Plant Cells: Crash Course Biology #6

CrashCourse
5 Mar 201210:28

Summary

TLDRこの動画脚本では、植物が持つ魔法のような力について語られています。植物は二酸化炭素を取り込んで酸素に変換し、日光と水だけで成長できるという驚くべき能力を持っている。さらに、植物細胞と動物細胞の違い、特に細胞壁と葉緑体の特徴について説明しています。植物は緑色のアルゲーが進化し、細胞壁を形成し、光合成を通じて自己完結的に成長する能力を持つようになった。このビデオでは、植物の細胞構造とその機能を簡単に理解できるように紹介しています。

Takeaways

  • 🌿 植物は魔法のような力を持っており、空気中の二酸化炭素を取り込んで新鮮で純粋な酸素に変換することができる。
  • 🌞 植物は動物とは異なり、日光と水以外には何も必要なく、自己完結して成長する。
  • 🌱 植物は約5億年前から進化し、最も古い陸生植物の化石は4億年以上前のものがある。
  • 🌲 炭鉱森は、地球上を覆う密な森林であり、その多くは石炭になり、私たちの生活に重要な役割を果たしている。
  • 🌼 被子植物はcretaceous期の終わりに登場し、その時期に恐竜が絶滅したため、被子植物が恐竜を滅ぼしたのではないかと疑われる。
  • 🔬 植物細胞と動物細胞は非常によく似ており、核を持つ真核細胞と呼ばれる。
  • 🍃 植物細胞には細胞壁があり、セルロースとリンネンからできており、これにより植物は硬くなる。
  • 🌱 植物は緑色の藻類から進化し、細胞膜を囲む堅い壁を遺伝した。
  • 🌿 植物細胞には葉緑体があり、太陽からの光エネルギーを糖と酸素に変換する。
  • 💧 植物細胞には中央大空胞があり、水や他の物質を保持し、細胞に構造的なサポートを提供する。

Q & A

  • 植物が持っている魔法のような力は何ですか?

    -植物は空気中の二酸化炭素を取り出して新鮮で純粋な酸素に変換する魔法のような力を持っています。

  • 植物はどのようにしてエネルギーを得ますか?

    -植物は太陽光と水があればエネルギーを得ることができます。これらは植物にとって十分な「食べ物」です。

  • 植物はどの時代から進化し始めたと言われていますか?

    -植物はおそらく5億年以上前に進化し始めたと言われています。

  • 植物が最初に化石として確認されたのはいつ頃ですか?

    -植物の最も古い陸上植物の化石は4億年以上前に確認されています。

  • 炭素紀はどのような意味を持っていますか?

    -炭素紀は、昔の森林が炭鉱に変わったため、炭素(炭の主成分)から名付けられた時代です。

  • 被子植物はいつ頃発達しましたか?

    -被子植物はcretaceous periodの終わり頃、約6500万年前に発達しました。

  • 真核細胞と原核細胞の違いは何ですか?

    -真核細胞は核を持ち、複雑な構造を持っていますが、原核細胞は核を持たず、単純な構造です。

  • 植物細胞の特徴的な部分として、細胞壁は何からできていますか?

    -植物細胞の細胞壁はセルロースとリンジンからできており、非常に強靭で耐久性があります。

  • 動物細胞と植物細胞の違いは何ですか?

    -植物細胞には細胞壁、葉緑体、大きな中心空胞などがありますが、動物細胞にはそれらの構造はなく、柔軟な膜のみがあります。

  • 葉緑体は植物細胞でどのような役割を果たしますか?

    -葉緑体は太陽からの光エネルギーを糖と酸素に変換し、植物が食べ物を作るためのエネルギー源となります。

  • 植物細胞の大きな中心空胞は何の役割を果たしますか?

