10 minutes with Geert Hofstede on Indulgence versus Restraint 01032015
Summary
TLDRDr. Michael Minkov introduced the 'Indulgence vs. Restraint' dimension to describe societal differences in subjective happiness and life control. This concept, based on data from the World Value Survey (1995-2004), contrasts societies that freely gratify human desires and enjoy life with those that suppress desires through strict social norms. The Indulgence vs. Restraint Index (IVR), ranging from 0 to 100, measures a society's position on this spectrum. Countries like Mexico and Nigeria score high on indulgence, while Egypt and other Islamic nations are highly restrained. The IVR correlates with various societal aspects, including freedom of speech, crime rates, obesity, and attitudes towards foreign media. Over the past 30 years, the world has seen a general increase in indulgence.
Takeaways
- 🌍 The 'Indulgence vs. Restraint' dimension was introduced by Dr. Michael Minkov to describe differences in subjective happiness and life control based on the World Values Survey data from 1995 to 2004.
- 🎉 Indulgent societies allow more freedom in satisfying basic human desires, leading to a greater enjoyment of life and fun, whereas restrained societies suppress these desires with strict social norms.
- 📊 The Indulgence vs. Restraint Index (IVR) measures a society's position on a scale from 0 (restraint) to 100 (indulgence), with no absolute standard but relative comparisons.
- 🌏 Examples of indulgent societies include Mexico, Nigeria, Sweden, and Australia, while restrained societies are represented by France, Japan, Germany, and China.
- 🤔 People in indulgent societies tend to feel more in control of their lives and happier, even if their objective health status is similar to those in restrained societies.
- 🏋️♂️ Indulgent societies often have a leisure ethic, more extroverted personalities, and place higher importance on having friends and participating in sports.
- 🚫 Restrained societies typically have stricter moral disciplines and sexual mores, and they prioritize maintaining order over freedom of speech.
- 🌱 The IVR dimension correlates with various societal aspects, such as crime rates, police force sizes, birth rates, obesity levels, and approval of foreign music and films.
- 🌐 When combined with the Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation dimension, it divides the world into four areas: indulgent short-term, restrained short-term, restrained long-term, and indulgent long-term.
- 📈 Over the past 30 years, there has been a global increase in indulgence, with societies becoming less restrained, although the relative positions of countries have remained consistent.
- 🔍 The shift in indulgence levels reflects deeply ingrained values that are passed down through generations and are challenging to change in adulthood.
Q & A
Who coined the terms 'indulgence' and 'restraint' for cultural dimensions?
-Dr. Michael Minkov coined the terms 'indulgence' and 'restraint' to describe certain differences he found in the World's Value Survey.
What is the main focus of the indulgence versus restraint dimension?
-The indulgence versus restraint dimension is mainly related to feelings of subjective happiness or unhappiness and the control people have over their own lives or the opposite.
What is the source of data for the indulgence versus restraint dimension?
-The data for this dimension is based on the World Value Survey collected between 1995 and 2004, covering 93 countries.
How do indulgence societies differ from restraint societies in terms of gratification of human desires?
-Indulgence societies allow relatively free gratification of basic and natural human desires, leading to enjoying life and having fun, while restraint societies suppress gratification of needs and regulate them with strict social norms.
What is the perception of personal life control in indulgence versus restraint societies?
-In indulgence societies, people have a perception of personal life control and feel in charge of their own lives, whereas in restraint societies, people tend to feel that what happens to them is not their own doing and depends on other factors.
How do the attitudes towards leisure and work differ between indulgence and restraint societies?
-Indulgence societies have a leisure ethic, while restraint societies emphasize work.
What is the correlation between indulgence or restraint and the importance of freedom of speech?
-In indulgence societies, freedom of speech for all is considered very important, while in restraint societies, maintaining order in the nation is considered more important than freedom of speech.
How does the crime rate and police force size differ between indulgence and restraint societies?
-Indulgence societies tend to have higher crime rates but smaller police forces, while restraint societies have lower crime rates and larger police forces.
What is the relationship between indulgence or restraint and birth rates in educated populations?
-In educated populations, indulgence societies tend to have higher birth rates, while restraint societies tend to have lower birth rates.
How does the approval of foreign music and films differ between indulgence and restraint societies?
-Indulgence societies have higher approval of foreign music and films, while restraint societies have lower approval.
How is the level of indulgence versus restraint measured?
-The level of indulgence versus restraint is measured using the Indulgence versus Restraint Index (IVR), which is plotted on a scale from 0 to 100, with 0 representing restraint societies and 100 representing indulgence societies.
