Plant organs | The basic structure and function of each

Summary

In this educational video, Miss Angler delves into the intricate world of plant organs, focusing on their structure and function. She distinguishes between above-ground shoot systems, including leaves and stems, and below-ground root systems. Miss Angler explains the critical roles of dermal, vascular, and ground tissues in these organs. She details the unique adaptations of leaves for photosynthesis and the specialized structures of stems and roots for support, water absorption, and nutrient transport. The video serves as an informative guide for understanding the complex biology of plants.

Takeaways

• 🌿 The video focuses on plant organs, emphasizing the importance of understanding plant tissues before studying organs.
• 🔍 It differentiates between shoot and root systems, highlighting the distinct structures and functions of plant organs above and below ground.
• 🧪 Dermal tissues are crucial for covering and protecting plant organs, including specialized structures like stomata for gas exchange.
• 🚰 Vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, are essential for providing support, structure, and transportation of water and food within the plant.
• 🌱 Ground tissues serve as the foundational building blocks of plants, including parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, each with specific roles.
• 🍃 Leaves are compared to solar panels, capturing sunlight for photosynthesis, with a detailed structure including the cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular tissues.
• 🌱 Stems are described as cylindrical structures with vascular bundles, including the epidermis, cortex, cambium, and pith, playing various roles in growth and support.
• 🌳 Roots are specialized for anchoring and absorbing water and minerals, with root hairs increasing surface area for absorption and a unique structure compared to stems.
• 💧 The video explains the significance of the endodermis and casparian strip in funneling water and minerals into the xylem for transport.
• 🌱 The cambium and pericycle are highlighted as regions responsible for lateral growth and adaptation of vascular tissues in plants.

Q & A

What are the two major systems of a plant that are mentioned in the script?

The two major systems of a plant mentioned are the shoot system, which includes structures like leaves and stems, and the root system, which includes roots and root hairs.

What is the function of dermal tissues in plants?

Dermal tissues are responsible for covering the outside of the plant, providing protection. They can be found on the stem, leaf, and roots, and can be specialized into structures like stomata.

How does the script differentiate between xylem and phloem?

Xylem is responsible for transporting water from the roots up to the rest of the plant, while phloem transports food in both upward and downward directions.

What is the significance of the term 'ground tissues' as mentioned in the script?

Ground tissues are the foundational tissues that provide support and structure to the plant. They include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, and are involved in functions like storage and support.

What is the primary function of the cuticle in leaves?

The cuticle in leaves serves as a waterproof layer that prevents water loss due to heat and allows sunlight to pass through to the upper epidermal layer.

How do Palisade cells and spongy cells differ in structure and function within leaves?

Palisade cells are elongated and stacked closely together for efficient photosynthesis, while spongy cells are irregularly shaped and serve more as packaging tissue for water and water evaporation.

What is the role of stomata in plant leaves?

Stomata are specialized epidermal cells that allow gases and water to enter and exit the leaf, playing a crucial role in photosynthesis and transpiration.

Why are root hairs important for plant roots?

Root hairs increase the surface area of the roots, which is essential for absorbing more water and minerals from the soil.

What is the function of the endodermis in roots?

The endodermis is a layer that funnels water into the root, ensuring that water moves in a specific direction towards the xylem for transport within the plant.

How does the cambium contribute to the growth of a plant stem?

The cambium is a meristematic tissue that allows for lateral growth, enabling the stem to grow wider and thicker over time.

Outlines

00:00

🌿 Introduction to Plant Organs

Miss Angler welcomes viewers to her biology class, focusing on plant organs. She emphasizes the importance of understanding plant tissues before delving into organs. The video is structured to cover both shoot and root systems, highlighting the differences between above- and below-ground structures. The three main tissue types—dermal, vascular, and ground tissues—are introduced as essential for understanding plant organs. Dermal tissues protect the plant, vascular tissues transport water and food, and ground tissues provide structural support. The video encourages viewers to subscribe for regular updates and to watch related videos for a comprehensive understanding.