    -植物細胞の大きな中心空胞は細胞内圧を維持し、細胞の形を保ち、必要な時に水や他の物質を蓄えるための貯蔵庫として機能します。

Outlines

00:00

🌿 植物の魔法

植物は空気中の二酸化炭素を取り込んで酸素に変換する魔法のような力を持っている。植物は他の動物とは異なり、特別な食べ物や飲み物を必要とせず、太陽光と水があれば十分である。植物は地球上の生命にとって非常に重要であり、私たちの食べ物はすべて植物から来ているか、植物を食べた動物から来ている。植物は5億年以上前に進化し、陸上の初期植物の化石は4億年以上前に遡る。初期の植物は現在も残るリコフェイと呼ばれるスポラを産生する植物で、彼らから進化した「スケールツリー」は現在は絶滅しているが、かつて地球を覆っていた。彼らは炭素を多く含んでおり、私たちの生活に重要なエネルギー源である石炭に貢献している。

05:05

🌳 植物細胞の構造と機能

植物細胞と動物細胞は非常によく似ており、両方とも真核細胞と呼ばれる高度な細胞である。真核細胞は核を持ち、細胞内の化学反応を管理する。植物細胞には細胞壁があり、セルロースとリンネンという強力な化合物からできており、植物には動物細胞にはないplastidsという器官がある。plastidsの中で最も重要なのは葉緑体で、太陽からの光エネルギーを糖と酸素に変換する。また、植物細胞には大きな中心空胞があり、細胞の構造を支え、水や他の化合物を蓄えるための貯蔵庫である。これらの特徴は植物が私たちの食事に必要な食べ物と肺に必要な空気を提供できるようにしている。

10:07

📚 植物細胞の基礎

このセクションでは、植物細胞の基礎について簡単に復習する。植物細胞には、非常に硬いセルロースからできた細胞壁がある。また、他の器官と分離された小さな袋に核が含まれており、plastidsと呼ばれる器官が光合成を行い、中心空胞は水や他の物を貯蔵し、細胞の構造をサポートする。これらのユニークな特徴が、植物が私たちのテーブルに食べ物を置いて肺に空気を提供できるようにしている。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡光合成

光合成は、植物が太陽光エネルギーを化学エネルギーに変換し、有机物を生成するプロセスです。このビデオでは、光合成が植物が自己の食物を作る方法であると説明されており、それが植物が私たちの食料と肺にいる空気を提供できる根拠となっています。例えば、「彼らはただそこに座って、彼ら自身の食物を作る。そして、彼らがそれをどのようにするかについては、光合成で行います!」という文脈で言及されています。

💡葉緑体

葉緑体は、植物細胞内の色素を含む器官で、光合成を行います。ビデオでは、「最も重要なplastidsは、太陽からの光エネルギーを糖分と酸素に変換する緑色の食物作りの機械である葉緑体です」と説明されています。これにより、植物は緑の部分で光合成を行い、私たちに食物と酸素を提供します。

💡セルロース

セルロースは、植物細胞の細胞壁の主成分であり、非常に強靭な多糖です。ビデオでは、「セルロースの細胞壁は、植物の葉、根、茎に構造を与え、ある程度の保護を提供します」と述べられており、植物が柔らかくない理由を説明しています。また、「セルロースは単にグルコース分子のチェーンです」と説明されており、それが自然界で最も一般的な複合炭水化物であるとされています。

💡リンゲン

リンゲンは、植物細胞壁のもう一つの主要成分であり、非常に強い化合物です。ビデオでは、「リンゲンとセルロースの組み合わせが、例えば木が非常に高く成長できるようにしています」と説明されています。リンゲンとセルロースの強靭さは、植物が腐敗に強い理由の一つです。

💡真核細胞

真核細胞は、核を持つ細胞で、動物細胞、植物細胞、アルゲ細胞など多くの細胞に見られます。ビデオでは、「真核細胞は、核を持つ細胞で、それにより複雑な化学反応を行える」と説明されています。真核細胞は、前核細胞よりも進化しており、独立した核を持つことで、細胞内での化学反応をより管理しやすくなっています。

💡細胞壁

細胞壁は、植物細胞の外側にあり、その形を維持し、保護を提供します。ビデオでは、「植物は細胞壁を通して、葉、根、茎に構造を与え、ある程度の保護を得ます」と説明されています。細胞壁は、植物が動くことができないため、その代わりに植物の硬さと形状を維持する役割を果たします。

💡中心空泡

中心空泡は、植物細胞内の大きな空腔で、細胞の形を保ち、細胞内圧を維持する役割を果たします。ビデオでは、「中心空泡は、水や他の物質を格納し、細胞に構造的なサポートを提供します」と説明されています。中心空泡は、植物細胞が硬くて、柔軟性を持たない理由の一つです。

