Metabolism & Nutrition, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #36
Summary
TLDREl guion de este video nos lleva a través de la fascinante química de nuestro cuerpo, explicando cómo el 64% de nuestro peso es agua, seguido por proteínas, grasas y minerales. Descubre cómo nuestro cuerpo constantemente se reconstruye a sí mismo, sintetizando entre 225 y 450 kg de proteínas a lo largo de nuestra vida. Aprende sobre la metabolismo, un proceso de dos facciones contradictorias: anabolismo, que construye y consume energía, y catabolismo, que descompone y libera energía. Este video también explora los seis grupos de nutrientes principales y su papel vital en la construcción, mantenimiento y reparación del cuerpo humano.
Takeaways
- 💧 El agua representa aproximadamente el 64% de nuestro peso corporal y es esencial para la vida.
- 🥩 El proteínas son la siguiente componente más abundante, alrededor del 16%, y se encuentran en músculos, glóbulos rojos y en las enzimas de las células.
- 🍗 El grasa también representa aproximadamente el 16% del cuerpo y es importante para almacenar energía y proteger órganos.
- 🦴 Los minerales, que representan el 4%, son cruciales para la formación de huesos y dientes, así como para la función sanguínea.
- 🍚 Los carbohidratos, que son solo el 1%, son la fuente de energía inmediata para la mayoría de las células del cuerpo.
- 🔄 El metabolismo es un proceso constante de construcción y desmontaje de moléculas en el cuerpo para mantener la vida y la función celular.
- ⚡️ Las reacciones anabólicas utilizan energía para construir moléculas complejas a partir de bloques básicos, mientras que las catabólicas liberan energía descomponiéndolos.
- 🥗 Los seis grupos principales de nutrientes son agua, vitaminas, minerales, carbohidratos, lípidos y proteínas, cada uno con roles específicos en el cuerpo.
- 🌱 Los carbohidratos, provenientes generalmente de plantas, son convertidos en glucosa para la energía o almacenados como glucógeno o grasa.
- 🥑 Los lípidos son esenciales para almacenar energía, proteger órganos y formar membranas celulares y moléculas vitales como las hormonas.
- 🏋️♀️ Las proteínas son fundamentales para la estructura del cuerpo y para todas las reacciones químicas, y se construyen a partir de aminoácidos ingeridos.
Q & A
¿Cuál es el porcentaje de agua en el cuerpo humano según el guión?
-Según el guión, aproximadamente el 64% del cuerpo humano es agua.
¿Cuál es la segunda mayor proporción de sustancia en el cuerpo humano después del agua?
-La segunda mayor proporción es la proteína, que representa aproximadamente el 16% del cuerpo humano.
¿Cuál es la función de las proteínas en el cuerpo humano?
-Las proteínas están presentes en los músculos, en las bombas de sodio-potasio en las neuronas, en la hemoglobina sanguínea y en las enzimas que impulsan las reacciones químicas en las células.
¿Qué proporción del cuerpo humano es grasa y qué importancia tiene?
-El 16% del cuerpo humano es grasa, la cual es necesaria para el almacenamiento de energía y para la protección y el aislamiento de órganos.
¿Cuál es el porcentaje de minerales en el cuerpo humano y cuáles son algunos ejemplos de minerales importantes?
-El 4% del cuerpo humano es minerales, incluyendo calcio y fósforo en los huesos, hierro en la sangre, potasio, sodio y cloro que ayudan a mantener el equilibrio de pH y se usan en potenciales de acción.
¿Cuál es el porcentaje de carbohidratos en el cuerpo humano y cuál es su función principal?
-El 1% del cuerpo humano son carbohidratos, la mayoría de los cuales están siendo consumidos o se encuentran como glucógeno esperando ser utilizados.
¿Cómo se describe el metabolismo en el guión y qué procesos químicos lo componen?
