What is a "Developed" Country? Crash Course Geography #40

Summary

This Crash Course Geography episode delves into the complexities of development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), a region rich in oil but with uneven wealth distribution. It challenges the Eurocentric view of development, rooted in colonial history, and critiques the focus on economic growth at the expense of social and environmental well-being. The video explores alternative metrics for development, such as the Human Development Index and Gross National Happiness, advocating for a broader, more inclusive understanding of what it means to be developed.

Takeaways

• 🛢️ The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is rich in oil, holding at least 113.2 billion metric tons, but this wealth is unevenly distributed.
• 🏛️ MENA was home to powerful empires and influential schools of thought even before oil became a significant resource.
• 🌍 The concept of 'development' is complex and has evolved over time, heavily influenced by European colonialism.
• 💰 Traditionally, development was seen through an economic lens, with developed countries often being former colonizers.
• 📉 Economic development metrics like GDP have limitations, failing to capture quality of life or social health.
• 🛠️ Post-colonialism critiques Eurocentric views of development, advocating for a broader understanding that includes social and environmental factors.
• 👩‍⚕️ The Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender Inequality Index offer alternative ways to measure development beyond economics.
• 🌱 Development organizations are rethinking how to encourage economic growth, especially in regions with young populations like MENA.
• 🔄 The traditional economic model is being questioned, especially in light of climate change and the lingering effects of colonialism.
• 👥 It's crucial to put people first in development, recognizing multiple valid ways for a country to be developed, and to consider the stories we tell about development.

Q & A

What is the significance of the term 'black gold' in the context of the Middle East and North Africa?

The term 'black gold' refers to oil, which is abundant in the Middle East and North Africa, with at least 113.2 billion metric tons beneath the region. This resource has been a significant factor in the region's wealth and geopolitical power.

How has the distribution of oil wealth in the Middle East and North Africa influenced the perception of power in the region?

The uneven distribution of oil wealth has led to a disparity in the perception of power among countries within the Middle East and North Africa. Some countries like the United Arab Emirates have become economically powerful due to their oil reserves, while others have not experienced the same level of wealth and influence.

What role has geography played in shaping the historical power and wealth of the Middle East and North Africa?

Geography has played a crucial role by providing the region with valuable resources like oil and strategic locations for trade. This has allowed some countries to amass wealth and power, even before the modern era of oil dependency.

How has the concept of 'development' evolved over time, as discussed in the script?

The concept of 'development' has evolved from being primarily associated with economic growth and industrialization to a more nuanced understanding that includes political, social, and environmental factors. It has moved away from Eurocentric views and now encompasses a broader range of indicators beyond GDP.

What is the historical connection between the term 'development' and European colonialism?

The term 'development' has historical ties to European colonialism, where colonizers used it to describe their colonies as 'backward' compared to their 'modern' or 'advanced' home countries, thereby justifying the extraction of resources.

Why did the terms '1st world', '2nd world', and '3rd world' fall out of favor in describing countries?

These terms, which were political and economic descriptors during the Cold War, became outdated in a post-Cold War world. They also carried connotations of inferiority for non-white populations and were tied to problematic colonial narratives.

How does the script suggest that economic development is not the only measure of a country's progress?

The script suggests that economic development is not the only measure by highlighting alternative metrics such as the Human Development Index, Gender Inequality Index, and Gross National Happiness, which consider factors like education, healthcare, gender equality, and overall quality of life.

What are some of the challenges faced by countries like Lebanon in terms of economic development despite having natural resources?

Despite having natural resources, countries like Lebanon face challenges in economic development due to political instability, the lingering effects of colonial past, and the need to overcome economic setbacks, which have hindered their ability to capitalize on their resources.

How does the script argue that the way we define 'development' can impact global economic practices and policies?

The script argues that defining 'development' primarily in economic terms can reinforce wealth disparities and perpetuate colonial narratives. It suggests that a broader definition that includes social, political, and environmental factors can lead to more equitable global economic practices and policies.

What alternative approaches to development are mentioned in the script, and how might they impact the Middle East and North Africa?

The script mentions rethinking how development is encouraged in the Middle East and North Africa by managing the region as an economic whole and international investments in infrastructure without the need for loans. These approaches could lead to more sustainable and equitable economic growth.

