for a deeper exploration of each in subsequent paragraphs.

05:03

📚 In-depth Exploration of Case Study Method

This paragraph delves into the case study method, describing it as an investigative approach that allows for a comprehensive understanding of individuals or groups. It highlights the microscopic nature of case studies, where every aspect of the subject's life is examined in detail. The paragraph discusses the bounding of cases, the purpose of case studies, and the types of case studies, including critical, extreme, representative, and longitudinal cases. It emphasizes the need for a clear rationale when choosing a case study approach and the importance of understanding the unique aspects of each type.

10:04

🌱 Grounded Theory: Building New Theories from Data

The paragraph focuses on grounded theory, a research approach used when existing theories are insufficient to explain a phenomenon. It explains that grounded theory involves shaping data collection and analysis methods to construct new theories. The paragraph differentiates between classical and constructivist grounded theory, with the former focusing on objective happenings and the latter on subjective experiences. It outlines the steps in grounded theory research, including identifying a research area, defining research questions, collecting data, analyzing and coding data, and refining or developing theories based on findings.

15:05

🌐 Ethnographic Research: Immersive Study of Cultures

This paragraph discusses ethnographic research, which involves in-depth, long-term study of a group or culture. It emphasizes the immersive nature of ethnographic studies, where researchers may participate in the culture they are studying. The paragraph outlines the flexible methodology of ethnographic research, which can include both primary and secondary data sources. It highlights the iterative process of modifying research methods until a theoretical understanding of the culture or group is achieved.

20:07

📖 Narrative Inquiry: Understanding Life Stories

The paragraph introduces narrative inquiry, a research method that focuses on understanding experiences through stories. It discusses the transactional nature of narrative approaches, which involve the exchange of ideas and the verbalization of subjective phenomena. The paragraph explores the various forms of data collection in narrative inquiry, such as interviews, qualitative surveys, and focus group discussions. It also mentions the use of narrative inquiry in understanding psychological experiences and the importance of considering both verbal and written narratives.

25:09

🔄 Action Research: Research for Real-World Change

This paragraph defines action research as a flexible, applied approach aimed at bringing about change. It contrasts action research with other methods by emphasizing its practical application and theoretical underpinnings. The paragraph outlines the steps in action research, including investigating a current situation, planning and introducing changes, monitoring the effectiveness of interventions, and analyzing data to generate actionable knowledge. It highlights the cyclical nature of action research, where findings may lead back to the investigation phase if interventions are not effective.

Keywords

💡Research Approaches

Research approaches refer to the methodologies or frameworks used to plan and conduct a research study. They provide direction and structure to the research process. In the video, various research approaches are discussed, including case study, grounded theory, ethnographic research, narrative inquiry, and action research. These approaches are essential for understanding how to systematically explore and analyze different phenomena in a research context.

💡A Priori

A priori refers to the preliminary review of literature that is conducted before starting a research study. It helps researchers understand what has already been studied in their area of interest and aids in deriving the need for the study and narrowing down research questions. In the script, a priori is mentioned as a step in the research process that informs the direction of the research and helps in defining the research methodology.

💡Methodology

Methodology in research refers to the systematic procedures and strategies employed to collect, analyze, and interpret data. It is crucial for defining the sources of data and the techniques used for data collection. The video script discusses how methodology is shaped based on the research question and can involve primary or secondary data sources, participant descriptions, and different formats of data collection like qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods.

💡Case Study Method

A case study method is a research approach that involves an in-depth, detailed examination of a subject or group. It is often used to understand a phenomenon in its real-world context. The video script describes case study research as an investigative approach that provides a 360-degree perspective on a person or group, aiming for a deep understanding of specific phenomena or rare populations. It is characterized by its focus on a restrictive population and its descriptive, 'microscopic' nature.

💡Grounded Theory

Grounded theory is a research approach used when existing theories are insufficient to explain a phenomenon. It involves collecting and analyzing data to develop a new theory or to refine an existing one. The script explains that grounded theory is particularly useful when a researcher feels that existing theories are incomplete or do not adequately explain the reasons behind a specific phenomenon. It is an inductive method that shapes data collection and analysis to construct new theoretical insights.

💡Ethnographic Research

Ethnographic research is a qualitative research method that involves the study of a group or culture over an extended period. It often involves the researcher immersing themselves in the culture to gain a deep understanding. The video script mentions that ethnographic research employs multiple methodologies and is recommended for culture-specific studies, where the researcher may use both primary and secondary data sources to understand the phenomena within a group or culture.

