First Look - Jack Andraka Stanford Medicine X Keynote

Summary

Jack Andraka, a young scientist, shares his journey of developing a revolutionary sensor for early pancreatic cancer detection at the age of 15. His invention, using carbon nanotubes and antibodies, is a cost-effective, rapid, and highly sensitive alternative to traditional methods. Andraka's story highlights the importance of accessible scientific knowledge, advocating for a 'knowledge democracy' where everyone, regardless of their background, has equal access to scientific research.

Takeaways

• 😢 Jack Andraka was motivated to find a better way to detect pancreatic cancer after a close family friend passed away from it.
• 🔍 He discovered that over 85% of pancreatic cancers are diagnosed late, giving patients less than a 2% chance of survival due to outdated detection methods.
• 🛠️ Jack embarked on a quest to develop a new cancer sensor that would be inexpensive, rapid, simple, sensitive, selective, and minimally invasive.
• 🧬 Through extensive online research, he identified a protein called mesothelin, which is present in high levels in the bloodstream during early stages of pancreatic, ovarian, and lung cancers.
• 💡 His innovative idea was to combine antibodies with carbon nanotubes to create a sensor that changes electrical resistance in the presence of the target protein.
• 📚 Jack faced numerous rejections and challenges, including the difficulty of accessing scientific articles due to paywalls, which hindered his research progress.
• 🏥 Despite the setbacks, he persevered and eventually secured lab space at Johns Hopkins University to develop his sensor.
• 🔬 The developed sensor was highly effective, costing only three cents, taking five minutes to run, and being 26,000 times less expensive and 400 times more sensitive than existing methods.
• 🌟 Jack's sensor could potentially increase the survival rate of pancreatic cancer from 5.5% to nearly 100% and is adaptable for detecting other diseases as well.
• 💼 He highlighted the issue of paywalls in academic publishing, arguing that knowledge should be a basic human right, not a commodity, and called for a 'knowledge democracy'.
• 🌐 Jack emphasized the importance of equal access to knowledge, regardless of socioeconomic status or geographical location, to empower everyone to contribute to scientific advancements.

Q & A

What motivated Jack Andraka to start researching pancreatic cancer?

Jack was motivated to research pancreatic cancer after a close family friend, who was like an uncle to him, passed away from the disease.

What was the main issue Jack identified with the current method of detecting pancreatic cancer?

The main issue Jack identified was that the current method of detecting pancreatic cancer is outdated, expensive, and inaccurate, missing 30% of all cases and only being administered when a doctor is highly suspicious of cancer.

What are the characteristics of an ideal sensor for detecting pancreatic cancer according to Jack's research?

An ideal sensor for detecting pancreatic cancer should be inexpensive, rapid, simple, sensitive, selective, and minimally invasive.

How did Jack approach the challenge of finding a protein to detect pancreatic cancer?

Jack approached the challenge by researching online, specifically using Google and Wikipedia, and by examining a database of over 8,000 different proteins associated with various cancers.

What protein did Jack identify as a potential biomarker for pancreatic cancer?

Jack identified the protein mesothelin as a potential biomarker for pancreatic cancer, as it is found in high levels in the bloodstream during the early stages of the disease.

What innovative material did Jack use to create his sensor for detecting mesothelin?

Jack used carbon nanotubes to create his sensor, combining them with antibodies to create a network that changes electrical resistance in the presence of the specific protein.

What was the main challenge Jack faced in getting his research started?

The main challenge Jack faced was gaining access to a laboratory to conduct his research, as he received 199 rejections from professors before finally getting a 'maybe' from Dr. Aaron Blair at Johns Hopkins University.

How did Jack overcome the issue of paywalls in accessing scientific journals?

Jack and his peers found ways to access articles by pirating them from different sites or by emailing the lead authors for copies, although this often led to wasted time and sometimes required spending money.

What impact does Jack believe the paywalls have on the accessibility of scientific knowledge?

Jack believes that paywalls create a rigid knowledge class system, discriminating access to knowledge based on financial resources and limiting the potential for scientific discovery by those who cannot afford the articles.

What is Jack's vision for the future of scientific knowledge accessibility?

Jack envisions a 'knowledge democracy' where everyone, regardless of their background or financial status, has equal access to scientific knowledge as a basic human right, fostering a more equitable environment for scientific discovery.