💡原核細胞

原核細胞は、核を持たない単純な細胞で、細菌や古菌に属します。ビデオでは、「原核細胞は核を持たないため、油井などで見られる」と説明されています。原核細胞は真核細胞よりも単純で、独立した核を持たないため、複雑な化学反応を行えません。

💡プロトプラスマ

プロトプラスマは、細胞膜と細胞壁の間に存在する細胞内液で、主に水分を含んでいます。ビデオでは、「プロトプラスマはほとんど水ですが、他の物質も含んでいます」と説明されています。プロトプラスマは、細胞内の器官を浮かべる媒介として機能し、細胞の形を維持する役割を果たします。

💡有機分子

有機分子は、炭素を含んだ化合物で、生命の基本的な構成要素です。ビデオでは、「セルロースは単にグルコース分子のチェーンである」と説明されており、有機分子の一例として紹介されています。有機分子は、生命体の構造や機能を維持するために不可欠であり、ビデオでは特に植物の構造や機能に関連する有機分子が重点的に取り上げられています。

Highlights

植物通过光合作用将二氧化碳转化为氧气,对人类至关重要。

植物不需要复杂的食物链,仅需阳光和水即可生存。

人类所食用的所有食物,无论是直接还是间接,都源自植物。

植物可能在超过5亿年前就已经演化出现。

最早的陆生植物化石可追溯至4亿多年前,属于石松类植物。

石松类植物通过产生孢子进行繁殖。

石松类植物演化成巨大的鳞木,这些森林最终形成了煤炭。

这一时期被称为石炭纪,因为煤炭的形成。

被子植物,使用花朵繁殖的植物,直到白垩纪末期才出现。

植物和动物细胞在细胞层面上非常相似,都拥有真核细胞。

真核细胞比原核细胞更高级,拥有独立的细胞核。

植物细胞继承了其祖先的细胞壁,主要由纤维素和木质素构成。

纤维素是自然界中最常见的复杂碳水化合物,由葡萄糖分子链组成。

植物细胞的细胞壁为其提供结构支持和一定程度的保护。

植物细胞中的叶绿体是进行光合作用,制造食物和氧气的器官。

植物细胞的大中央液泡有助于维持细胞结构并储存水分和其他物质。

植物细胞的独特特征使其能够为我们提供食物和氧气。

Transcripts

play00:00

Plants are freaking great because they have this magical wizard power that allows

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them to take carbon dioxide out of the air and convert it into wonderful, fresh, pure,

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oxygen for us to breathe.

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They're also way cooler than us because, unlike us and every other animal on the planet,

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they don't require all kinds of Hot Pockets and fancy coffee drinks to keep them going

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The only thing plants need to make themselves a delicious feast is sunlight and water. Just

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sunlight and water!

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Paula Deen can't do that and she makes fried-egg bacon donut burgers.

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I'm telling you this is surprisingly good.

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This is a different kind of magic.

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But you know, part of this is plants! And everything in it, in fact, everything that is in this McDonalds

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in fact, everything that you have ever eaten in your life is either made from plants, or

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from something that ate plants.

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So, let's talk about plants!

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Plants probably evolved more than 500 million years ago. The earliest land-plant fossils

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date back more than 400 million years ago. These plants were lycophytes which are still

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around today and which reproduce through making a bunch of spores, shedding them, saying a

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couple of Hail Marys and hoping for the best.

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Some of these lycophytes went on to evolve into "scale trees," which are now extinct,

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but huge, swampy forests of them used to cover the Earth.

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Some people call these scale tree forests "coal forests" because there were

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so many of them and they were so dense and they covered the whole Earth

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and they eventually fossilized into giant seams of coal, which are very important to

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our lifestyles today.

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So this is now called the Carboniferous Period.

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See what they did there? Because Coal is made out of carbon, so they named the epoch of

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geological history over how face-meltingly intense and productive these

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forests were.

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I would give my left eyeball, three fingers on my left hand -- the middle ones,

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so that I could hang loose -- and my pinky toe if I were able to go back and see these

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scale forests because they were freaking awesome.

