How to fix a broken education system ... without any more money | Seema Bansal

Summary

The speaker challenges the notion that government systems, like India's public schools, are incapable of reform. Despite widespread educational failure, with 50% of 11-year-olds lagging significantly, a large-scale transformation in Haryana state achieved remarkable results in under three years. By setting clear goals, identifying core issues, and leveraging existing resources and technology, Haryana improved educational outcomes, increasing learning levels and demonstrating that with the right approach, government systems can indeed transform.

Takeaways

• 🌟 The speaker challenges the bias that government systems, particularly in education, are too entrenched to change.
• 🏫 In India, despite 1 million public schools offering free education and resources, 50% of 11-year-olds are significantly behind in their education.
• 📉 By age 13 or 14, many students in India drop out of school, with 40% of parents opting for private schools despite the costs.
• 📞 The speaker received a call from Surina Rajan, head of the Department of School Education in Haryana, seeking help to reform the education system.
• 🎯 Haryana set a specific goal: to have 80% of children at grade-level knowledge by 2020, guiding the selection of reform initiatives.
• 🔍 Upon investigation, it was found that teachers were not lazy or incapable; they were overburdened with non-teaching tasks due to past government programs.
• 🌱 The reform focused on addressing core issues like redirecting teachers' roles back to the classroom and measuring their performance based on teaching quality.
• 🌐 The team looked for scalable solutions that could be implemented within existing budgets and resources, without relying on external funding.
• 📲 Leveraging technology, specifically WhatsApp, revolutionized communication and implementation across the vast network of schools and teachers.
• 📈 Haryana has shown remarkable improvement in student learning outcomes in a short time, demonstrating that systemic change in government is possible.

Q & A

What was the speaker's initial perception of government systems?

The speaker initially perceived government systems as archaic, set in their ways, and with leadership that was too bureaucratic to facilitate change.

How many public schools are there in India, and what was the educational situation like for 11-year-olds?

There are 1 million public schools in India. By the time children reach 11 years old, 50 percent of them have fallen so far behind in their education that they have no hope of recovery, unable to do simple addition or construct grammatically correct sentences.

Why are parents in India choosing to send their children to private schools despite free education in public schools?

Parents are choosing to send their children to private schools because 40 percent of them believe the public education system is broken, as evidenced by the poor educational outcomes despite the availability of free education, textbooks, workbooks, meals, and sometimes even cash scholarships.

Who contacted the speaker for help in transforming the education system, and what was her position?

Surina Rajan, who was the head of the Department of School Education in the Indian state of Haryana, contacted the speaker for help in transforming the education system.

What was the goal set by Haryana for its education system by 2020?

Haryana set a goal to have 80 percent of its children at grade-level knowledge by 2020.

What were the common misconceptions about the reasons behind poor education quality in India?

The common misconceptions were that teachers were lazy, did not come to schools, or were incapable of teaching effectively.

What did the speaker discover as the core issues affecting the education system when they visited schools?

The core issues discovered were that teachers were not teaching because they were occupied with non-teaching tasks such as supervising construction, managing finances, and serving meals, which were the focus of government programs and supervisory checks.

How did the speaker's team ensure that the solutions they found were scalable across all schools in Haryana?

The team ensured scalability by focusing on solutions that could be implemented within the existing budgets and resources of the state, such as using locally available materials for teaching aids instead of expensive ones.

What innovative method was adopted for communication and implementation across the schools in Haryana?

Haryana adopted the use of WhatsApp groups for communication, where all principals and teachers were divided into groups for instant dissemination of information, clarification, and peer support.

What were the early signs of improvement in Haryana's education system after the reforms?

The early signs of improvement included a halt in the decline of learning levels, an increase in student learning outcomes, and Haryana becoming one of the fastest-improving states in India according to three independent studies.

What was the anecdote about Parvati, and what does it signify?

Parvati, a mother, was smiling because she noticed her children were learning and enjoying school, leading her to stop searching for a private school to send them to. This anecdote signifies a positive change in the public perception and experience of the education system in Haryana.

