Study of Rock Forming Minerals
Summary
TLDRThis educational video delves into rock-forming minerals, crucial for constructing Earth's crust and shaping geological features. It highlights common minerals like feldspar, quartz, and mica, each with unique properties and uses. The video also covers less common but significant minerals like amphiboles, garnets, and zeolites, explaining their composition, hardness, and specific gravity. It underscores their roles in various industries, from construction to water treatment, and their importance in Earth's geological processes.
Takeaways
- 🪨 Rock-forming minerals are essential building blocks of Earth's solid surface, forming igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
- 🌍 There are nearly 5,000 known mineral species, but most rocks are formed from a few common minerals referred to as rock-forming minerals.
- ⛰️ Common rock-forming minerals must be abundant in Earth's crust, present during rock formation, and crucial for determining rock properties.
- 🟫 Feldspar is the most common mineral in Earth's crust, widely used in glassmaking, ceramics, and fillers in industries like paint and plastics.
- 🟢 Quartz is the most abundant mineral on Earth's surface, known for its hardness, wide temperature range, and use in clocks and electronics.
- 🌑 Amphiboles, common in dark-colored igneous rocks, are hard minerals containing calcium, magnesium, and iron, and are used in construction.
- 📜 Mica is a silicate mineral group known for its sheet-like structure, used in electrical and thermal insulation due to its lightweight and flexible nature.
- 💎 Garnet, commonly found in metamorphic rocks, is a hard mineral known more as a gemstone but also used industrially.
- ⚗️ Calcite is a widely used rock-forming mineral found in various rocks, known for its use in construction materials and agricultural soil treatment.
- 🔬 Zeolites are chemically related to feldspar, used industrially for water treatment due to their porous nature and cation exchange properties.
Q & A
What are rock-forming minerals?
-Rock-forming minerals are minerals that are significant components in the formation of igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks and are integral to the geological processes that shape the Earth's crust.
How many known mineral species contribute to rock formation?
-There are almost 5,000 known mineral species, but the majority of rocks are formed from combinations of a few common minerals referred to as rock-forming minerals.
What are the characteristics of feldspar, the most common mineral in the Earth's crust?
-Feldspar is an aluminum silicate that is found in nearly all igneous rocks. It is hard, often white or light-colored, and forms crystals that resemble small blocks. It has a hardness of 6 or slightly more and a specific gravity of approximately 2.6.
What properties make quartz one of the most useful natural substances?
-Quartz is a chemical compound of silicon and oxygen, abundant in various types of rocks, and has a vitreous luster. It is relatively hard with a Mohs scale hardness of seven and a specific gravity between 2.6 and 2.7.
How are amphiboles used in construction?
-Amphiboles, being hard minerals, are used as crushed stone for construction purposes such as road and railroad bed construction.
What is mica known for in terms of its physical properties?
-Mica is known for its sheet silicate structure, which gives it a layered appearance. It is light, soft, and flexible, with a hardness ranging from 2.5 to 4 and a specific gravity from 2.8 to 3.0.
Why is olivine significant in the Earth's upper mantle?
-Olivine is the most common silicate in the Earth's upper mantle and is prevalent in the subsurface of the Earth. It is a magnesium iron silicate with a hardness between 6.5 to 7 and a specific gravity of 3.2 to 4.5.
What are the common uses of garnet besides being a gemstone?
-Garnet, despite being known as a gemstone, is also mined for industrial uses such as an abrasive in sandblasting, water filtration, and as a raw material in manufacturing.
How does calcite's chemical composition affect its uses?
-Calcite, with a chemical formula of calcium carbonate, is used in construction materials, as an abrasive, in agricultural soil treatment, and as a pigment due to its common occurrence and properties.
What are the distinguishing features of pyroxene?
-Pyroxenes are complex silicates with cleavage angles close to 90 degrees, often fibrous or blocky in appearance. They have a hardness between 5 to 7 and a specific gravity from 3.2 to 3.5.
How are zeolites utilized in industrial applications?
-Zeolites are used as inorganic cation exchangers in industrial applications, particularly for water and wastewater treatment, due to their pore size and absorption properties.