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Anyway, Angiosperms, or plants that use flowers to reproduce, didn't develop until the end

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of the Cretaceous Period, about 65 million years ago, just as the dinosaurs were

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dying out.

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Which makes you wonder if in fact the first angiosperms assassinated all the dinosaurs.

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I'm not saying that's definitely what happened, I'm just saying it's a little bit

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suspicious.

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Anyway, on the cellular level, plant and animal cells are actually pretty similar. They're

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called eukaryotic cells, which means they have a "good

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kernel." And that "kernel" is the nucleus. Not "new-cue-lus." And the nucleus can

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be found in all sorts of cells.

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Animal cells, plant cells, algae cells.

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You know, basically all of the popular kids.

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Eukaryotic cells are way more advanced than prokaryotic cells. We have the eukaryotic

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cell and we have the prokaryotic cell.

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Prokaryotic basically means "before the kernel." Pro-kernel.

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And then we have eukaryotic, which means "good kernel!"

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The prokaryotes include your bacteria and your archaea, which you've probably met

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before in your lifetime, every time you've had strep throat, for example, or if you've

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ever been in a hot spring or an oil well or something. They're everywhere. They covered

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the planet. They cover you!

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But like I said, eukaryotes have that separately enclosed nucleus. That all important nucleus

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that contains its DNA and is enclosed by a separate membrane

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Because the eukaryotic cell is a busy place -- there's chemical reactions going on in

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all different parts of the cell -- it's important to keep those places divided up.

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Eukaryotic cells also have these little stuff-doing factories called organelles. I guess we decided

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we would name everything something weird...

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But, organelles. And they're suspended in cytoplasm, continuing with the

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really esoteric terminology that you're going to have to know.

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Cytoplasm is mostly just water, but it's some other stuff too. Well basically if you want

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to know about the structure of the eukaryotic cell you should watch my video on animal cells.

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Let's just link to it right here.

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Plant and animal cells are very similar environments. They control themselves in very similar ways,

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but obviously, plants and animals are very different things.

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What are the differences in a plant cell that makes it so different from an animal?

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Well that's what we're going to go over now.

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First, plants are thought to have evolved from green algae, which evolved from some

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more primitive prokaryotes, and something plants inherited from their ancestors was

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a rigid wall surrounding the plasma membrane of each cell.

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So, this cell wall of plants is mainly made of cellulose and lignin, which are two really

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tough compounds.

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Cellulose is by far the most common and easy to find complex

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carbohydrate in nature, although if you were to include simple carbohydrates as well, glucose

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would win that one.

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And this is because, fascinating fact: cellulose is just a chain of glucose molecules!

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You're welcome.

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If you want to jog your memory about carbohydrates and other

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organic molecules, you can watch this episode right here.

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Anyway, as it happens, you know who needs carbohydrates to live? Animals. But you know

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what's a real pain in the ass to digest? Cellulose. Plants weren't born yesterday.

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Cellulose is a far more complex structure than you will generally find in a prokaryotic cell,

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but it's also one of the main things that differentiates a plant cell from an animal cell.

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Animals cells don't have this rigid cell wall--they have just a flexible membrane that

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frees them up to move around and eat plants and stuff. However, the cell wall gives

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structure to a plant's leaves, roots and stems, and it also protects it to a degree.

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Which is why trees aren't squishy and don't giggle when you poke them.

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The combination of lignin and cellulose is what makes trees, for example,

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able to grow really, really freaking tall.

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Both of these compounds are extremely strong and resistant to deterioration.

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When we eat food, lignin and cellulose is what we call "roughage" because we can't

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digest it. It's still useful for us in certain aspects of our digestive system, but it's

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not nutritious.

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Which is why eating a stick is really unappetizing.

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And like, your shirt. This is a 100% plant shirt, but it doesn't taste good.

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We can't go around eating wood like a beaver or grass like a cow because our digestive

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systems just aren't set up for that.

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However, other animals that don't have access to delicious donut burgers

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have either developed gigantic stomachs like sloths or multiple stomachs like goats in

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order to make a living eating cellulose.

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These animals have a kind of bacteria in their stomach that actually does the digestion of

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the cellulose for it. It breaks the cellulose into individual glucose molecules, which can

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then be used for food.