Outlines

00:00

🏫 Transforming India's Public Education System

The speaker begins by challenging the common bias that it's difficult to reform failing government systems, specifically citing India's public education system. Despite the system's shortcomings, such as 50% of 11-year-olds falling behind in education and 40% of parents opting for private schools, the speaker shares a story of hope and change. In 2013, Surina Rajan, head of the Department of School Education in Haryana, India, sought help to reform the state's education system. The speaker and their team faced the daunting task of improving a system as large as that of Peru or Canada, with 15,000 public schools and over 2 million children. The speaker emphasizes the importance of setting a specific goal, in this case, achieving 80% of children at grade-level knowledge by 2020, which helped focus their efforts on relevant reforms.

05:04

🔍 Identifying the Core Issues in Education

The speaker delves into the process of identifying the root causes of poor education quality in Haryana's schools. Contrary to popular belief that teachers were lazy or incapable, the team found that teachers were occupied with non-teaching tasks due to government programs. The teachers were fulfilling roles outside their primary responsibility of teaching, such as construction supervision and meal service, as these were the metrics by which they were judged. The speaker highlights the need to realign teacher roles with their core duty of teaching and to monitor and reward them based on the quality of education they provide. The team also recognized the importance of scalability in any solution, ensuring that it could be implemented within the existing budget and resources of the state's 15,000 schools.

10:07

📈 Implementing Scalable Solutions and Technology

The speaker discusses the implementation of scalable solutions within the constraints of the existing education system. They emphasize the importance of innovation within budget, exemplified by the use of sticks and stones for hands-on learning instead of costly educational aids. The speaker also details the shift in communication strategy, moving from a slow and ineffective 'Chain of Hope' to utilizing technology, specifically WhatsApp groups, to rapidly disseminate information and facilitate real-time interaction among teachers and administrators. This technological adaptation has significantly improved the speed and efficiency of implementing changes across the education system. The speaker concludes with early but promising results from independent studies showing an improvement in student learning outcomes, indicating a fundamental shift in Haryana's education landscape.

Keywords

💡Biases

Biases refer to preconceived opinions or judgments that can influence our understanding and actions. In the video, the speaker acknowledges that many people have biases against government systems, particularly in their ability to change and innovate. The speaker challenges this bias by presenting the case of a large government system in India that has successfully undergone transformation. The term is used to highlight the importance of questioning preconceptions and being open to new possibilities.

💡Transformation

Transformation in this context refers to the process of radical change and improvement. The video discusses the transformation of a large government system in India, specifically its public education sector. The speaker emphasizes the dramatic shift in the system's approach and the significant improvements achieved in a short period, showcasing that even large, bureaucratic systems can transform when given the right focus and strategies.

💡Public Schools

Public schools are government-funded educational institutions that provide free education to students. The video describes the state of public schools in India, highlighting the challenges such as poor educational outcomes and high dropout rates. The speaker uses the public schools as a focal point to discuss the broader issues and eventual improvements in the Indian education system.

💡Education Quality

Education quality pertains to the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and learning processes. The video script discusses the poor education quality in Indian public schools, with students falling behind in their education. The speaker explores the root causes behind this poor quality and how the system's transformation aimed to address these issues to improve learning outcomes.

💡Goal-setting

Goal-setting is the process of defining specific, measurable objectives to guide actions and decisions. In the video, the speaker describes how setting a clear and specific goal for educational improvement in Haryana was crucial for focusing efforts and prioritizing initiatives. The goal of having 80 percent of children at grade-level knowledge by 2020 helped to streamline the transformation process.

💡Root Causes

Root causes are the underlying reasons that lead to a particular situation or problem. The video emphasizes the importance of identifying and addressing root causes in the education system, such as the misallocation of teachers' responsibilities. By focusing on these core issues, the system was able to implement changes that led to a more significant and sustainable transformation.

💡Scaling

Scaling refers to the process of expanding a solution or program to cover a larger area or a greater number of people. The video discusses the challenge of scaling successful pilot programs to the entire state of Haryana, with 15,000 schools. The speaker highlights the importance of designing scalable solutions that can be implemented within existing budgets and resources.

💡Innovation

Innovation in the context of the video refers to the introduction of new ideas, methods, or products to improve existing processes or systems. The speaker discusses how innovative teaching methods, such as hands-on learning, were implemented across all schools in Haryana. The video showcases how innovation played a key role in the transformation of the education system.