How does Jack's research potentially impact the early detection and survival rates of pancreatic cancer?

Jack's research has the potential to significantly increase the early detection rate and survival rates of pancreatic cancer by providing a sensor that is faster, cheaper, and more sensitive than current methods, allowing for detection at stages when the chance of survival is close to 100%.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Early Cancer Detection: A Teen's Quest

Jack Andraka, a young scientist, shares his personal motivation for developing a new method to detect pancreatic cancer after losing a close family friend to the disease. He was shocked by the late diagnosis rate and the inadequacy of existing tests, which are both expensive and inaccurate. Driven by his 8th-grade biology knowledge, Jack embarked on a mission to create a sensor that is inexpensive, rapid, simple, sensitive, selective, and minimally invasive. His research led him to discover the protein mesothelin, which is present in high levels during the early stages of pancreatic, ovarian, and lung cancers. This discovery set the stage for his innovative approach to cancer diagnostics.

05:00

💡 The Eureka Moment: Carbon Nanotubes and Antibodies

In his high school biology class, Jack had a breakthrough idea to combine carbon nanotubes with antibodies to create a sensor that could detect specific proteins indicative of cancer. Carbon nanotubes, extremely small and with unique electrical properties, change their electrical conductance in the presence of certain proteins. Jack's concept involved attaching antibodies specific to the mesothelin protein to the nanotubes, which would then allow for the detection of minute quantities of this protein in the bloodstream. He envisioned a simple test using paper and an ohm meter, drawing parallels to the ease of making chocolate chip cookies.

10:00

🚪 Overcoming Obstacles: The Journey to a Lab

Jack faced numerous rejections when attempting to secure lab space for his research, sending out a comprehensive proposal that included his methodology, materials, timeline, and budget. After 199 rejections, he finally received a tentative 'maybe' from Dr. Aaron Bell at Johns Hopkins University. Despite initial setbacks and a lack of lab experience, Jack persevered, learning through trial and error, and eventually developed a paper sensor that was cost-effective, rapid, and highly sensitive. His invention has the potential to revolutionize early cancer detection and significantly improve survival rates.

15:02

💼 The Battle Against Paywalls in Scientific Research

Jack highlights the issue of paywalls in scientific publishing, which hindered his research by requiring payment for access to crucial articles. He spent a significant amount of money to access the necessary background information, which he argues should be as accessible as popular culture. He criticizes the knowledge class system created by paywalls, where access to information is determined by financial means. Jack calls for a knowledge democracy, where science and knowledge are not luxuries but basic human rights, available to everyone regardless of their background or financial status. He envisions a world where ideas, not financial resources, drive scientific progress.

Keywords

💡Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the pancreas, an organ in the abdomen that plays a key role in digestion and metabolism. In the video, the speaker's personal connection to this disease is revealed as a driving force behind his research. The script highlights the difficulty in detecting pancreatic cancer early due to its late diagnosis rate and the poor survival chances, which is central to the speaker's quest for developing a better diagnostic method.

💡Mesothelin

Mesothelin is a protein that is found in high levels in the bloodstream of individuals with certain types of cancer, including pancreatic, ovarian, and lung cancer. In the context of the video, the speaker identifies mesothelin as a potential biomarker for early detection of these cancers. The discovery of this protein's significance is a pivotal moment in the development of the diagnostic sensor discussed in the script.

💡Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical nanostructures made of carbon atoms, which have exceptional mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. In the video, the speaker describes using carbon nanotubes as a component of his innovative cancer detection sensor. They form a network that interacts with antibodies to detect the presence of specific proteins, such as mesothelin, indicating the presence of cancer.

💡Antibodies

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens, such as those found on the surface of pathogens or, as in this case, certain proteins associated with cancer. The script describes the speaker's idea to combine antibodies with carbon nanotubes to create a sensor that can detect the presence of cancer-specific proteins.

💡Sensor

In the context of the video, a sensor refers to a device or a method that can detect the presence of a specific substance, in this case, cancer. The speaker's research focuses on developing a sensor that is inexpensive, rapid, simple, sensitive, selective, and minimally invasive, which would be a significant improvement over existing methods for detecting pancreatic cancer.

💡Paywalls

Paywalls are barriers to accessing online content that require payment or a subscription. In the script, the speaker discusses the challenges of accessing scientific research due to paywalls, which can impede the progress of research and education by limiting access to valuable information. The speaker argues for the importance of open access to scientific knowledge.