Outlines
🌏 Overview of Rock-Forming Minerals
This paragraph introduces the concept of rock-forming minerals, which are essential in the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It highlights their role in shaping the Earth's crust and providing minerals for soil and human use. The paragraph mentions that there are nearly 5,000 known mineral species, but the majority of rocks are formed from a few common minerals known as rock-forming minerals. These include feldspar, quartz, amphiboles, micas, olivine, garnet, calcite, pyroxene, chlorite, serpentine, epidote, and zeolite. The paragraph emphasizes the abundance and importance of these minerals in the Earth's crust and their various applications in industries.
📚 Detailed Description of Rock-Forming Minerals
Paragraph 2 delves into the characteristics and uses of specific rock-forming minerals. It discusses the properties of mica, including its physical and chemical composition, its occurrence in granites and metamorphic rocks, and its applications as an electrical insulator and thermal insulator. The paragraph also covers olivine, noting its prevalence in the Earth's upper mantle, its rapid weathering on the surface, and its use in metallurgical processes. Garnet is described as a hard mineral commonly found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, with various colors and uses in both gemstones and industrial applications. Calcite, with its chemical formula of calcium carbonate, is highlighted for its ubiquity in various rock types and its uses in construction, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. Pyroxene and chlorite are also discussed for their complex silicate structures, hardness, and specific gravity, with pyroxene noted for its potential as a gem material and chlorite for its disinfection properties.
💠 Exploration of Additional Rock-Forming Minerals
Paragraph 3 continues the exploration of rock-forming minerals, focusing on serpentine, a magnesium silicate that occurs in various colors and is used primarily as a decorative stone. Storalite, an iron aluminum silicate, is mentioned for its association with garnets in metamorphic rocks and its use in assessing metamorphic conditions. Epidote, a complex silicate found in metamorphic rocks, is described for its green to brown and black colors and its identification by hardness and color. Zeolites, while not major rock formers, are highlighted for their chemical relation to feldspar and their importance as inorganic cation exchangers in water and wastewater treatment. The paragraph concludes with a summary of the significance of these minerals in geological processes and industrial applications.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Rock-forming minerals
💡Feldspar
💡Quartz
💡Amphiboles
💡Micas
💡Olivine
💡Garnet
💡Calcite
💡Pyroxenes
💡Chlorite
💡Zeolites
Highlights
Rock-forming minerals are crucial as they form the building blocks of the solid Earth, contributing to the formation of mountains and valleys.
There are nearly 5,000 known mineral species, yet rocks are predominantly formed from a few common minerals known as rock-forming minerals.
Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust, often found in igneous rocks and used in various industrial applications.
Quartz, a compound of silicon and oxygen, is the most abundant mineral at the Earth's surface with a hardness of seven on the Mohs scale.
Amphiboles are complex hydrosilicates that can be black, dark brown, green, or blue and are commonly found in dark-colored igneous rocks.
Micas are sheet silicates known for their physical flexibility and are used as electrical insulators and in thermal insulation.
Olivine, a magnesium iron silicate, is prevalent in the Earth's upper mantle and is found in igneous rocks rich in magnesium.
Garnets, commonly known as gems, are also rock-forming minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, valued for their hardness and color.
Calcite, a calcium carbonate mineral, is extremely common in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks and is used in construction and as an abrasive.
Pyroxenes are complex silicates often found as primary minerals in igneous rocks, with a hardness between 5 to 7.
Chlorite is a group of silicate minerals that form during metamorphism, characterized by their green color and foliated appearance.
Serpentine is a magnesium silicate that occurs as a secondary mineral in metamorphic rocks and is used as a decorative stone.
Staurolite, an iron aluminum silicate, is used in geologic field work to assess the metamorphic history of rocks.
Epidote is a complex silicate found in metamorphic rocks, often identified by its green to brown color and hardness.
Zeolites are not major rock-formers but are significant inorganic cation exchangers used in water and wastewater treatment.