Outlines

00:00

🌍 Oil Wealth and Historical Power in MENA

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, often referred to as MENA, is rich in oil reserves, with at least 113.2 billion metric tons beneath its surface. This natural resource has contributed to the region's significant power and wealth, although not uniformly distributed. Historically, MENA was home to influential empires and schools of thought, indicating that its power and wealth predate the value of oil. The video emphasizes the importance of geography in shaping narratives about places and the distribution of resources, and how these narratives have been used by empires to justify their actions. It also discusses the concept of 'development,' its historical ties to European colonialism, and how it has evolved over time to include more than just economic terms. The video introduces the series' focus on understanding the complexities of geographical and developmental narratives.

05:01

📈 Economic Development and Colonial Legacies

This paragraph delves into the concept of economic development, highlighting how it has been historically measured and perceived. It contrasts the economic success of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which has a strong free-market economy and is among the top 30 countries for Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with Lebanon, which despite its resources like water and agricultural land, has faced political and economic challenges. The video discusses how the distribution of wealth and resources is not guaranteed to translate into wealth for all within a country and how geographers study these disparities. It also touches on the evolution of development terminology, moving from 'underdeveloped' to 'developing,' and the political and economic implications of these terms. The paragraph emphasizes the need to consider a broader definition of development that goes beyond economic metrics, taking into account the historical context of colonialism and its impact on current economic disparities.

10:02

🌱 Rethinking Development and Its Impacts

The final paragraph of the script addresses the need to rethink the concept of development in light of global challenges such as climate change and the legacy of colonialism. It discusses various approaches to economic development, including import substitution policies and the role of international organizations like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The paragraph also highlights the limitations of traditional economic metrics like GDP and introduces alternative indices such as the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Gender Inequality Index (GII), which consider factors like access to education, healthcare, and income disparity. The video concludes by emphasizing the importance of a people-centered approach to development, suggesting that a broader definition of development is necessary to address global inequalities and promote sustainable growth. It also calls for a more inclusive narrative that recognizes the diverse ways in which countries can develop and the importance of putting people first in these processes.

Keywords

💡Development

Development in the context of the video refers to the economic, political, and social progress of a country or region. It is a multifaceted concept that encompasses not only economic growth but also the quality of life, access to resources, and overall well-being of a population. The video discusses how the term has evolved from its Eurocentric origins tied to colonialism to a more nuanced understanding that includes various types of development beyond economic metrics. The video also critiques the traditional focus on economic development, suggesting that it often reinforces inequalities and overlooks other important aspects of societal well-being.

💡Colonialism

Colonialism is the practice of a powerful nation exerting control over another land and its people. In the video, it is discussed as a historical context that has significantly influenced the economic and political development of many countries. The legacy of colonialism is highlighted in how it has shaped the economic disparities and development narratives of colonized countries, often leading to the extraction of resources and the imposition of Western-centric values and standards.

💡Economic Metrics

Economic metrics are quantitative measures used to assess the financial health and performance of an economy. The video mentions Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as an example of such a metric, which is the total value of goods and services produced by a country. The video critiques the overreliance on GDP as a measure of development, arguing that it does not capture the full picture of a country's well-being or the distribution of wealth among its citizens.

💡Resource Distribution

Resource distribution refers to how natural resources like oil, water, and land are spread across a region or country and how they are utilized. The video points out that the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, despite having vast oil reserves, does not have a uniform distribution of wealth, indicating that resource abundance does not automatically translate to economic prosperity or equitable wealth distribution.

💡Human Geography

Human geography is the study of how people interact with their environment and how spatial distributions of human activities affect the world. The video discusses how human geography aligns with physical geography in the MENA region, where the distribution of oil wealth mirrors the uneven distribution of power and influence. This concept is used to illustrate how geographical factors can shape economic and political dynamics.

💡Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution refers to the period during the 18th and 19th centuries when agrarian societies became industrialized. The video mentions it as a historical event that played a significant role in the development of Western countries, which then used their industrial might to colonize and extract resources from other parts of the world, contributing to the development disparities observed today.

💡Gross National Happiness

Gross National Happiness is an alternative development metric that measures the overall well-being and happiness of a population, rather than just economic output. The video introduces this concept as part of a broader discussion on redefining development to include non-economic factors. It suggests that focusing solely on economic growth can overlook the importance of happiness and life satisfaction.