💡Knowledge Democracy

The concept of knowledge democracy refers to the idea that access to knowledge should be equal and unrestricted, regardless of one's economic status or geographical location. In the video, the speaker advocates for a 'knowledge democracy' where everyone has the same access to scientific knowledge, emphasizing that knowledge should not be a commodity but a basic human right.

💡Scientific Journals

Scientific journals are periodicals that publish research findings and academic studies in various fields of science. The script mentions these journals as being behind paywalls, which the speaker criticizes for creating a barrier to knowledge and contributing to an unequal distribution of information.

💡Innovation

Innovation refers to the process of translating an idea or invention into a good or service that creates value or for which customers will pay. In the video, the speaker's journey of developing a new method for detecting cancer exemplifies innovation, as it involves creating a novel solution to a significant problem in the field of medicine.

💡Survival Rate

The survival rate is the proportion of people who survive a certain condition or disease over a specific period. In the context of the script, the speaker mentions the potential of his sensor to dramatically increase the survival rate for pancreatic cancer by enabling earlier detection.

💡Youth and Research

The video script highlights the role of a young individual in making significant contributions to scientific research. The speaker, at the age of 15, embarked on a research project that led to a breakthrough in cancer detection. This keyword emphasizes the potential of youth to drive innovation and challenge existing paradigms in science.

Highlights

Jack Andraka's motivation to learn about pancreatic cancer after a close family friend's death.

The shocking statistics on late pancreatic cancer diagnosis and the low survival rate.

The inadequacy of the current medical test for pancreatic cancer in terms of cost, accuracy, and invasiveness.

Andraka's ambitious goal to develop a new, inexpensive, and accurate cancer detection sensor as an 8th grader.

The criteria for an effective cancer detection sensor: inexpensive, rapid, simple, sensitive, selective, and minimally invasive.

The challenge of detecting cancer markers in blood due to the vast volume and the tiny increase in protein levels.

Andraka's use of Google and Wikipedia as primary sources for his research.

The discovery of the protein mesothelin as a potential biomarker for early detection of pancreatic, ovarian, and lung cancers.

The innovative idea of combining antibodies with carbon nanotubes for protein detection.

The practical application of Andraka's sensor using a simple paper test that can be conducted in minutes.

The challenges faced in securing a lab for research and the numerous rejections received.

The perseverance and eventual success in gaining lab access at Johns Hopkins University.

The difficulties encountered during the research process, including lab mishaps and technical challenges.

The development of a paper sensor that is significantly faster, cheaper, and more sensitive than existing methods.

The potential impact of Andraka's sensor on increasing the survival rate of pancreatic cancer to nearly 100%.

The broader implications of the sensor as a platform for detecting various diseases by changing the antibodies used.

The issue of paywalls in scientific journals and their impact on accessibility and the flow of information.

Andraka's call for a knowledge democracy and the necessity of making scientific research accessible to all.

The empowerment of individuals through knowledge and the potential for collective innovation when barriers are removed.