💡Narrative Inquiry

Narrative inquiry is a research approach that focuses on understanding experiences as stories. It emphasizes the verbal and written accounts of individuals to explore their subjective experiences and perspectives. The script describes narrative inquiry as a method that values the storytelling aspect of human experiences, often using interviews, autobiographies, and field notes to collect data. It is particularly suited for understanding psychological experiences and the transactional nature of storytelling.

💡Action Research

Action research is a research approach that is designed to bring about change. It is characterized by its flexibility and applicability, aiming to integrate social research with practical actions to promote development. The video script explains that action research is not just about studying a problem but actively seeking solutions and implementing them. It involves a cycle of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting, with the ultimate goal of improving practices and outcomes.

💡Data Collection

Data collection in research refers to the process of gathering information and data needed to answer the research questions or test the hypotheses. The video script discusses various formats of data collection, including qualitative and quantitative methods, and emphasizes the importance of choosing the right format based on the research question and methodology. Data collection is a critical step as it directly influences the analysis and findings of the research.

💡Data Analysis

Data analysis is the process of examining, interpreting, and drawing conclusions from the data collected during research. The video script highlights different methods of data analysis, which can vary depending on the research approach and the type of data collected. For instance, in grounded theory, data analysis involves coding and theoretical sampling to develop new theories, while in ethnographic research, it may involve thematic analysis to understand cultural phenomena.

Highlights

Research approaches are essential for structuring and directing research projects.

The first step in research is identifying a specific research area to focus on.

A priori literature review helps derive the need for the study and narrow down research questions.

Methodology defines the source of data collection, whether primary or secondary.

Data collection can be qualitative, quantitative, or mixed, depending on the research design.

Posterior analysis relates findings to existing literature and can lead to new research or societal applications.

Case study method is an investigative approach to understand individuals or groups in depth.

Bounding the case in case study research involves setting boundaries on the scope of the study.

Purpose of case study must be well-defined, especially when generalization is not possible.

Types of case studies include critical, extreme, representative, and longitudinal studies.

Grounded Theory is used when existing theories are inadequate to explain a phenomenon.

Grounded Theory involves inductive methods to derive or create new theories from data.

Ethnographic research immerses the researcher in a group or culture for an extended period.

Narrative inquiry focuses on understanding experiences through the stories people tell.

Action research is a flexible methodology aimed at supporting change through research.

Action research integrates social research with actions to promote development and solve problems.

The steps in action research include investigating, planning, introducing changes, and analyzing outcomes.