💡Human Development Index (HDI)

The Human Development Index is a composite measure of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators used to rank countries' level of human development. The video discusses HDI as an example of a more holistic approach to measuring development, which takes into account factors beyond economic wealth, such as access to education and healthcare.

💡Post-Colonialism

Post-colonialism is a theoretical framework that critiques and examines the cultural, political, and economic effects of colonialism. The video uses post-colonialism to challenge the Eurocentric narratives of development and to advocate for a more inclusive and diverse understanding of what it means for a country to be developed.

💡Sustainable Development

Sustainable development refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The video touches on this concept in the context of the climate crisis and the need to rethink traditional development models that often involve overconsumption of resources and environmental degradation.

💡Global North and Global South

The terms 'Global North' and 'Global South' are used to describe a divide between the developed, industrialized countries of the Northern Hemisphere and the developing countries of the Southern Hemisphere. The video critiques these terms for oversimplifying economic potential and for perpetuating a narrative that reinforces existing power structures and inequalities.

Highlights

The Middle East and North Africa region has substantial oil reserves, with at least 113.2 billion metric tons.

The distribution of oil wealth in the region is uneven, reflecting disparities in power and wealth.

The region, known as MENA, was home to powerful empires and influential schools of thought before the oil boom.

The perception of a place's power and wealth is not fixed and can change over time.

Geography is a tool used by empires to understand strategic locations and resources.

The concept of 'development' is a polarizing and complicated term that encompasses various factors.

The term 'development' has ties to European colonialism and the language used to describe colonies.

Economic development was historically measured by standards of living and material wealth similar to Europe and North America.

The shift from 'underdeveloped' to 'developing' countries reflects changes in economic terminology.

The terms '1st', '2nd', and '3rd world' originated from Cold War political and economic models.

Colonized people and scholars have challenged Eurocentric narratives of development.

Economic metrics like GDP are used to measure a country's economic development.

The UAE's strong economy is attributed to its oil wealth and market-based policies.

Lebanon, despite its resources, has faced political and economic challenges due to its colonial past.

Natural resource ownership does not automatically equate to national wealth or wealth distribution.

Development terminology is evolving to include more than just economic measures.

The Human Development Index (HDI) considers variables like education, health, and access to resources.

The Gender Inequality Index measures disparities in income and access to resources between genders.

Alternative metrics like Gross National Happiness focus on overall quality of life.

Development strategies are being rethought to encourage economic growth in a sustainable manner.

The definition of development shapes global interactions, economic practices, and the story of the world.

Transcripts

The Middle East and North Africa is sitting on a gold mine -- well, a black gold mine.

Beneath this region is at least 113.2 billion metric tons of oil.

And here the physical geography and the human geography kind of line up -- the oil isn’t

uniformly distributed beneath the surface of the Earth and neither is this mind-boggling wealth.

But the Middle East and North Africa region, often called MENA for short, knew great power

and wealth even before oil became so valuable.

At one point the region housed some of the most powerful empires and most influential

schools of thought, and yet, not every country in the region is considered powerful today in 2022.

In this series we’ve highlighted how the perception of all places and lands isn’t fixed.

In geography, we like to tell the story of the world, but there are so many different

perspectives and ways to know our experiences, we need to think carefully about what story to tell.

And the way we tell those stories too.

Geography has long been a tool wielded by empires.

Knowledge about strategic locations, mineral resources, locations of political power, and

even how we talk about and describe cultures and people guide the leaders and rulers of the world.

And development -- which is a polarizing, complicated word -- can be the concept we

lump all those factors into.

We draw comparisons and talk about growth, but we can also ask what having wealth and

power really means and how and why they’re distributed so unevenly around the world.

Even how we talk about development tells a story in and of itself.

I’m Alizé Carrère, and this is Crash Course Geography.

INTRO

When people talk about how resources, wealth,

or even politics are distributed around a country or region or the world, those metrics

are often collapsed into one concept and called development.

And we tend to think of a word like development with a certain amount of permanence -- countries

that are developed stay “developed.”

But since talking about and comparing countries depends on our perceptions and opinions at

a particular time, the history of the word itself can be really illuminating.

Talking about how developed a place is is something that started in the mid 20th century.

But even if it wasn’t widely used before this, it has ties to the language used within

European colonialism.

Like we talked about in our last episode, many European colonizers change the cultural

landscape of a place just with their word choice.

They describe their colonies as “backward” compared to their “modern” or “advanced”

home countries to justify taking resources from their colonies.