-El metabolismo se describe como una serie ininterrumpida de reacciones químicas que realizan dos cosas vitales y contradictorias: anabolismo, que construye y consume energía, y catabolismo, que descompone grandes moléculas y libera energía.
¿Qué son los seis grupos principales de nutrientes que el cuerpo necesita para construirse, mantenerse y repararse?
-Los seis grupos principales de nutrientes son agua, vitaminas, minerales, carbohidratos, lípidos y proteínas.
¿Qué es la glucosa y por qué es importante para las células del cuerpo humano?
-La glucosa es un monosacárido que es la principal fuente de energía para las células, ya que es la molécula que las células utilizan para producir ATP, la molécula que las células usan para impulsar las reacciones anabólicas.
¿Cuál es la función de las grasas en el cuerpo humano y cómo se relacionan con los lípidos?
-Las grasas, o lípidos, almacenan energía, almacenan vitaminas liposolubles, aislan órganos, forman mielina en neuronas y son precursores de hormonas como la testosterona y la estradiol. Además, los fosfolípidos forman la membrana celular.
¿Cómo se relacionan las proteínas con el cuerpo humano y cuáles son las aminoácidos esenciales que no se pueden sintetizar en el cuerpo?
-Las proteínas forman la mayoría de los tejidos musculares y conectivos, las enzimas y las estructuras de las células como los canales y bombas iónicas. Hay nueve aminoácidos esenciales que el cuerpo no puede sintetizar y que deben ingerirse a través de la dieta.
Outlines
💧 La composición química del cuerpo humano
Este párrafo explica que el 80% de nuestro peso está compuesto por agua, seguida por proteínas (16%), grasas (16%), minerales (4%) y carbohidratos (1%). Se destaca que el cuerpo está en constante movimiento, absorbiendo y eliminando sustancias, y que incluso los componentes que retenemos se descomponen y necesitan ser reemplazados. La síntesis de proteínas a lo largo de la vida varía entre 225 y 450 kilogramos, lo que equivale a varios 'yos' compuestos solo por proteínas. Todo esto se debe a que los organismos deben mantenerse en un estado de constante renovación y reconstrucción, un proceso que se lleva a cabo a nivel celular y que tiene implicaciones significativas para nuestra vida.
🔁 Metabolismo: Anabolismo y catabolismo
El párrafo 2 profundiza en el concepto de metabolismo, que describe todas las reacciones bioquímicas que ocurren en el cuerpo y cómo se reconcilian procesos químicos contradictorios. Se explica que el metabolismo consta de anabolismo, que consume energía para construir estructuras complejas a partir de monómeros, y catabolismo, que rompe grandes moléculas para liberar energía. Los nutrientes, que son esenciales para construir, mantener y reparar el cuerpo, se agrupan en seis categorías principales: agua, vitaminas, minerales, carbohidratos, lípidos y proteínas. Cada una de estas categorías tiene un papel específico en la nutrición y en el funcionamiento del cuerpo, desde proporcionar energía hasta ayudar en procesos vitales como la coagulación de la sangre y la absorción de nutrientes.