💡Technology

Technology in this video is used to refer to the use of modern tools and systems to facilitate communication and improve efficiency. The speaker mentions the use of WhatsApp groups to communicate with teachers and principals across Haryana, which allowed for faster and more effective implementation of changes in the education system.

💡Learning Outcomes

Learning outcomes are the measurable results of learning, such as knowledge, skills, or attitudes that students gain from educational experiences. The video discusses how regular assessments of learning outcomes were implemented in Haryana to monitor progress and identify areas for improvement. This focus on learning outcomes was a key aspect of the system's transformation.

💡Systemic Change

Systemic change refers to changes that affect the entire system rather than just a part of it. The video script describes the comprehensive changes made to the education system in Haryana, which involved not just individual schools or teachers, but the entire structure and approach to education. The speaker highlights that systemic change, while challenging, can lead to significant improvements in outcomes.

Highlights

Challenging the bias that government systems are too bureaucratic to change.

The story of a large government system in India that has shown significant reform in less than three years.

50% of Indian public school students fall behind by age 11, unable to perform basic educational tasks.

Despite free education and resources, 40% of parents in India are pulling their children out of public schools.

The call for help from Surina Rajan, head of the Department of School Education in Haryana, India.

Haryana's public school system, serving over 2 million children, seeks transformation.

The realization that previous efforts to improve the system had not been successful.

The importance of setting a specific goal for educational improvement by 2020.

Identifying the core issues within the education system, such as teachers not focusing on teaching.

Understanding that teachers were occupied with non-teaching tasks due to government program expectations.

The need to change the focus to teaching quality and monitor teachers based on their teaching performance.

The challenge of scaling solutions to 15,000 schools within existing budget constraints.

Innovative use of local resources for hands-on learning due to budget limitations.

Implementation of a new communication strategy using WhatsApp groups for all principals and teachers.

Teachers in Haryana are now focusing on teaching and using innovative techniques.

Introduction of regular assessments and rewards for schools showing improvement in student learning outcomes.

Haryana's rapid improvement in student learning levels, outpacing other states in India.

The personal story of a mother, Parvati, who is now hopeful about her children's education in public schools.

The conclusion that government systems can indeed transform with the right approach and levers.

Transcripts

So we all have our own biases.

For example, some of us tend to think

that it's very difficult to transform failing government systems.

When we think of government systems,

we tend to think that they're archaic, set in their ways,

and perhaps, the leadership is just too bureaucratic

to be able to change things.

Well, today, I want to challenge that theory.

I want to tell you a story of a very large government system

that has not only put itself on the path of reform

but has also shown fairly spectacular results

in less than three years.

This is what a classroom in a public school in India looks like.

There are 1 million such schools in India.

And even for me, who's lived in India all her life,

walking into one of these schools is fairly heartbreaking.

By the time kids are 11,

50 percent of them have fallen so far behind in their education

that they have no hope to recover.

11-year-olds cannot do simple addition,

they cannot construct a grammatically correct sentence.

These are things that you and I would expect an 8-year-old

to be able to do.

By the time kids are 13 or 14,

they tend to drop out of schools.

In India, public schools not only offer free education --

they offer free textbooks, free workbooks, free meals,

sometimes even cash scholarships.

And yet, 40 percent of the parents today

are choosing to pull their children out of public schools

and pay out of their pockets to put them in private schools.

As a comparison, in a far richer country, the US,

that number is only 10 percent.

That's a huge statement on how broken the Indian public education system is.

So it was with that background that I got a call in the summer of 2013

from an absolutely brilliant lady called Surina Rajan.

She was, at that time, the head of the Department of School Education

in a state called Haryana in India.

So she said to us, "Look, I've been heading this department

for the last two years.

I've tried a number of things, and nothing seems to work.

Can you possibly help?"

Let me describe Haryana a little bit to you.

Haryana is a state which has 30 million people.

It has 15,000 public schools

and 2 million plus children in those public schools.

So basically, with that phone call,

I promised to help a state and system

which was as large as that of Peru or Canada transform itself.

As I started this project, I was very painfully aware of two things.

One, that I had never done anything like this before.

And two, many others had, perhaps without too much success.