05:01

🍃 Exploring Leaf Structure and Function

The video script delves into the anatomy of leaves, comparing them to solar panels due to their role in photosynthesis. The cuticle's role in waterproofing and allowing sunlight penetration is discussed. The epidermis is highlighted as a protective layer, while the mesophyll, consisting of palisade and spongy cells, is detailed for its role in photosynthesis. Palisade cells are described as elongated for light absorption, and spongy cells as supportive packaging tissue. Vascular tissues, xylem, and phloem within leaf veins are explained for their transport functions, with xylem carrying water and phloem transporting photosynthetic products. Stomata are introduced as modified epidermal cells that regulate gas and water exchange, crucial for photosynthesis. The importance of understanding these structures for future lessons on plant transportation and support is noted.

10:01

🌱 Stem Structure and Tissue Types

The script shifts focus to dicot stem structure, distinguishing it from roots by the presence of vascular bundles. Epidermal tissue in stems is mentioned, often containing chloroplasts, and the cortex, which may include chlorenchyma for photosynthesis, is described. The vascular bundles, containing xylem and phloem, are central to stem conduction, with xylem transporting water upwards and phloem moving food downwards. The cambium's role in lateral growth and the pith, composed of parenchyma, are also covered. The importance of recognizing the correct placement of phloem and xylem in vascular bundles is emphasized for understanding plant transportation mechanisms.

15:03

🌱 Root Structure and Specialization

Roots are introduced as highly specialized, with a focus on their吸水 and anchoring functions. Root hairs, lacking a cuticle for enhanced water absorption, are detailed. The cortex, composed of ground tissues, is noted to potentially include parenchyma and collenchyma but lacks chlorenchyma due to the absence of chloroplasts. The endodermis, with its casparian strip, is highlighted for directing water flow. The script contrasts xylem and phloem positions in roots versus stems, with phloem now central and xylem peripheral. The pericycle and vascular cambium are introduced for their roles in growth and tissue transformation. The video concludes with a terminology recap, encouraging the use of precise botanical terms for better understanding and communication.

20:03

📚 Recap and Terminology Review

The final paragraph provides a recap of key terms and concepts covered in the video, including tissue types, structures like the cuticle, mesophyll, and regions in stems and roots. It emphasizes the importance of understanding these terms for effective study and communication in the field of botany. The video concludes with an invitation for viewers to engage with the content by liking and subscribing for more educational videos.

Keywords

💡Plant Organs

Plant organs are specialized structures that perform specific functions for the plant's survival, growth, and reproduction. In the video, the focus is on understanding how different tissues come together to form these organs, which are essential for the plant's overall function. Examples from the script include leaves, stems, and roots, each with unique tissues and structures adapted for their roles.

💡Dermal Tissues

Dermal tissues are the protective outer layers of plant organs, including the epidermis on leaves, stems, and roots. They serve as a barrier against water loss and environmental stress. In the video, the cuticle is highlighted as a type of dermal tissue that is waterproof, allowing sunlight to penetrate while preventing excessive water loss.

💡Vascular Tissues

Vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, are crucial for the transport of water, nutrients, and food within the plant. Xylem moves water and minerals upwards from the roots, while phloem transports sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant. The video emphasizes the importance of these tissues for the structural support and nutritional distribution within plant organs.

💡Ground Tissues

Ground tissues form the bulk of the plant's structure and provide support and nutrients. They include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells, each with distinct functions and characteristics. In the video, the instructor discusses how these tissues contribute to the plant's overall structure and how they differ in their composition and function across various organs.

💡Mesophyll

Mesophyll is the inner tissue of leaves where photosynthesis primarily occurs. It is composed of palisade and spongy cells, which are adapted for light absorption and gas exchange. The video describes how mesophyll cells are arranged and their role in the leaf's function, emphasizing the importance of this tissue for the plant's energy production.

💡Stomata

Stomata are specialized structures found on the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other plant organs, regulating gas exchange and transpiration. The video explains how stomata open and close to allow carbon dioxide intake for photosynthesis and water vapor release, highlighting their critical role in plant respiration and water management.

💡Epidermis

The epidermis is the outermost layer of cells covering plant organs, providing a protective barrier. It is composed of a single layer of cells that can be modified to form structures like stomata or trichomes. In the video, the epidermis is discussed in the context of its protective role and its presence in leaves and stems.

💡Cortex

The cortex is the layer of ground tissue found beneath the epidermis in stems and roots, often involved in storage and photosynthesis in stems. The video mentions the cortex as a part of the stem's structure, noting its composition of ground tissues and its role in the overall support and function of the plant organ.