Until the 1970s, development was largely thought of in economic terms, and a so-called developed

country was one with standards of living and material wealth that looked like what was

found in Europe and North America.

They often had a history of industrialization and colonialism too.

The other group of countries were originally seen as "underdeveloped."

These were places whose standards of living and wealth were considered not as good as

the so-called developed countries.

And it's probably no surprise to learn these countries had often been colonized by said

"developed" countries.

Eventually underdeveloped changed to develop-ing and then got mixed-up with talking about the Third World.

1st, 2nd, and 3rd world are actually political terms that describe political leanings during

the Cold War coupled with a description of predominant economic models.

But in most cases, those pairings don’t make sense in a post-cold war world.

And underdeveloped, developing, and talking about the 3rd world all came to mean the same

thing to Westerners: that the non-white people of these places were inferior to people in

so-called developed places.

And it’s a sentiment that grew out of the labels colonizers chose to use–and the history

they devalued.

But colonized people and scholars from around the world have pushed back on this narrative.

They also pushed back on development being tied to how similar a place is economically

and politically to the West, which is shorthand for Europe and North America.

One way to more fully get at the nuance of development is to be specific about what type

of development we’re talking about.

For instance, because economic standing and wealth and resources are what reinforced colonial

narratives about who is developed, we still use economic metrics as one way to measure

the economic development of a country.

Some of the strongest economies in the world -- maybe not surprisingly after those oil

stats back at the beginning -- are places like the United Arab Emirates.

It’s one of the top 30 countries for 2020 Gross Domestic Product or GDP, which measures

the monetary value of an economy’s final goods and services, and is one way to measure

the strength of an economy.

The UAE has a free-market economy -- which we might remember dates back to some of the

earliest histories and trade with both India and Mozambique thanks to monsoon migration.

Those market-based policies, or policies that allow for supply and demand to set the value

of a good, encourage competition and foreign investment.

And from the late 1800s to the 1960s it was under the control and protection of the British.

Which we know from our last episode on colonialism can have lingering negative effects, yet it’s

a strong economy thanks to oil and being able to use that profit to build infrastructure.

Compare that to Lebanon -- a location also endowed with resources, like a water surplus

in an arid region, ample agricultural land, and its favorable location on the Mediterranean Sea,

making it a key port for getting goods in and out of the Middle East.

Lebanon was placed under French military administration after the first World War, and was part of

the Ottoman Empire before that.

Historically, Lebanon has been considered a wealthy place, but unlike the UAE, Lebanon

has struggled to overcome the politics related to its colonial past and has had political

and economic setback after setback.

Remember, over the last few episodes, we’ve talked about different types of economic production,

and how it’s not enough to have the stuff -- just owning natural resources doesn’t

make a country wealthy.

Lebanon has water and agriculture, but in 2022, that doesn’t equal the same wealth

as massive oil fields.

And even having oil fields doesn’t guarantee wealth, and certainly not wealth for all people

within a country.

And if something is distributed unevenly, there’s a geographer somewhere trying to

understand why.

As geographers, knowing that economic development is often what development is taken to indicate,

we might also cringe at some of the latest iterations of terms.

We might hear people talk about the global north vs. the global south or countries being

more or less industrialized -- how we talk about development is still evolving.

But so far we haven’t come up with the best term.

North and south say nothing about economic potential.

And in the end, many of the countries that are considered economically developed today

did so through tremendous extraction -- either from their own resources or those of other

countries, and the labels we use tell the story of those dominant countries.

Those stories also guide the global response to how economically wealthy countries treat

lower income ones.

And there’s a whole smorgasbord of policies meant to help countries create stable free-market

economies and become economically developed.

These can be things like import substitution which are economic policies that attempt to

make imports expensive through high tariffs, or taxes on imported goods.

The intent is to create economic motivation to create a strong secondary economy by manufacturing

goods domestically.

But many people involved in development are recognizing that to make an economy look like

one in Europe and North America it takes both economic and political infrastructures and

a massive amount of wealth.

Wealth that those regions built from colonial extraction that then funded their industrial

revolutions, which is where the wealth of current low-income countries went in the first place.

Instead, now low income countries who are members of the UN often receive loans to fund

these projects from the The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and other supranational

organizations, which mostly function outside of the authority of any one state.