As my colleagues and I looked across the country

and across the world,

we couldn't find another example

that we could just pick up and replicate in Haryana.

We knew that we had to craft our own journey.

But anyway, we jumped right in and as we jumped in,

all sorts of ideas started flying at us.

People said, "Let's change the way we recruit teachers,

let's hire new principals and train them

and send them on international learning tours,

let's put technology inside classrooms."

By the end of week one, we had 50 ideas on the table,

all amazing, all sounded right.

There was no way we were going to be able to implement 50 things.

So I said, "Hang on, stop.

Let's first at least decide what is it we're trying to achieve."

So with a lot of push and pull and debate,

Haryana set itself a goal which said: by 2020,

we want 80 percent of our children to be at grade-level knowledge.

Now the specifics of the goal don't matter here,

but what matters is how specific the goal is.

Because it really allowed us to take all those ideas

which were being thrown at us

and say which ones we were going to implement.

Does this idea support this goal? If yes, let's keep it.

But if it doesn't or we're not sure, then let's put it aside.

As simple as it sounds, having a very specific goal right up front

has really allowed us to be very sharp and focused

in our transformation journey.

And looking back over the last two and a half years,

that has been a huge positive for us.

So we had the goal,

and now we needed to figure out what are the issues, what is broken.

Before we went into schools, a lot of people told us

that education quality is poor

because either the teachers are lazy, they don't come into schools,

or they're incapable, they actually don't know how to teach.

Well, when we went inside schools, we found something completely different.

On most days, most teachers were actually inside schools.

And when you spoke with them,

you realized they were perfectly capable of teaching elementary classes.

But they were not teaching.

I went to a school

where the teachers were getting the construction of a classroom

and a toilet supervised.

I went to another school

where two of the teachers had gone to a nearby bank branch

to deposit scholarship money into kids' accounts.

At lunchtime, most teachers were spending all of their time

getting the midday meal cooking, supervised and served to the students.

So we asked the teachers,

"What's going on, why are you not teaching?"

And they said, "This is what's expected of us.

When a supervisor comes to visit us,

these are exactly the things that he checks.

Has the toilet been made, has the meal been served.

When my principal goes to a meeting at headquarters,

these are exactly the things which are discussed."

You see, what had happened was, over the last two decades,

India had been fighting the challenge of access, having enough schools,

and enrollment, bringing children into the schools.

So the government launched a whole host of programs

to address these challenges,

and the teachers became the implicit executors of these programs.

Not explicitly, but implicitly.

And now, what was actually needed was not to actually train teachers further

or to monitor their attendance

but to tell them that what is most important

is for them to go back inside classrooms and teach.

They needed to be monitored and measured and awarded

on the quality of teaching

and not on all sorts of other things.

So as we went through the education system,

as we delved into it deeper, we found a few such core root causes

which were determining, which were shaping how people behaved in the system.

And we realized that unless we change those specific things,

we could do a number of other things.

We could train, we could put technology into schools,

but the system wouldn't change.

And addressing these non-obvious core issues

became a key part of the program.

So, we had the goal and we had the issues,

and now we needed to figure out what the solutions were.

We obviously did not want to recreate the wheel,

so we said, "Let's look around and see what we can find."

And we found these beautiful, small pilot experiments

all over the country and all over the world.

Small things being done by NGOs, being done by foundations.

But what was also interesting was that none of them actually scaled.

All of them were limited to 50, 100 or 500 schools.

And here, we were looking for a solution for 15,000 schools.

So we looked into why,

if these things actually work, why don't they actually scale?

What happens is that when a typical NGO comes in,

they not only bring in their expertise

but they also bring in additional resources.

So they might bring in money,

they might bring in people,

they might bring in technology.

And in the 50 or 100 schools that they actually operate in,

those additional resources actually create a difference.

But now imagine that the head of this NGO

goes to the head of the School Education Department

and says, "Hey, now let's do this for 15,000 schools."

Where is that guy or girl going to find the money

to actually scale this up to 15,000 schools?

He doesn't have the additional money,

he doesn't have the resources.

And hence, innovations don't scale.

So right at the beginning of the project, what we said was,

"Whatever we have to do has to be scalable,

it has to work in all 15,000 schools."