🌿 Nutrientes esenciales y su papel en el cuerpo
Este párrafo se centra en los nutrientes esenciales y su función en el cuerpo. Se menciona que la glucosa, un monosacárido, es la fuente de energía primordial para las células, que la utilizan para producir ATP, la molécula que las células utilizan para realizar reacciones anabólicas. Además, se discute el papel de las grasas como fuente de energía y almacenamiento, así como su importancia en la formación de tejidos y la síntesis de vitaminas y hormonas esenciales. Las proteínas, compuestas de aminoácidos, son fundamentales para la construcción de tejidos, la función de las células y las reacciones químicas del cuerpo. El párrafo también aborda la importancia de los aminoácidos esenciales, que deben ingerirse a través de la dieta ya que el cuerpo no puede sintetizarlos por sí solo.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Metabolismo
💡Anabolismo
💡Catabolismo
💡Nutrientes
💡Proteínas
💡Carbohidratos
💡Lípidos
💡Vitaminas
💡Minerales
💡Ácidos Nucleicos
Highlights
人体大约64%是水,这使得我们看起来相当结实。
蛋白质占人体的16%,存在于肌肉、神经元中的钠钾泵、血液中的血红蛋白和细胞中的酶。
人体16%是脂肪,对于维持身体功能是必要的。
矿物质占人体的4%,如骨骼中的钙和血液中的铁。
碳水化合物占人体的1%,主要用于即时能量或储存为糖原。
人体不断吸收物质、提取所需、燃烧能量并排除废物。
身体中的化学物质不会永久存在,酶会磨损,膜会分解,DNA会氧化。
一生中,细胞会合成225到450公斤的蛋白质。
所有构成人体的蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物都来自食物。
新陈代谢是一系列不断进行的反应,既破坏又重建物质。
新陈代谢包括合成(anabolism)和分解(catabolism)两个相互矛盾的化学过程。
合成反应消耗能量构建复杂分子,而分解反应释放能量并简化分子。
新陈代谢是一个永无止境的过程,类似于不断推石头上山的西西弗斯。
人体需要的六大营养素包括水、维生素、矿物质、碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质。
维生素帮助身体利用其他营养素,而矿物质对骨骼、血液和pH平衡至关重要。
碳水化合物是细胞的主要能量来源,尤其是葡萄糖。
脂肪储存能量,保护器官,并形成神经和细胞膜的重要成分。
蛋白质是肌肉、结缔组织、神经离子通道、泵和酶的组成部分。
身体通过DNA指导的氨基酸序列来合成特定的蛋白质。
必需氨基酸不能由其他氨基酸合成,必须通过饮食摄入。
通过食物组合,如豆类和米饭,可以获取所有必需的氨基酸。
Transcripts
I weigh about 80 kilograms.
Most of that, let’s say 64 percent, is water -- though you can’t tell by looking.
I mean, as organisms go, I like to think that I look fairly solid.
After water, the next largest proportion of me is protein, about 16% -- not just in my
muscles, but also in things like the tiny sodium-potassium pumps in my neurons, and
the hemoglobin in my blood, and the enzymes driving the chemical reactions in every one
of my 37 trillion cells.
Then another 16% of me is fat, which I’m totally OK with;
Four percent of me is minerals, like the calcium and phosphorus in my bones, and the iron in my blood;
and 1 percent is carbohydrates, most of which is either being consumed as I talk to you,
or is sitting around as glycogen waiting to be used.
But here’s the thing: It’s not like I just ate 80 kilograms of food and then all this happened.
Instead, my body, like yours, is constantly acquiring stuff, extracting some of it to
keep, burning some of it for energy, and getting rid of the rest.
But even the stuff that my body does hold onto doesn’t last forever. Some of the chemicals
that I absorb in my food eventually become a part of me. But enzymes wear out, and membranes
break down, and DNA gets oxidized. So, they get discarded.
And then I need more of those chemicals to reconstruct the material that I’ve lost.
As a result, over the course of my lifetime, my cells will synthesize somewhere between
225 and 450 kilograms of protein …
That’s like 3, or 4, or 5 separate me’s -- just made of protein.
And all of the protein and fat and carbohydrates nucleic acids that
make up me, of course, come from food.
Every organism has to keep taking in and breaking down food, to keep resupplying itself with
the raw materials it needs to survive.
And all that activity requires energy, which we also gain from food.
So, how do our bodies actually convert what we eat into energy and raw materials?
The answer is a neverending series of reactions that are dedicated to doing two vital, and
totally contradictory, things:
One set of chemical reactions destroys the reactants that you give them, reducing big,
complex substances into molecular rubble.
And the other set reassembles that rubble into new and bigger products that are put
together again to make you.
So our bodies are constantly reinventing themselves -- in a perpetual state of loss, but also always rebuilding.
And even though all of this is happening at the cellular level, its consequences could hardly be larger.