Transcripts

hello everyone in today's class we are

going to focus on different research

approaches research approaches help us

plan our research study in a structured

manner it often gives the direction for

the research project or research work we

are

engaging before I disc discuss about

different research approaches it is

important to reflect on the steps

involved in doing a specific

research this has already been discussed

during other components of the class as

well as when you were doing your

research work the first step is

identification of research

area we can't study

everything and everything around the

world so we need to narrow down our

research understanding to a smaller

component that will help us do our

research in more structured

manner so the first step involves is re

identification of research area the next

thing is doing

basic review of literature and we term

it as a priori a priori helps us what

has already been studied in this

specific research area we are interested

in based on a

priori

the need for the study can be derived

and thereby research questions can be

narrowed down the process of making a

good research question has already been

discussed in different

components based on the research

question the method ology can be

defined methodology helps us understand

from where we are going to collect our

study if the data is going to be

collected from primary

source the participants can be decided

and that can be described better in

terms of participant description if the

data is collected from a secondary

resource the sources of secondary data

can be defined appropriately

The Next Step involves the actual data

collection the data collection take can

take place in qualitative format or

quantitative format or even in mixed

format the collected data is further

analyzed and the various methods of data

analysis will be spoken in a different

section after that the posterior are

defined posterior are something which

helps us understand how the findings are

related to existing

literature that will often complete the

research based on posterior a new

research can be derived or the Highlight

uh the findings can itself be used in

terms of making this or helping the

society so these are the steps involved

in a research

now let's reflect on different research

approaches in this particular section we

are going to speak about Cas study

method grounded Theory method

ethnographic research Narrative Approach

and action

research we have heard about case study

method since the time we have studied

psychology and we have briefly mentioned

about case study method even during our

classes case study research is is often

termed it as investigative approach

where we are trying to understand a

group of people or an individual in an

investigative format in the sense we

trying to understand the person from a

360 degree

perspective case study method can help

us understand the phenomena or a

person in detail and helps us get a

deeper

understanding

case study can stem out of various needs

such as a specific phenomena is

happening in our

society or something which has been

observed by A specific group of people

and something has been observed uh about

some rare population a

new understanding is needed so those are

the times when case study methods can be

used dominantly case study method method

is done on a very restrictive

population unlike quantitative study we

can't generalized to a larger group for

case study usually a smaller group is or

preferably an individual is focused on a

lot of researchers have highlighted that

a case study research appears like a

microscopic approach means in the sense

the people who are part of the case

study appears to be under microscope

where every aspect of their lifestyle or

happening or complete picture is

recorded in a structured

manner often people see this particular

thing like peeling of an onion like

onion have different different layers so

as in when we are doing research it can

appear like we are peeling the onion and

more and more information is derived

now let's speak about different

characteristics of of case

study we can't study everything around

the world even so thing can happen when

we are doing case

study bounding the case simply means we

are setting boundaries on what exactly

we intend to

study even though we aim to have a 360°

approach we still need to Define what we

are exactly studying so bounding the is

simply helps us who we are studying what

we are studying and how long we study so

bounding the case simply means creating

a boundary or rather say defining what

we intend to

study the next thing is purpose of case

study because case study is done on a

restrictive population it often requires

a structured reason why we are doing

a specific case study why we are

avoiding usage of any other research

means so a good case study needs to have

a very good reason why a case study

approach has been

used let us further reflect on different

types of case study you all have an

understanding of it but let then let us

just now term it the first one is

critical case the critical case is often

seen as a unique population for example

um philx Gage case can be a critical

case the next thing is Extreme or a

unique case somebody who stands out for

example there are a lot of people who

are twins but very few are conjoined

twins even as an adult so that is a

unique aspect so if we are trying to

understand understand how the lifestyle

of these people are that is unique case

the next thing is representative case or

typical case sometimes for example you

are trying to understand the subjective

experience of people with

um

schizophrenia so you're trying to

identify one person from the population

who is a typical example of somebody who

is experiencing schizophrenia and trying

to do a in-depth understanding main

concern here is the person who you are

selecting for the case study should

appear like a typical example for the

concern the next thing is longitudinal

study certain times when we do case

study we want to understand in depth for

a longer duration and that is considered

as longitudinal case

study now let's go to the next thing

which is grounded

Theory grounded Theory the purpose of it

was frequently discussed during our

classes when some

phenomena which is existing cannot be

defined based on existing

Theory or existing Theory stands

incomplete we take the help of grounded

Theory I'll repeat myself once again we

take help of grounded Theory when

existing

theory is not able to

define the

concerns or rather say we are not able

to theoretically Define the reason for a

specific phenomena or the

existing Theory stands

incomplete while defining the existence

or the reason for a phenomena

for example when I'm doing a study on

situation

ship I feel that none of the existing