What are some examples of countries on the indulgence side of the IVR scale?
-Countries on the indulgence side of the IVR scale include Mexico, Nigeria, Sweden, Australia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States.
What are some examples of countries on the restraint side of the IVR scale?
-Countries on the restraint side of the IVR scale include France, Japan, Germany, Italy, India, China, Russia, and Egypt.
How have the levels of indulgence in the world changed over the past 30 years according to the research?
-According to the research, over the past 30 years, the level of indulgence in the world has grown, meaning societies have become more indulgence and the number of restraint societies has diminished.
Outlines
🌍 Indulgence vs. Restraint: Cultural Dimensions
The sixth dimension of cultural differences, 'Indulgence versus Restraint,' was identified by Dr. Michael Minkov. It measures the degree to which societies allow the gratification of desires versus the suppression of such urges through strict social norms. This dimension is derived from the World Values Survey data collected between 1995 and 2004, encompassing 93 countries. Indulgent societies, like Mexico and Nigeria, prioritize enjoyment and fun, whereas restrained societies, such as France and Japan, emphasize strict norms and order. People in indulgent societies tend to feel happier and healthier, with a greater sense of control over their lives, compared to those in restrained societies. These societies also exhibit different attitudes towards leisure, optimism, personality traits, and the importance of friendships. The level of indulgence or restraint is measured by the Indulgence versus Restraint Index (IVR), which ranges from 0 (restraint) to 100 (indulgence).
📊 Correlations of the Indulgence-Restraint Index
The Indulgence-Restraint Index (IVR) correlates with various societal aspects. In indulgent societies, freedom of speech is highly valued, contrasting with restrained societies that prioritize maintaining order. Indulgent societies tend to have higher crime rates but smaller police forces, while the opposite is true for restrained societies. There's a notable difference in birth rates between indulgent and restrained societies, with the former having higher rates, especially among educated populations. Wealthy indulgent societies also have higher obesity rates compared to restrained ones. Cultural approval of foreign music and films is higher in indulgent societies. The combination of the IVR with another dimension, long-term versus short-term orientation, divides the world into distinct cultural areas. Over the past 30 years, there's been a global increase in indulgence, with societies becoming less restrained. However, the relative positions of countries to each other have remained stable, indicating a collective shift towards indulgence.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Indulgence
💡Restraint
💡Subjective Happiness
💡Life Control
💡World Values Survey
💡Indulgence versus Restraint Index (IVR)
💡Leisure Ethic
💡Optimism vs. Pessimism
💡Extroversion vs. Introversion
💡Moral Discipline
💡Cultural Values
Highlights
Dimension Indulgence versus Restraint is the sixth dimension identified by Dr. Michael Minkov.
It is related to subjective happiness and personal life control, based on World Value Survey data from 1995 to 2004.
Indulgence societies allow free gratification of human desires, while restraint societies suppress desires with strict social norms.
People in indulgence societies tend to feel healthier and happier compared to those in restraint societies.
In indulgence societies, there is a perception of personal life control, whereas restraint societies feel less control over their lives.
Indulgence societies have a leisure ethic, while restraint societies emphasize work.
Optimism and extroversion are more common in indulgence societies, whereas restraint societies tend to be more pessimistic and introverted.
Having friends is very important in indulgence societies, less so in restraint societies.
Indulgence societies show higher participation in sports, while restraint societies have less active sports participation.
Moral discipline is looser in indulgence societies and stricter in restraint societies.
The Indulgence versus Restraint Index (IVR) measures a society's level on a scale from 0 to 100, with 0 being restraint and 100 indulgence.
Mexico and Nigeria are examples of indulgence societies, while France and Japan are restraint societies.
Indulgence societies place a higher value on freedom of speech compared to restraint societies, which prioritize maintaining order.
Indulgence societies tend to have higher crime rates but smaller police forces, while restraint societies have the opposite.
Educated populations in indulgence societies have higher birth rates, while restraint societies have lower birth rates.
Wealthy indulgence societies have more obesity, while restraint societies have less.
Indulgence societies show higher approval of foreign music and films, while restraint societies are less approving.
The combination of Long-term vs. Short-term orientation and Indulgence vs. Restraint divides the world into distinct cultural areas.
Over 30 years, the world has become more indulgence, with a decrease in restraint societies, but relative positions of countries remain stable.