These two sets of reactions are where everything that we’ve learned so far -- about the digestive,
endocrine, circulatory, and respiratory systems -- really starts to come together.
Together, these processes make up your metabolism.
Now the sciencey word metabolism has come to have a meaning in popular speech,
but metabolism isn’t just one thing.
People talk about metabolism as meaning, like, how fast your body burns the fuel in your
food, or how high your personal energy level is.
And that’s fine for use by personal trainers and fitness magazines.
But physiologically, metabolism really describes every single biochemical reaction that goes on in your body.
And maybe more importantly, it reconciles two conflicting chemical processes that are
always, simultaneously underway inside of you.
One of those chemical forces is anabolism.
Anabolic reactions construct things and consume energy.
These are the processes that take the small monomer building blocks in your food -- like
monosaccharides and fatty and amino acids -- and build them into bigger, more complex
polymers like carbs, and fats, and proteins that are used in your cells.
Then, when you need new building blocks, or you need to release some energy, those polymers
in your body, or new ones in your food, get broken up -- by catabolic reactions.
The processes of catabolism break down bigger molecules, and in breaking their bonds, release
the energy you need to stay warm, and move around, and provide your cells with fuel … to
build the polymers back up again.
To be honest, your metabolism is a lot like Sisyphus. It works really hard. But it is never finished.
And the boulder that your inner Sisyphus is always pushing uphill and watching fall back
down? That’s nutrients -- the molecules that your body is forever breaking up, and
then rebuilding, only to have them break apart again.
And these nutrients -- the materials your body needs to build, maintain and repair itself
-- come in six major groups.
By volume, the majority of what we consume -- and what makes up our bodies -- is water,
so that’s maybe the most vital nutrient.
Then there are vitamins, compounds that come in either fat-soluble or water soluble forms.
They aren’t used as building blocks or for energy, but they’re essential in helping
the body make use of other nutrients that do do those things.
Vitamin C, for example, helps improve iron absorption, while vitamin K is crucial to
blood clotting, and some B vitamins are important in the production of ATP from glucose.
Minerals, like vitamins, they don’t provide fuel, but they have all sorts of other functions.
Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus harden bones and teeth, while iron is, of course,
crucial in hemoglobin. Plus, potassium, sodium, and chlorine help maintain your body’s pH
balance and are used in action potentials.
So water, vitamins, and minerals are all … necessary.
But the three major nutrients that everyone always talks about -- the ones you find on
food labels, from oatmeal to Pop-Tarts -- are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Most of the carbohydrates you’ve ever eaten
-- with the exception of lactose in milk -- originally came from plants.
Mono- and disaccharides come from fruits, honey, sugar beets and sugar cane, while polysaccharide
starches come from veggies and grains.
The main thing you need to know is that the monosaccharide glucose is the be-all-end-all
molecular fuel that your cells need to make ATP.
ATP being the molecule that your cells use to drive anabolic reactions, when they need
to make new polymers or get anything else done -- whether that’s operating a sodium-potassium
pump, or detaching the head of a myosin filament to contract a muscle.
But ATP is too unstable to store, so cells often store energy in the form of glucose,
which they can then catabolize and convert to ATP when they need it.
Now, some of your cells can get their energy from fats. But many of the most important
ones, like your neurons and red blood cells, feed exclusively on glucose. So most of the
carbs that your intestines absorb are converted to glucose for that reason.
But, if it’s not needed right away, that energy can also get stored as glycogen in
your liver and muscles, or converted to glycerol and fatty acids to make triglyceride fats.
And even though there seems to be a marketing war going on against dietary fats,
we most definitely need them.
The fats in your adipose tissue store energy, of course, but they also store fat-soluble
vitamins, and cushion your organs.
Lipids also form the myelin that insulates the neurons in your brain and throughout your
body, as well as the oil in your skin, and they provide the vital calorie content found in breast milk.
But there are other important lipids, like cholesterol, which is the precursor to things
like testosterone and estrogen...