theories are able to define the cause of

situationship then to understand and

derive a new Theory or create a new

Theory I can use a grounded Theory

approach on the other hand we can also

use grounded Theory approach when and I

feel that my study on

situationship

is not clearly being defined based on

existing theories suppose I assume that

Freudian Theory Eric eron's theory none

of it is standing complete to define the

reasons for existence of

situationship that's when I go to

grounded

Theory

grounded Theory often involves

methods and strategies that shape the

data collection so in short when we are

doing grounded Theory our analysis and

data collection method is dominantly

going to be shaped based on the approach

we are

using based on the analysis we it is

going to help us construct a new the

the and there that is how we are going

to study a specific

phenomena sometimes in the process of

analysis we are trying to fit in means

in the sense we are trying to derive to

fit in a research idea which we have

means if I'm trying to build a new

Theory I'm trying to fit in the findings

of my study to the possible Theory I am

trying to

create now grounded Theory methods are

particularly helpful for studying

individuals groups or even social

phenomenas even organizational process

where existing theories are standing

meaningless or stands

incomplete grounded theory is often

considered Ed as inductive method mainly

because we are deriving a theory or

creating a theory or re understanding a

specific

phenomena from the by understanding the

drawbacks of the existing

theories now let's speak about the types

of grounded Theory there are just two

types types of grounded Theory the first

one is classical grounded Theory and the

constructivist grounded Theory when we

speak about classical grounded Theory it

is based on the tra approaches of the

founders of uh or rather say the

contributors of grounded Theory where

you are analyzing the data to develop a

new theory on the other hand when we

speak about constructivist grounded

Theory it helps us understand how

subjective

experiences are playing a role so

classical grounded theory

dominantly in simple possible way it

helps us say that what exactly is

happening when we speak about

constructivist grounded Theory it speaks

about the subjective experiences so

Theory derivation and Theory

understanding for classical grounded

theory is dominantly based on on what

exactly is happening on the other hand

constructivist grounded Theory

dominantly focuses on the subjective

experiences so how does a person feel in

a specific situation so that is

constructivist grounded

Theory now let's briefly focus on steps

involved it is similar to what we have

already learned

so we already know that we have to

identify a research area after initial

analysis which is a priori we are going

to define the research question based on

the research question derivation we

Define the methodology and thereby

identify who we are going to collect the

data from the data analysis is done and

after the data analysis done the further

coding is created mainly because we are

going to create theories out of the

codes derived and we going to redefine a

based on the codes derived after

analysis we are going

to re refine or rather say change

aspects of existing Theory or develop a

new Theory alog together based on the

findings once the theory is derived we

are going to validate we are going to

check whether the Theory actually exist

or not through another set of research

and then we are going to create a

document based on the findings that is

the central steps of grounded

Theory questions might come up regarding

elaborate on the steps involved in

grounded Theory kindly just don't keep

the headings make sure you give a

specific description with the

examples to understand

better

now let's speak about

the ethnographic

research ethnographic research is

something which is frequently done in

Psychology which speaks about doing an

investigation of a group for a longer

period of time means sometimes we when

we are doing a qualitative research we

just don't do it for a short duration we

do it for a longer

duration we try to immerse ourself of

and sometimes be even a participant

Observer we do multiple methods to get

the most accurate information about a

group so ethnographic research is highly

recommended when we are doing culture

specific

study sometimes even can involve usage

of secondary data along with primary

data when we are doing ethnographic

research because in this process we are

trying to immerse ourself to understand

the existence of a

phenomena ethnographic approach employs

multiple methodologies so in short we

don't follow a single methodological

structures so methodology frequently

changes based on what we intend to

study and we are going to keep doing the

research till a theoretical explanation

is derived about the reasons or of a

specific phenomena happening for a group

or a culture so in short we will keep

modifying our methodology or changing

the methodology till a theoretical

understanding is derived for our

specific

population now let's briefly speak about

the steps it is similar to what is the

normal steps involved in a research but

there is a slight

modification uh for others the

methodology remains constant but here

the methodology frequently keeps

changing so sometimes we may use a

quantitative approach after deriving the

data we have another new research where

we are trying to understand in terms of

qualitative approach

then we try to understand all together a

study based on secondary data so this

particular research method is highly

recommended when we are trying to

understand a specific culture at large

and dominantly for a longer

duration the next thing is narrative

inquiry narrative inquiry is frequently

used in psychology as well as in

subjects such as in English

narrative inquiry is a study of

experience as a story we all love

narrating stories but stories how we

narrate it and how we uh speak about it

speaks a lot about how we are thinking

and experiencing the world around so

narrative inquiry is a method which

which is dominantly stemming or

prominently trying to understand the

happenings based on the type of stories

we

make qualitative research generally uses

narratives mainly because it involves

verbal acts that someone is telling to

another person in a way that a situation

has occurred so in short it kinds of

verbalizes a subjective

phenomena

when we speak about narrative inquiry we

often just don't refer to verbal

information verbal we also focus on

written text so sometimes when we are

trying to understand how people create

stories we can do it based on

autobiographies interviews and so on

sometimes the narrative approaches can

even be done on field notes in the sense