And hence, it has to work within the existing budgets

and resources that the state actually has.

Much easier said than done.

(Laughter)

I think this was definitely the point in time

when my team hated me.

We spent a lot of long hours in office, in cafés,

sometimes even in bars,

scratching out heads and saying,

"Where are the solutions, how are we going to solve this problem?"

In the end, I think we did find solutions to many of the issues.

I'll give you an example.

In the context of effective learning,

one of the things people talk about is hands-on learning.

Children shouldn't memorize things from books,

they should do activities,

and that's a more effective way to learn.

Which basically means giving students things

like beads, learning rods, abacuses.

But we did not have the budgets to give that

to 15,000 schools, 2 million children.

We needed another solution.

We couldn't think of anything.

One day, one of our team members went to a school

and saw a teacher pick up sticks and stones from the garden outside

and take them into the classroom

and give them to the students.

That was a huge eureka moment for us.

So what happens now in the textbooks in Haryana

is that after every concept, we have a little box

which are instructions for the teachers which say,

"To teach this concept, here's an activity that you can do.

And by the way, in order to actually do this activity,

here are things that you can use from your immediate environment,

whether it be the garden outside or the classroom inside,

which can be used as learning aids for kids."

And we see teachers all over Haryana

using lots of innovative things to be able to teach students.

So in this way, whatever we designed,

we were actually able to implement it

across all 15,000 schools from day one.

Now, this brings me to my last point.

How do you implement something across 15,000 schools

and 100,000 teachers?

The department used to have a process

which is very interesting.

I like to call it "The Chain of Hope."

They would write a letter from the headquarters

and send it to the next level,

which was the district offices.

They would hope that in each of these district offices,

an officer would get the letter, would open it, read it

and then forward it to the next level,

which was the block offices.

And then you would hope that at the block office,

somebody else got the letter,

opened it, read it and forwarded it eventually to the 15,000 principals.

And then one would hope that the principals

got the letter, received it, understood it

and started implementing it.

It was a little bit ridiculous.

Now, we knew technology was the answer,

but we also knew that most of these schools

don't have a computer or email.

However, what the teachers do have are smartphones.

They're constantly on SMS, on Facebook and on WhatsApp.

So what now happens in Haryana is,

all principals and teachers are divided into hundreds of WhatsApp groups

and anytime something needs to be communicated,

it's just posted across all WhatsApp groups.

It spreads like wildfire.

You can immediately check who has received it,

who has read it.

Teachers can ask clarification questions instantaneously.

And what's interesting is,

it's not just the headquarters who are answering these questions.

Another teacher from a completely different part of the state

will stand up and answer the question.

Everybody's acting as everybody's peer group,

and things are getting implemented.

So today, when you go to a school in Haryana,

things look different.

The teachers are back inside classrooms,

they're teaching.

Often with innovative techniques.

When a supervisor comes to visit the classroom,

he or she not only checks the construction of the toilet

but also what is the quality of teaching.

Once a quarter, all students across the state

are assessed on their learning outcomes

and schools which are doing well are rewarded.

And schools which are not doing so well

find themselves having difficult conversations.

Of course, they also get additional support

to be able to do better in the future.

In the context of education,

it's very difficult to see results quickly.

When people talk about systemic, large-scale change,

they talk about periods of 7 years and 10 years.

But not in Haryana.

In the last one year, there have been three independent studies,

all measuring student learning outcomes,

which indicate that something fundamental,

something unique is happening in Haryana.

Learning levels of children have stopped declining,

and they have started going up.

Haryana is one of the few states in the country

which is showing an improvement,

and certainly the one that is showing the fastest rate of improvement.

These are still early signs,

there's a long way to go,

but this gives us a lot of hope for the future.

I recently went to a school,

and as I was leaving,

I ran into a lady,

her name was Parvati,

she was the mother of a child,

and she was smiling.

And I said, "Why are you smiling, what's going on?"

And she said, "I don't know what's going on,

but what I do know is that my children are learning,

they're having fun,

and for the time being, I'll stop my search for a private school

to send them to."

So I go back to where I started:

Can government systems transform?

I certainly believe so.

I think if you give them the right levers,

they can move mountains.

Thank you.

(Applause)