💡Cambium

Cambium is a layer of meristematic tissue that generates new cells, allowing for secondary growth in stems and roots, leading to increased girth. The video explains how the cambium contributes to the plant's growth by producing new vascular tissues, highlighting its importance in the development of woody plants.

💡Root Hairs

Root hairs are extensions of certain root cells that increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption. The video describes root hairs as essential for the plant's ability to take up water and minerals from the soil, noting their lack of a cuticle to facilitate water uptake.

💡Endodermis

The endodermis is an inner layer of cells in roots with a casparian strip, a waterproof barrier that regulates the movement of water and minerals into the vascular tissues. The video discusses the endodermis as a critical part of the root's function in water and nutrient uptake, emphasizing its role in directing substances towards the xylem.

Highlights

Introduction to plant organs and the importance of understanding plant tissues before studying organs.

Explanation of the shoot system, which includes structures like leaves and stems.

Discussion on the root system, focusing on roots and root hairs.

Emphasis on the differences between plant organs above and below ground.

Overview of the three main tissue types: dermal, vascular, and ground tissues.

Description of dermal tissues and their role in covering the plant's exterior.

Explanation of vascular tissues, including xylem for water and phloem for food transport.

Introduction to ground tissues, which provide the foundation for plant structures.

Detailed look at the structure and function of leaves, including the cuticle and epidermis.

Discussion on mesophyll, including palisade and spongy cells, and their roles in photosynthesis.

Explanation of vascular tissues in leaves, including veins and their transport functions.

Description of stomata as modified epidermal cells that regulate gas and water exchange.

Introduction to stem structures, highlighting the differences between monocot and dicot stems.

Detailed examination of dicot stem tissues, including epidermis, cortex, and vascular bundles.

Importance of the cambium in stem growth and its role in lateral expansion.

Overview of root structures, including root hairs and their significance for water absorption.

Explanation of the endodermis and casparian strip's role in water movement within roots.

Terminology recap for easy study and understanding of plant tissues and organs.