Transcripts
study of frog forming minerals
rock forming mineral is any mineral that
forms igneous
sedimentary or metamorphic rocks and
that typically or soil deforms
as an intimate part of rock making
processes
rock forming minerals are as
miscellaneous a group as the gems
they are important as the building
blocks of the solid earth
from which mountains are made and
valleys carved
they furnish the minerals of our soil in
the salt of disease
there are almost 5 000 known mineral
species
yet the vast majority of rocks are
formed
from combinations of a few common
minerals referred to as rock fermi
minerals
[Music]
to be considered a common rock-forming
mineral
a mineral must be one of the most
abundant minerals in earth's crust
be one of the original minerals present
at the time of across the rocks
formation
and be an important mineral in
determining a rough specification
minerals that is limit this criterias
include false spores
quartz amphiboles micas
olivine garnet
calcite pyroxene chloride
serpentine starlight epidote
and zeolite false parts are the most
common mineral in the earth's crust
they are reasonably hard are often white
cream pink
and may form crystals that look like
small blocks
false parts are found in nearly all
igneous rocks
and in rocks formed from them all are
aluminum silicates combined
with one or two more metals feldspars
have common physical properties
where crystal forms are very similar and
the crystal angles are all close to 60
degrees and 120 degrees
feldspars show two good clubbage faces
at right angles or nearly so their
hardness
is six or a bit more and their specific
gravity is approximately 2.6
they usually have a smooth glassy or
pearly luster
feldspar is a common raw material used
in glass making
ceramics and to some extent as a filler
and extender in paint
plastics and rubber quartz is a chemical
compound consisting of one part silicon
and two parts oxygen it is the most
abundant mineral found at earth's
surface
and its unique properties make it one of
the most useful natural substances
quarks forms at all temperatures it is
abundant in igneous
metamorphic and sedimentary rocks quartz
can be in many different colors
in its purest form it is a clear or
white color
quartz also has a vitreous fluster which
means that it interacts with light in
the same way that clusters
in terms of hardness quartz is
relatively hard for a mineral
and the same was scale hardness of seven
it has a specific gravity between 2.6
and 2.7
depending on its type quartz crystals
are used to make oscillators for clocks
and electronic gradient amphiboles are
complex hydrosilicates containing
calcium
magnesium and iron amphibole minerals
are hard and can be black
dark brown green or blue they occur
commonly in dark colored igneous rocks
as small blocky or elongated crystals
the cleavage planes run at about 55
degrees and 125 degrees
forming wedge-shaped cleavage fragments
amphiboles can be very difficult to
distinguish from pyroxenes if the
crystals are small
the hardness ranges from 5 to 6 and the
specific gravity value ranges from 2.9
to 3.6
amphiboles is used as crushed stone for
the usual crushed stone applications
such as road and railroad bed
construction
mika is a mineral name given to a group
of minerals
that are physically and chemically
similar
they are all silicate minerals known as
sheet silicates because they form in
distinct layers
mikas are fairly light and relatively
soft and the sheets and flakes are
flexible
it is common in granites and similar
igneous rocks
and also form in metamorphic rocks as
other minerals are altered by heat and
pressure
it has large six-sided crystals
some weighing as much as 100 tons
the most ideal cleavage is clarified by
the hexagonal sheet sheet-like structure
of its atoms which is the most prominent
feature of
mica mika's hardness ranges from 2.5 to
4
and it has a specific gravity that
ranges from 2.8 to 3.0 mikas are used as
electrical insulators in electric
equipment
thermal insulation olivine
also called crysolite or peridot is the
most
common member of a group of silicates it
is the earth's upper mantle's main
element
in a prevalent mineral in the subsurface
of earth
but weathers rapidly on the ground
olivine is a magnesium iron silicate
colored various shades of green its
luster is glassy
from transparent to translucent it is
found in igneous rocks
that are rich in magnesium and low in
quartz
as best sold in gabriel also in
metamorph post
dolomites it is often found in the form
of small grains or in large granular
masses
it has a hardness between 6.5 to 7
and a specific gravity of 3.2 to 4.5
most olivine is used in mythological
processes
as a slug conditioner garnet
garnets are better known as gems than as