when we are interacting how a person is

narrating the sto like communicating

that also sometimes can be structurally

recorded in terms of understanding it in

a better

manner a lot of researchers often

consider narrative approaches

transactional experience in the sense

it's an exchange of ideas transaction uh

involves you telling the other person

responding and it goes on so a lot of of

research often consider Narrative

Approach as a transactional experience

mainly because it reflects how a person

shares relationship with people around

or places and also helps the

researcher develop ideas and understand

the existence at a whole usually

narrative inquiry is done when we are

trying to understand the psychological

sub uh experiences of a particular

person so yeah that is about Narrative

Approach the steps involves is similar

to what we already

know the different reasons or different

spaces where Narrative Approach can be

the best suited one as a research

methodology when we are trying to

understand a specific person after their

death probably they have written an

autobiography and we are trying to

understand how their lifestyle went for

example uh if you look at if somebody

can do a narrative analysis of

autobiography of Abdul Kalam which is

Wings of Fire although it was written by

somebody else but it still denotes a

autobiography so that is one such

example you can write any of the

examples questions can come up about

different methods or different steps

involved in narrative approaches you can

write the different steps which are

generally there however highlight the

uniqueness of Narrative Approach when

you're describing it then comes methods

of data collection in narrative inquiry

there are very various methods of

collecting data the first one is using

interviews then is qualitative surveys

in the sense we we have structured set

of questions and we expect participants

to answer them in an elaborate manner

recordings of history in the sense

documents

uh in form of libraries can be

used another interesting aspect of

collecting data in narrative inquiry is

focus group discussions whereas a group

or a community is called in or members

of the community is called in to

describe for example when you are trying

to understand how did people

see an

accident so you call everybody who saw

the accident and ask people how did the

car approach how did the person react

and so on so narrative enquiry is mainly

a study of how people make

Stories the last aspect here is action

research action research is one of the

best research search approach mainly

because of its

applicability the main aspect of action

research is supporting change it is set

to be a flexible research methodology

which AIMS in bringing in a

change in action research you just don't

do a research for the sake of it you do

a research to bring about a change for

example you have realized that in uh

you're doing a research on quality of

food in college canteen you're just not

doing a in if you're doing an action

research you're trying to bring in a

change through a

research this makes it unique mainly

because it has a very strong applicable

change it integrates social research

with exploratory actions to promote

development so because it is very

applicable by nature which aims to bring

in a solution this promotes the aspect

of

development action research as

previously mentioned is flexible by

Nature sometimes overlapping

investigation cyes sometimes you'll be

investigating uh based on the example

which I just gave you may be exploring

the quality of food sometimes you may

explore uh the interest level of

students sometimes the interest level of

employees are working and so on so there

can be an overlapping ideas as and main

thing here is the fluid nature of

research in action research it is not

very rigid the main goal of action

research is not to make it very rigid

but make it flexible however the central

idea here is to bring in a

change action research is both practical

and theoretical in the sense you use

Theory to derive to say that a problem

is happening because of this this is a

possible solution so suppose you realize

through theories that children college

students don't like uh same quality food

every day same tasting food every day

that's what theoretically it says so in

terms of practical knowledge you uh you

can also say that you're trying to bring

say that bring in variety of foods on a

daily basis so that people are more

interested to eat food in the

C the steps involved in action research

can appear to be different from

others mainly because of its applicable

nature so the first step here is

investigating a current situation in

partnership with planning for a change

so you not just doing a research you are

doing a research with a in your bag you

should always keep in mind that you are

doing a research to identify a problem

and trying to find a possible solution

to the problem the next step is

introducing changes trying out new

practices with the aim of improvement so

in this here it speaks

about theoretical application where you

have observed that in and theories have

said that uh college students prefer

variety college students uh

prefer more appetizing food at a lower

cost so this is what theories and

existing literatures have said so you're

trying to say to canteen owners that

bring in more variety and bring in a

reasonable cost Associated

food step three is monitoring whether

your intervention is applicable or not

so you have said that change the cost of

the food and bring in more variety so

this is your intervention so then you in

step three you are checking whether your

intervention is effective or Not by

again collecting data based on your

intervention whether your intervention

is effective or not step four is very

important where you're analyzing and

interpreting the data to generate an

actionable knowledge so in the sense if

the findings were effective in the sense

uh your intervention that if the cost is

reduced and the variety is added are

more people going to the canteen or not

so you are seeing whether your

intervention is effective if it is

effective it is adding on to the

knowledge system or thereby or else

again we'll go back to step one so that

is all for today's class when we speak

about exam from exam point of view try

to understand that the answers are

expected to be descriptive you can't

have a short answer the pointers are

mentioned here try to elaborate it based

on your subjective understanding you

will fetch better marks if give

examples uh I have already sent certain

sample questions make sure you refer

that for your preparation for your exam

that's it from my side for any further

clarification feel free to message me or

call me you can take the number from

your class thank you and have a nice

day