Transcripts

hi everybody and welcome back to miss

Angus biology class I am Miss angler in

today's video we are going to be looking

at plant organs now it is at this point

that if you are not so certain about

plant tissues you should click the video

now at the top right hand corner go

watch that video and then come back here

the reason for that is you need to know

all the plant tissues and their

functions and structure before I can

apply and show you how they make these

organs now if you are new here don't

forget to give this video a thumbs up

and make sure you are subscribed with

your notifications turned on because I

post every Tuesday and Thursday

so let's get into the video now breaking

down our plant into two major systems

the first system is above ground which

we call the shoot system this is where

we're going to go through the structures

that we see in the leaf and the stem and

then we're going to go into the root

system which of course is exclusively

The Roots as well as the outgrowth

called the root hairs now remember it's

really important that we understand that

there is a difference between a plant

organs above and below ground and

sometimes there are certain structures

or tissues that have slightly different

roles above or below ground

now before we go any further in this

section we do need to recap the three

main tissues I'm going to talk about

throughout this video and I'm going to

apply these tissue types to each of the

organs so you know how they work now

remember these are organs which means

they need to be made up of many

different tissues working together for a

common cause

so the first group of tissues that we

want to go over are going to be the

dermal tissues now you may remember the

dermal tissues as these are the tissues

that are responsible for covering the

outside of our plant we see this on the

stem the leaf and The Roots now these

dermal tissues can be specialized as we

see as our example here we can get

something like stomata which is a

special kind of dermal tissue and it is

adapted for a very specific function but

I'll get into that later the next kind

of tissue type we need to just quickly

revise over is vascular tissue now

vascular tissue comes in two kinds and

vascular tissue is either going to be

xylem for water or phloem for food it's

also important to remember that this is

what gives the plant structure and

support it's also the transportation

tissue and as we can see with the arrows

in this diagram xylem goes in one

direction from The Roots up only whereas

phloem can go both down and up because

it's transporting food

now the final group of tissues we are

going to look at is ground tissues

please don't be confused by this name it

doesn't mean that these tissues are in

the ground or underground they are

simply the building tissues or they

provide the foundation that we build our

plant off of hence ground building from

the ground up and these tissues

generally fall into three major

categories they are parenchyma calling

timer and sclerenchyma please remember

you do need to be able to draw and label

and tell the difference between these

tissues and exams and tests as well and

you also need to know the differences in

their functions based off of their

structures

now when we just quickly go over the

different variances for their functions

remember that parenchyma is the

packaging tissue so it's big cells we've

got Colin kymer which is the structural

support but not as hard and rigid

generally we see this in a stem it's

often green and filled with chloroplasts

as well and it's got thickened corners

and then finally we've got sclerenchyma

which is the very very hard connective

tissue that we have in Plants it's what

forms things like the husk of a seed or

the bark and the wood of a tree and it

has very thickened cell walls all the

way around it

now each of these tissue types are going

to be explained for each of the organs

in other words for every plant organ you

must know the dermal tissue that is

present the vascular tissue that is

present and the ground tissue that is

present and it varies from organ to

organ

so let's begin with our first organ of a

plant which is of course a leaf or

leaves now leaves are really important

because they are like our solar panels

right they are trapping the sunlight

they are absorbing it and they are using

it for photosynthesis and they've got a

lot going on inside of them each of them

having a very important function now

this is a diagram of a 3D image of a

leaf that we have cut open so we can see

it on the inside and I'm starting off

with something called the cuticle now

the cuticle is a see-through translucent

covering and it's most important

function is that it is there for

waterproofing now waterproofing is

really important because you need to

prevent water loss due to heat and

that's what the cuticle does it's also

clear which means that it allows

sunlight to move through the cuticle and

into the upper epidermal layer which we

see here and now and that brings me to

the next layer which is of course the

epidermis and the epidermal tissue if we

remember is the tissue that is

responsible for protection now

the um upper epidermal layer doesn't

necessarily have any color to it either

and it often is there as a protective

barrier the most important thing about

this also is that it is one cell layer

thick so it's not a very thick layer but

it acts as the skin or outer layer now

sitting just below that is something

called the mesophyll now the word meso

means middle okay and the mesophyll is

made out of two kinds of special cells

one is called a palisade cell the other

is called a spongy cell now we call it a

palisade cell because like a palisade

fence all of the cells are elongated

like rectangles and they sit side by

side

the spongy cells or the spongy mesophyll

are the irregular shaped cells that sit

just below it now their shapes are

really important in the way that they

are put together because it influences

of course their function so let's just

quickly speak about Palisade cells

Palisade cells are stacked the way they

are and they're stacked standing up

because you want to be able to put as

many cells next to each other as

possible now what's also really cool

about Palisade cells is that the

chloroplasts can actually move inside

the cells and so what they often do is

they accumulate near the top end of the

cell so they can be closest to the

sunlight

spongy mesophil cells which are these

cells that are lower down and on our

diagram they are these lighter green

cells that we see over here

they are more of the packaging tissue