Transcripts
dimension indulgence versus restraint is
the sixth and most recent imagine the
terms were coined by dr. Michael Minkoff
for covering certain differences he had
found in the world's value survey that
so far had not yet been found in the
other five dimensions and it is mainly
related to feelings of subjective
happiness or unhappiness and the control
of the people's owned life or the
opposite and it is based on data
collected by the world value survey in
the period 1995 till 2004 and we have
again data for 93 countries indulgence
societies allow relatively free
gratification of basic and natural human
desires leading to enjoying life at
having fun restraint societies a
suppressed gratification of needs and
regulated by strict social norms if I
oppose this a number of characteristics
of indulgence societies to restrain
societies taking into account as most
societies are somewhere in between those
extremes and are seated on the
indulgences side people tend to feel
healthier and happier and on the
restraint society feel less happy and
less healthy although objectively they
may be equally healthy in the on Joji
societies people have a perception of
personal life control their muscles
about their own life in the restraint
societies people tend to feel that what
happens to them is not their own doing
it depends on other factors in the other
societies have a leisure ethic you could
say and restraint societies have a work
in the other societies have a more
optimist positive attitude and restraint
society a more pessimist cynical
attitude indulgent societies have more
extroverted personalities and restraint
societies have more introverted
personalities in indulgent societies
having friends is very important a
restraint societies having friends is
less important this is evident in
something like Facebook in the other
societies their people participate
actively in sports in restraint
societies there is a less sports
participation sports are things you
watch you see others do but you don't do
it yourself in doubted societies have
less moral discipline restraint
societies have stricter moral
disciplines and this also applies to
sexual mores which are looser on the
indulgence side and more strict on the
restraint size how do we measure a
society's level of indulgence versus
restraint there is no absolute standard
again so we can only compare one society
to another is the difference between
societies and this difference is
expressed in an index the indulgence
versus restraint index and the
abbreviation she has IVR and again IVR
values have been plotted on a scale from
0 to 100 and 0 cents for restraint
societies and 100 cent for an indulgence
society I have chosen from the 93
countries for which we have data and on
the indulgence side you find Mexico the
very indulgences Nigeria and also some
other African countries we're also
Sweden for example and Australia
in Britain and the Netherlands and the
United States and somewhat lower still
indulge in Brazil and not on the
restraint side we find France and Japan
and Germany and Italy and India and
China and quite restrained Russia and
extremely restrained Egypt and other
Islamic countries now what can we do
with this index what does it correlate
with well first of all there is an very
interesting or position if you ask what
is important to people you find that in
indulgence societies that freedom of
speech for all is very important and
this is not so in the restraint
societies and the opposite of freedom of
speech seems to be maintaining order in
the nation so in the restraint societies
the feeling is that maintaining order in
the nation' is more important than
having freedom of speech in the other
societies tend to have higher crime
rates nevertheless they tend to have
smaller police forces and restraint
societies have lower crime rates and
larger police forces in countries with
educated population the indulgence
societies tend to have higher birth
rates in countries with educated
population restraint societies tend to
have lower birth rates in wealthy
countries indulgence societies tend to
have more obese people more fat people
in restrain societies there is less
obesity as in wealthy countries and
finally in indulgent societies there is
higher approval of foreign music and
films and a restraint societies there's
lower approval of foreigners in music
and in films the combination of the two
dimensions which we derive shown the
world values
of a long versus short term orientation
and indulgence versus restraint leads to
an interesting division of areas in the
world we find that on the indulgences
plus short term side we have some
African countries not all Nigeria and
South Africa are there and all the
countries of South America and of North
America and Australia on the restraint
and short term side we find a few
countries like Poland and Portugal some
African countries like Zimbabwe and
Burkina Faso and finally all Islamic
countries on the restraint and long term
side we find the East Asian countries
Japan India and China we find the
countries of Eastern Europe and also
Italy and Germany and on the indulgences
and long term site we find the other
german-speaking countries Austria and
Switzerland we find the Netherlands and
Belgium that you also find Sweden and
Britain they reflect values clearly that
were transferred from parents to
children values that change difficulty
in later life now there was a research
project where professor Burgos egg from
Groningen who compared answers of two
successive age cohorts early years apart
and in this research there is a clear
effect on indulgence it means that over
the 30 years the level of indulgence in
the world has grown so societies have
become more indulgence and number of
restraint societies has diminished but
the position of countries relative to
each other has remained the same so if
they have shifted their shifted together
and this is what the scores are based on
so the scores again of this dimension
can be assumed to be stable over time
you
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