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But other animals, like humans -- mostly carnivores -- don't have any of that kind of bacteria,

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which is why it's so difficult for us to digest sticks.

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Ah! But there is another reason why cellulose and lignin are very very useful to us as humans:

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It burns, my friends!

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This is basically what would happen in our stomachs. It's oxidizing. It's producing the

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energy that we would get out of it if we were able to, except it's doing it very very quickly.

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And this is the kind of energy, like, this energy that's coming out of it right now,

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is the energy that would be useful to us if we were cows.

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But we're not. So instead, we just use it to keep ourselves warm on the cold winter

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nights.

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Ow! It's on me! Ow! Ahh!

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Anyway, while we animals are walking around, spending our lives searching for ever more

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digestible plant materials, plants don't have to do any of that. They just sit there and

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they make their own food. And you know how they do that? They do it with photosynthesis!

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Another thing that plant cells have that animal cells just don't have are plastids, organelles

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that plants use to make and store compounds that they need. And you wanna know something

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super interesting about plastids?

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They and their fellow organelles, the mitochondria that generate

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energy for the cell, actually started as bacteria that were absorbed

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into plant cells very early in their evolution

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like maybe some protist-like cell absorbed a bacteria, and it found that instead of digesting

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that bacteria for the energy that it has, it could use that bacteria. That bacteria

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could create energy for the cell or convert light into lovely glucose compounds, which

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is crazy!

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Nobody's really, precisely sure how this happened, but they know that it did happen because plastids

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and mitochondria both have double membranes. One from the original bacteria, and one from

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the cell as it wrapped around it. Cool, huh?

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Anyway, the most important of the plastids are chloroplasts, which convert light energy

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from the sun into the sugar and into oxygen, which the plant doesn't need,

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so it just gets rid of it.

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All the green parts of a plant that you see -- the leaves, the non-woody

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stems, the unripened oranges -- are all filled with cells which are filled with

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chloroplasts, which are making food and oxygen for you.

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You're very welcome, I'm sure.

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Another big difference between a plant cell and an animal cell, is the large,

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central vacuole. Plant cells can push water into vacuoles which provides turgor pressure

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from inside the cell, which reinforces the already stiff cellulose wall

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and makes the plant rigid like a crunchy piece of celery or something.

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Usually when soil dries out or a celery stalk sits in your refrigerator for too long, the

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cells lose some water, turgor pressure drops, and the plant wilts

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or gets all floppy.

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So, the vacuoles are also kind of a storage container for the cell. It can contain water,

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which plants need to save up, just in case. And also other

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compounds that the cell might need. It can also contain and export stuff the cell

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doesn't need anymore, like wastes. Some animal cells also have vacuoles,

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but they aren't as large and they don't have this very important job of giving the animal shape.

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So now, let's do this. Let's just go over the basics of plant cell anatomy:

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1. They've got a cell wall that's made out of cellulose and so it's really rigid

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and not messing around.

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2. They've got a nucleus in its own little baggie that's separate from all the other

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organelles. This is basically the headquarters of any eukaryotic cell: it

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stores all the genetic information for the plant and also acts as the cell's activities

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director, telling it how to grow, when to split, when to jump and how high...that sort of thing.

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Animal cells have this kind of nucleus too, but prokaryotes

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don't. Which is why they're stuck hanging around in oil wells and stuff.

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3. They've got plastids, including chloroplasts, which are awesome green food-making machines.

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4. They've got a central vacuole that stores water and other stuff and helps give the cell

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structural support.

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And so, stack these cells on top of one another like apartments in

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an apartment building

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and you've got a plant!

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And all of these unique features are what make it possible for plants to put food on

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our table and air in our lungs. So next time you see a plant, just go ahead and shake its

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hand and thank it for its hard work and its service.

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Now, we went over that stuff pretty fast, so if you want to go back and listen to any

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of it, we have a review section over here for stuff that you may not have totally picked

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up on or just want to watch again.

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It's not a huge piece of your life to re-watch some stuff so go ahead and click on these things.

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If you have questions to do with plant cell anatomy, please leave them for us in the comments

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and we will hopefully get to those.

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You can also hook up with us on Facebook and Twitter of course and we will see you on episode

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7 of Biology Crash Course.

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