they are a type of packaging tissue that

is used often for water and for water

evaporation but I'm going to get more

onto that in another video where I go

into the transportation and support

systems of plants the next thing that we

see inside our leaves is of course the

next group of tissue which is our

vascular tissues we have got our xylem

and we have got our flow now remember

these are running through veins in

leaves which I'm sure you've seen before

and that's what this entire structure is

over here

what are they transporting they are

transporting all the products of

photosynthesis so when we are

photosynthesizing we are taking all of

those carbohydrates and we are moving

them around to the plant and that is

moving in the flow the xylem on the

other hand is bringing water all the way

up from our roots to the leaves so that

we can use that water to photosynthesize

and that water is going into our meso

fill

now our final underside of our Leaf

again has a repetition of structures

we've got the lower dermis and the lower

cuticle this is on the underside of the

leaf but now we've got a really

important extra modified epidermal

tissue which is this over here it is the

stomata now the stomata is a modified

epithelial cell and you actually have

two cells that sit side by side and they

look sort of like jelly bean shapes and

what happens is they have really really

large vacuoles on the inside so this

little black area here is going to be my

vacuole and what we do is we fill that

vacuole up with liquid or we drain it to

make it open or closed now right now

this stomata is open whereas this

stomata would be closed

and that's how we open and close the

stomata to allow specifically gases but

also water

to leave the leaf as byproducts of

photosynthesis now all of this is going

to be even more elaborated when I move

on to transportation and support within

plants

the next structure I want to move into

is stems now there are more than one

kind of stem actually there's a monocot

stem and a dicot stem I'm specifically

going to focus in on dicot stems it

depends on the school and the curriculum

that you're doing but the majority of us

are only going to learn about a

dicotyledonous stem which is what you

see here and I automatically already

know it is a stem for a couple of

reasons one of course before we go any

further look at this shape okay this is

a cross section through a stem and we

know that stems are generally like a

cylinder right the next thing I know and

I can confirm that this is a stem is

because of these egg shaped bundles of

tissues they sometimes look like eggs or

maybe sometimes they also look like an

acorn from a um oak tree depends on how

you see it but that is the defining

thing to say this is a stem now while

they're making such a big deal about

this is because when we go onto Roots

just now well you might confuse stems

with roots so this is what it looks like

we have little bundles of tissues in a

circle around the center and that's how

I know I'm dealing with a stem now let's

go into the various tissues again every

single one of the tissues we've covered

must appear here so starting off with

the epidermis now a stem does have an

epidermis and this epidermal tissue

sometimes contains chloroplasts often it

is in the colon climber which sits just

below the epidermis and that sits inside

the cortex

now the cortex is the filling of the

stem and as I said to you now it can

contain Colin kymer now if Colin kymer

has chloroplasts in it we call it

chlorine

chymer and that's what gives a stem a

green look to it and so I want you to

imagine that this whole entire area here

where it's got that stripy green detail

that is all going to be the cortex

now sitting beyond that or as I

mentioned to you earlier these little

units

of tissue and it is made out of our

second category of tissues which is the

xylem and the flow and these are our

vascular tissues

now as it may already be very obvious

stems are conductive tissues in other

words we are moving things from the

roots and the leaves up and down and so

that's why it's really important that

these vascular bundles or this xylem and

phloem appears and so in many textbooks

we refer to these little egg shaped

structures as a vascular

bundle and that's what it is together

it's really important to everybody that

you put the phloem

on the outside

and the xylem on the inside it's really

really important so we've got the water

transportation on the inside and the

food Transportation on the outside it

will be very clear again why that is

happening once we get to transportation

in Plants now the final two things I

want to cover is this white inner ring

and it is called the cambium now cambium

is a type of tissue I didn't recap

earlier but you may remember this from

learning your other plant tissues a

cambium is a merry stem and Mary stems

remember are able to turn into things so

it means that they can change they can

differentiate and this cambium is what

is allowing the stem to grow and widen

and thicken but it can also sometimes

become Bach

and we'll get into that a little bit

more later on again once we go into more

detail into plants but the basics is

that cambium allows 4 lateral growth in

other words taking a narrow stem and

making it much wider now the final final

Final tissue we're going to go over here

is the pith the pith is all this Central

tissue that sits in the middle here it

is mostly ground tissue think things

like our parenchyma

it's quite fleshy and green

um and as plants age and change and

maybe this stem is going to become a

woody stem the Perth the cambian and the

cortex all slightly start to change

consistencies but for now I'm only

talking about Green fleshy stems so

we'll stick to the pith being made out

of parenchyma

now we're going to move on to our last

plant organ which are roots and roots

are incredibly specialized like leaves

and so it's important to know those

specialized tissues now I also want to

remind you that you do need to be able

to tell the difference between a root

and a stem and you can see here that the

root diagram is very similar to a stem

because remember a stem has those

vascular bundles of tissues going around

in a circle and then they have got the

cambium which runs through it's like an

inner circle you can see the pictures

look very very similar but the main

difference is remember those vascular

bundles they are divided into half the

top half having the phloem and the

bottom half having the xylem if we have

a look at the diagram alongside that is

actually not the case but before I get

to those let's make sure we start from