Transcripts

now let's welcome to the stage our

keynote speaker for this morning the

Gordon e Moore Award winner

please welcome Jack andraka have you

ever experienced a moment in your life

that was so painful and confusing that

all you want to do was learn as much as

you could to make sense of it all when I

was 13 a close family friend who was

like an uncle to me passed away from

pancreatic cancer when the disease hits

so close to home I knew I needed to

learn more so I went online to find

answers and using the internet I found a

variety of statistics on pancreatic

cancer my had found shocked me over 85%

of all pancreatic cancers are diagnosed

late when someone has less than 2%

chance of survival why are we so bad at

detecting pancreatic cancer

the reason our current modern medicine

is a six-year-old technique I mean it's

older than my dad but also it costs $800

per test and is grossly inaccurate

missing 30% of all pancreatic cancers

and your doctor would have to be

ridiculously suspicious that you have

the cancer in order to give you this

test and then all of a sudden I was

thinking maybe there's a better way to

do this and so then I fell on this grand

adventure armed with 8th grade biology

to change cancer diagnostics pretty

lofty gone retrospect however I went

online and saw was sensor for pancreatic

cancer would really have to look like in

order to be effective at diagnosing it

the sensor would have to be inexpensive

rapid simple sensitive selective and

minimally invasive now I was pretty sure

I could do this but I wasn't quite sure

how I was going to do it and so then I

just went back online and what I found

is

the reason why we haven't updated the

sensor for over six decades is because

when you're looking at your cancer we're

looking in your bloodstream particularly

for these different proteins and changes

in their levels and the sounds are

really straightforward but it's anything

but because essentially you have these

liters and liters of blood that's

already button in those proteins and

you're looking for this tiny increase in

this tiny amount of protein and so it's

next to impossible it's kind of like

trying to find a needle and a second

nearly identical needles so undeterred

due to my teenage optimism or how many

people label ignorant of the entire

field I essentially went back to any

teenagers best source for information

Google and Wikipedia how I got through

every one of my high school tests and

essentially I found a database of over

8,000 different proteins that you have

in your bloodstream when you have these

different cancers and since it was

summer break and I had literally nothing

else to do I decide to go on a grande

poutine hunting marathon I felt like I

was playing this one like game called

Pokemon we have to like catch all these

different things but instead here it's

like catch all the proteins and it kind

of drives you insane after a while and

so I just start going through this I

locked myself in my room on the computer

and at the end of the summer is really

doubting my possibility for any future

social interaction after searching

through 4,000 proteins would you do this

summer oh I went like traveling and like

went backpacking oh I sat in my room and

did protein research that was I was a

kid so essentially on the 4000 try I

finally found one protein that could

possibly work and I was pretty excited

and the name of this protein is called

mesothelin and it's just your ordinary

run-of-the-mill type protein unless of

course you have pancreatic ovarian and

lung cancer in which case it's found

these very high levels in your

bloodstream but also it's found the

earliest stages of the disease when

someone has close to a hundred percent

chance of survival so now that I found a

protein that could work I then shifted

my focus to the actual problem at hand

detecting that protein and the spanker

at cancer now my kind of epiphany moment

here it was like this chemo more

everything found a place for me

can the most unlikely places high school

biology class stifle of innovation

particularly with my evil high school

biology teacher I hate her and she hated

me it was like the jack versus miss

Chandra wars and there and essentially

one day I decided to like stab her

through the ribs and bring in an article

on actual science carbon nanotubes not

mundane fact memorizing and carbon

nanotubes are these long term pipes of

carbon atom thick and 150 thousand eight

the diameter of your hair so they're

extremely small and they have these

incredible properties they're kind of

like the super here as a material

science so I'd select this and I was

kind of like I was sneaking in a comic

book I like wedge into my biology

textbook I wasn't really interested

about we were doing that day and I just

was wobbly reading it under the desk

like oh yeah you're not going to catch

me I'm too cool for you and then what

happens is we're learning about these

things called antibodies and y'all know

what anti-bias are these molecules that

only react with one protein then I'm

just sitting there like kind of being

lulled to sleep by her droning and then

all of a sudden it hits me I could

essentially combine these two things I

just slap them together take some

antibodies and we read them into a

network of nanotubes such a network that

only reacts with one specific protein

but also due to the properties of these

nanotubes

there's never will actually change how

electricity flows through it based on

the mouth a twin protein present and

thus I can tell you whether or not you

have pancreatic cancer based on how much

of a change there is it's actually

really simple to measure this change you

essentially take an ohm meter that you

steal from your dad's garage and you

just plug it on and you can measure the

resistance in five minutes and there's

one catch though

see these network of nanotubes are

really flimsy and since they're so

delicate they need to be a support of

course and so I chose to use paper and

meeting the paper sensor for pink react

answer is about as simple as making

chocolate chip cookies which I love

they're like my advice like if I did be

on the test there goes the chocolate