rock forming minerals
but they are common and form a small but
conspicuous ingredient
of igneous and metabolic rocks it
commonly occurs in medium grade
regional metabolic rocks as crystals and
obvious crystal faces
garnet is a very hard mineral that can
be red
brown yellow or green but most commonly
red brown in color they all form
crystals in the isometric system
usually with 12 or 24 sites
though sometimes combined forms with 36
or 48 phases are found chemically
garnets contain the elements calcium
magnesium
iron and aluminum combined with silicon
and oxygen
garnet has a hardness of 6.5
to 7.5 it has a specific gravity of 3.5
to garnet is usually thought of as a
gemstone
but most garnet is mined for industrial
uses
calcite calcite is a rock-forming
mineral with a chemical formula of
calcium carbonate
it is extremely common and found
throughout the world in sedimentary
metamorphic and igneous rocks three
perfect cleavages
give calcite six sided polyhedrons with
diamond shaped faces
the angles defining the faces are 78
degrees
and 102 degrees calcite is number three
on the most
hardness scale it has a specific gravity
of 2.71
the properties of calcite make it one of
the most widely used minerals
it is used as a construction material
abrasive
agricultural soil treatment construction
aggregate
pigment pharmaceutical and more
pyroxene pyroxenes are complex silicates
closely related to the amphiboles
pyroxenes are often found as primary
minerals in igneous rocks
their cleavage angles are close to 90
degrees giving squared cleavage
fragments
they too are often fibrous or like
most are gray or green greeting into
block
pyroxenes have a hardness between 5 to 7
specific gravity ranges from 3.2
to 3.5 increases with iron content
a few pyroxene minerals are used as gem
materials
but only in rare instances when they
have attractive color and clarity
chlorate chloride is the name of a group
of common shade silicate minerals
that form during the early stages of
metamorphism
most chloride minerals are green in
color of a foliated appearance
perfect cleavage and an oily to soapy
fill
they are found in igneous metamorphic
and sedimentary rocks
in most scale its hardness ranges from
two to three
it has a specific gravity value of 2.6
to 3.3
chloride are disinfection by-products
resulting from the use of chlorine
dioxide
as a disinfectant and for other ortis
control in water
serpentine serpentine is a magnesium
silicate with water but may
include small amounts of iron or nickel
a number of other varieties depend on
physical characteristics
especially color and lustre common or
massive serpentine
barries from cream white throw all
shades of green to black
streak is white the mineral serpentine
is a secondary mineral
which also occurs as a metamorphosed
serpentine rock
serpentine has a hardness between 3 and
6
specific gravity of 2.5 to 2.6
serpentine is used mainly as a
decorative stone
or for ornamental objects
storalite storalite is an iron aluminum
silicate
often found with garnets in such
metamorphic rocks
it is usually brown or black in color
with the resin used to beat reuse luster
its drake is grey star light
almost always occurs in crystals as
orthorhombic prisms
and commonly as twin crystals
historilite has a mouse hardness of 7 to
7.5
it has a specific gravity of 3.7 to 3.8
it is used in geologic field work to
assess the temperature pressure
conditions of a rock's metamorphic
history
epidural epidote is one of a group of
complex silicates of calcium and
aluminum with water
it forms in nearly every type of
metamorphic rocks
in cracks and seams as crystals or as
thin green crusts
it is a typical mineral where igneous
rocks have come in contact with
limestone
epidotes collar varies from green to
brown and black
it can be easily identified by hardness
and color
it has a more scale hardness of 6 to 7
specific gravity of 3.3 to 3.6
epidote has no significant use as an
industrial mineral
and has only minor use as a gemstone
[Music]
zeolite zeolites are not major rock
formers
but they are widely distributed all are
chemically related to the feldspar
with the addition of water chemically
combined
this water is held loosely so all ceo
lights
boil in bubble when heated by a blowpipe
their name means boiling stone zeolites
and their associates
are often found in lavas filling
cavities in
veins all are pale fairly soft minerals
of low density
with the most hardness of 3.5 to 4
specific gravity of 2.1 to 2.2
based on the pore size and absorption
properties xeolites are among the most
important inorganic cation exchangers
and are used in industrial application
for water and waste water treatment
[Music]
that's all thank you
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