But these programs are not always a good fit, because if a country can’t pay back what

they owe, they default and have to work out a repayment deal which usually involves restructuring

their economy.

And restructuring often involves some sort of austerity measures, like cuts to social

programs like healthcare, education, and pensions.

So a lot of the focus of development is on wealthy countries of the world helping other

economies begin to look like they do.

And in the process, a lot of those disparities just get reinforced when low income countries

are trapped in debt.

But many scholars and leaders have pushed back over time.

Because development doesn’t have a universally accepted definition, that means that we can

also define it in ways beyond economics and how much like Europe they are.

In shifting how we define development, we also shift the story.

Post-colonialism, which is a response that gained increasing prominence throughout the

1970s and onwards, is in part a critique of the way these Eurocentric labels are produced and used.

It’s a framework that focuses on politics and activism in order to assert that formerly

colonized peoples have a right to access resources and earn material wealth.

In addition to reinforcing colonial stories, economically focused development also tends

to reinforce a male-centered version of what we give value to.

But societies that value traditional practices that are used to protect natural resources

or traditional knowledge that’s used to minimize crises, or informal economic structures

that provide mutual aid in a community might view development differently.

These are all roles and knowledge traditionally managed by women, but are not often counted

as economic development.

We can also use other metrics besides GDP to measure development.

Economists have pointed out that the traditional metrics can’t measure quality of life or

overall social and physical health of a society.

And throughout the late 20th century, increasing emphasis was given to the Human Development Index,

which is calculated by the United Nations.

This is a compound index that looks at variables like access to safe water, birth rate, death

rate, education, and access to healthcare to determine a country’s level of development.

For example, in 2019 the UAE had very high access to education and educational infrastructure,

which gives it a high HDI score.

It also has a high score for things that feed into economic infrastructure -- like 100%

of the population has access to electricity.

But because so much of those metrics rely on funding infrastructure, Lebanon doesn’t

score quite as high.

Another quality of life index is the Gender Inequality Index, which can show income disparity.

For the UAE, men and women seem to have equal access to education and health care, but women

make far less than men on average, and that’s a trend throughout the region.

But even these human-centered measurements tend to still point to an economic quality of life.

There are also metrics for measuring environmental and socioeconomic sustainability, and even happiness.

For instance, there’s a Gross National Happiness measurement, which is an annual survey asking

people about the overall quality of life they live.

But each of these metrics pretty much highlights a single way of thinking and talking about

the success of a given country.

In the 2020s, development organizations are rethinking how they encourage economic growth

in the Middle East and North Africa, a region with a large, young population.

And there’s some effort to manage the region as an economic whole, rather than several

individual states.

Internationally, countries like China are also rethinking foreign investment by investing

directly into infrastructure in return for land for factories, thus eliminating the need for loans.

Ultimately, we have to think more broadly about what it means to be developed.

Remember, in order to score high on the economic measures of development, an economy has to

produce and consume a lot of stuff.

And it’s been estimated that if all countries consumed resources in the same way as the

United States, we’d need four Earths.

As the globe deals with a climate crisis caused by industrial development, and struggles to

understand the lasting damage of colonialism, we will need to rethink what development is

and how to access resources and commodities in an unequal world.

And one area we can start with right now is remembering that ultimately, we need to put

people first, both in deciding how we measure these sorts of things, and how we implement

the changes that are necessary.

How we define development matters because it shapes the interactions that are allowable,

where wealth gets located, and the global discourse on what is acceptable economic practice

and what isn’t.

It shapes how we tell the story of the world, and who are heroes and villains.

Failing to see that there are multiple, valid ways for a country to be developed can cause harm.

And the stories we tell about ourselves and other countries can shape how we all relate

to each other.

Next time we’ll tell the story of growing cotton with genetically modified seeds in

India and the unintended consequences of this development strategy.

Many maps and borders represent modern geopolitical divisions that have often been decided without

the consultation, permission, or recognition of the land's original inhabitants.

Many geographical place names also don't reflect the Indigenous or Aboriginal peoples languages.

So we at Crash Course want to acknowledge these peoples’ traditional and ongoing relationship

with that land and all the physical and human geographical elements of it.

We encourage you to learn about the history of the place you call home through resources

like native-land.ca and by engaging with your local Indigenous and Aboriginal nations through

the websites and resources they provide.

Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Geography which is filmed at the Team

Sandoval Pierce Studio and was made with the help of all these nice people.

If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.