the outside and work our way in now I'm

going to start off with these routes now

root hairs are really important because

they increase the surface area that is

why we have them and we need to increase

the surface area so we can absorb more

now potentially you will be asked to

draw a root hair and this is sort of

what a root here looks like we've got

our nucleus up in the top corner and

what makes root hairs unique is that

they have a vacuole which is what I'm

drawing now

which goes the full length

of your

um root hair and the reason why you have

the vacuole there is to create a osmotic

difference in other words a difference

in water so that you're constantly

pulling water in all the time and

remember that's the main function of

roots is to Anchor but also to absorb

water and minerals now sitting just

inside of that is again the cortex layer

and the cortex layer remember is made up

of all of those ground tissues now

potentially there will be two kinds of

ground tissues here we'll have

parenchyma but we'll probably also have

Colin kymer too now a quick side note

will we ever find chlorine chymer in a

root no we will not because Roots do not

have chloroplasts because they cannot

photosynthesize because they are

underground so just keep that in mind

and actually something I want to go back

to before we go any further I forgot to

mention this about our routers our root

hairs they do not have a cuticle so on

the outside there is no cuticle now this

makes sense

because what do cuticles do cuticles

waterproof now why would you want to

make the cell that is responsible for

absorbing water waterproof the answer

you wouldn't want to do that you want

your root hairs to absorb as much water

as possible so root hairs have no

cuticle on them

now let's move in to our deeper layers

and we're going to go into the

endodermis now the endodermis is as it

suggests Endo means inside and dermis

means skin it is a layer that is very

specially functioning to funnel water in

other words cause water to flow in a

certain direction now what's not in this

diagram which we do need to know which

is found just below the endodermis or

part of the endodermis is something

called the casparin

strip

now the kasparian strip is a waterproof

layer that makes sure water gets where

it needs to go now again I'm going to

elaborate this more when we do transport

of water in Plants but essentially water

is going to go from the outside soil

into the root here through the cortex

through the endodermis around the

casparin strip and then into the xylem

and it's this casparin strip that is

waterproof but it doesn't make sense now

why there's a waterproof layer on the

inside but don't worry the upcoming

video will explain that too we then have

Sitting below that as we've mentioned

before we have our xylem

and we have our floamed Asylum there's

our phloem and you'll notice there again

in different locations the phloem is now

sitting on the center and the xylem is

in red sitting in them right right in

the middle of our diagram and along the

edges now the last and final thing that

I want to bring your attention to is

something called the pericycle and also

the vascular cambium so I'm actually

going to put these two together

um the pericycle is again where we have

growth and where we are going to affect

water movement and the vascular cambium

as we mentioned earlier cambium means it

is a merry stem it is growing

and it potentially will change the type

of tissue it started off as and so

vascular cambium is essentially a merry

stem that turns into more vascular

tissue

now as always I like to finish off my

lessons with terminology recap remember

you can use these to create flash cards

which makes studying so much easier and

you will definitely get more marks by

using the correct terminology in your

explanations now as you can see there

was a lot of terminology so let's

quickly go through them all we spoke

about the tissue types in the beginning

and we spoke about the outer layer being

called the epidermal tissue this is the

single layer of cells that sits on the

outside of a plant it's there for

protection and it is specialized in

leaves and in Roots we then spoke about

ground tissue which was that special

packaging tissue that fills up the

majority of the plant it gives its shape

but also support examples of it we'll

speak about just now but they were

things like sclerenchyma and Colin kymer

we then spoke about vascular tissue

which was the xylem and phloem they are

the ones who are transporting substances

within plants we then moved on to

specific structures like a cuticle and a

cuticle is a thin waxy waterproof layer

that we find on the outside of leaves

sometimes stems but never roots

speaking of Leaves we moved on to the

mesophyll layer which is the middle

layer of the leaf it is where we find

the specialized mesophyll Palisade cells

and the mesophyll spongy cells

speaking of that packaging tissue we

looked at also mentioning the ground

tissues parenchyma collenchyma and

sclerenchyma again if you'd like more

detail on that go and watch my plant

tissues video we then moved on to

Regions or areas that you find in stems

and roots and that one region we spoke

about a lot was the cortex the cortex is

this packaging layer it is often right

underneath the epidermal layer when we

see this in stems and Roots please don't

think cortex core that's not what it

means

we did just now mention xylem and phloem

so I'm not going to go over those again

the cambium remember cambium is a word

to describe that very unique kind of

tissue that can grow into almost

anything cambium does fall under a

non-permanent or semi-permanent tissue

it often allows for lateral growth and

plants getting wider

along with that we also spoke about the

pericycle and the pericycle is closely

related to the cambium the pericycle is

not a tissue but rather a region it's

very similar to the cortex it is an area

or a layer a name we give a layer

speaking of layers we also have the

endodermis which is the inner skin like

layer and that we find in Roots it has a

very important job of funneling water

from the outside of the root to the core

of the root and it does this through the

casparian strip which is this waterproof

waxy layer right in the middle of the

root and it funnels water into xylem

which we'll get to in more detail at a

later video we also looked at root hairs

and stomata which were specialized

epidermal cells that allowed substances

into and out of a plant

now if you like this video make sure you

give it a thumbs up and I will see you

all again soon bye

[Music]