...and, of course, phospholipids, which form the cell membrane in every single one of the
three-dozen-or-so-trillion cells you have.
Now, if you’re into eating meat, a lot of the fat that you ingest might come from that.
But guess what: Plants have fat too.
Plants use lipids for energy storage just like we do, except they do it in fruits, and
nuts, and seeds. Which, when you think of it, are kind of like plant breast milk -- it’s
food for their growing babies.
Either way, though, when you eat lipids, your body breaks down triglycerides into glycerol
and fatty acids.
Those molecules can then be processed and used in the making of ATP. Or they might be
converted into other kinds of fatty acids, which your cells can then re-assemble into
your very own triglycerides or phospholipids.
And your liver happens to be great at converting one fatty acid into another, but there are
some it just can’t synthesize.
For example, omega 6 and 3 fatty acids are called essential fatty acids, because your
body can’t make them, so they have to be ingested.
They get turned into all kinds of useful molecules, like the ones used for synapse formation in
the brain, and for signalling inflammation during the healing process.
But -- if carbohydrates provide energy, and fats insulate and store energy, then just
about everything else is done with proteins.
They form the bulk of your muscle and connective tissue, but they’re also what the ion channels
and pumps are made of in your neurons and muscle cells, and they make up your enzymes,
which are responsible for pretty much every chemical reaction in your body.
In other words, your body runs on protein, and pretty much is protein.
Nutritionally speaking, meats, dairy products, eggs, legumes, nuts, cereals are particularly
high in protein. But because everything we eat was once alive, and every cell of every
living thing contains protein, as long as you’re eating whole foods, you’re at least
partially re-stocking your protein supplies.
Now it might seem like you’d have eat muscle to make muscle, or eat enzymes to make enzymes,
but that’s not how it works.
Since all of your proteins are made up of just 20 amino acids, the differences between
the thousands of unique proteins are simply in the sequence of those amino acids.
And, of course, you have a specialized molecule that knows just which amino acids to put together
in what order to make a certain protein.
It’s called DNA.
When you consume some hamburger, for example, the protein actin in the meat gets catabolized
into its component amino acids, which gets mixed up with all the amino acids from the
other proteins in the meat -- like the collagen and elastin and titin and myosin -- as well
as all the protein from the bun and the tomato and the mayonnaise.
Those amino acids then get reassembled using anabolic reactions into your very own, but
somewhat different, proteins, as defined by your DNA.
Each cell is like a picky little Gordon Ramsay and it has to have every amino acid needed
-- every ingredient present -- before it will even think about starting to make a protein.
And just like with your lipids, your cells can improvise, and convert some amino acids
to others if they’re missing an ingredient.
However, there are nine essential amino acids that you cannot make from others, and have to eat.
Now lots of foods don’t provide every essential amino acid, but when you combine foods, like
beans and rice, or pasta and cheese, you do get all of the essential amino acids. Which
is important because, remember: after water, you are mostly made of protein. On the order of 16%
But what about the one percent of you? The carbohydrates?
How that tiniest fraction of you ends up creating all of the energy, is what we’ll discover next time.
But for now, you’ve learned all about the vital nutrients -- including water, vitamins,
minerals, carbs, fats, and proteins -- as well as how anabolic reactions build structures
and require energy, while catabolic reactions tear things apart and release energy. And
together, these competing forces form the wonderfully conflicted process known as metabolism.
Thank you to our Headmaster of Learning, Linnea Boyev, and thanks to all of our Patreon patrons
whose monthly contributions help make Crash Course possible, not only for themselves,
but for everyone, everywhere. If you like Crash Course and want to help us keep making
videos like this, you can go to patreon.com/crashcourse
This episode was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio, it was written
by Kathleen Yale, edited by Blake de Pastino, and our consultant is Dr. Brandon Jackson.
It was directed by Nicholas Jenkins, edited by Nicole Sweeney; our sound designer is Michael
Aranda, and the Graphics team is Thought Cafe.
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