chip cookies but what happened is you

essentially take some water you pour the

nanotubes in them add some anti-vice mix

it up

take some paper dip it dry it and then

you can detect cancer and that's a bit

of an oversimplification of course I

mean like you have to do some actual

like optimization and western blots

which I hate but then as soon as I had

this like a Tiffany moment all of a

sudden my biology teacher whirls around

like gives me the stink eye she's like

mr. and Rika where are you being and she

snatches this article on my hands she's

like what is this actual science doing

in my class she didn't say that but

that's why I I thought it would be

really what she was thinking because of

it I hate her but finally after class I

finally got this huge feel on like

self-respect and respecting the teacher

and paying attention in class all this

boring stuff that I didn't care about

really and I kind of just toned her out

and just was thinking when is she going

to shut up and then finally after 30

minutes I've been during that pain I got

the article now I could start doing some

actual research and then all of a sudden

I realized I might need a lab for this

see I can't have like day and drink a

household cancer research program I mean

I've been doing some pretty crazy stuff

I mean we're on the FBI watch list well

my mom is since we use her credit card I

mean we have this giant lead Pig of

uranium or just seeing in our basement

next to our backs of like chlorine gas

that we made and then we have like high

voltage electronics and I even cultured

ecoli we make sandwiches so it's pretty

we did some pretty sketchy stuff but

cancer research it's a bit stretching it

for my mom so I decided I'm going to get

into a lab that should be easy enough

right

the prequel idea though don't like it

right so it sent out a 32-page with

houmous of a paper including all like my

sources my like everything from like

materials list the timeline budget like

structure down to pennies

it was pretty detailed I sent it out I'm

like oh I've rinsed this great something

right like everyone's just gonna be like

running over themselves I won't be able

to pick and choose and I'll be like on

time like genius kid now my my lofty

dreams like soon crashed into the ground

because I got a hundred and ninety-nine

rejections out of those 200 emails and I

realized throughout this professors

aren't nearly as nice as their profile

pictures make them seem I mean they were

really mean they'd like the red ink

would come out and once you get the red

ink you know it's over for you and then

throughout all this after a month of

getting just rejection after rejection

finally got one maybe at dr. Aaron bond

my Atrus lab at Johns Hopkins University

and I think okay I'm for sure going in

here he just said like oh maybe you can

look at my lab like through like from 50

feet away outside but I was like I'm

definitely getting in there right so go

in to like look at his lab I have like

this huge stacks of like 500 plus

journal articles I go and I'm like this

is going to be a classic in for you like

what's your favorite color

why are you here how old are you easy

stuff like that right oh now he asked

some pretty tough questions he actually

knew he was talking about unfortunately

couldn't bamboozle him like I could my

parents just like turns and large where

it's like of course that pathway is

being mediated by carbon nanotubes yes

no I actually have to like explain

science damn and he called him 28 PhD

since this 9 foot by nine foot room

they're just throwing these questions

there after swinging out for an hour I

guess see on so many of those questions

I get do on SATs I finally got the lab

space I needed just as soon as I got in

I

I had no idea what I was doing I had

zero lab experience I'm just sitting

there I'm like what do I do and so I'm

like wandering around knocking stuff

over but finally they get me on track

and first thing I do is sneeze in myself

culture and like have an immune system

right they'll be fine they'll fight it

off at you it's going to be like the flu

just feed them some Gatorade it'll be

good right I come in the next morning

it's like monster from the Loch Ness

swamp like in there like the tentacles

I'm like oh my god what is that so we'd

like burn that wherever we dip at that

the next day I'm super excited going I'm

going like I'm going to nail this it's

going to be perfect I dropped my cell

cultures the day after that I burned

them like in the incubator I freeze them

it was bad and then I got to the Western

blot and that's where I had to optimize

my anti by that I was using because

they'll be notes to me they're

apparently any different antibodies from

mesothelin I'm like what I thought there

was only one antibody that's a point of

an antibody there's only one key to a

lock oh no I was a bit of a

misconception there but finally I got

through the Western blot and I screwed

it up eighty times over and over and

over again and I'd like spend nights

there I'd like create a little like mat

of scientific journals to sleep on like

tooled playing and they'd cry myself to

sleep all eating a Twix bar like why

isn't it working

however finally I ended up with one

small paper sensor that cost three cents

it takes five minutes to run this makes

it a hundred and sixty-eight times

faster over 26,000 times less expensive

and over 400 times more sensitive than a

current method of detection but also I

tested it on a hundred patient samples

when I found is it as close to 100%

accuracy and can detect the cancer in

the earliest stage when something that's

close to a hundred percent chance of

survival so in the next two to five

years this patent-pending sensor could

potentially lift that survival rate of

5.5%

to close to a hundred percent and reduce

I would do similar for ovarian and lung

cancer but also what's so cool is this

kind of like a platform to detect any

disease because you can change out by

anti by it and detect a completely

different protein meaning a different

disease range from Alzheimer's other

forms of cancer even hiv/aids and

malaria or heart disease and so as all

these applications and wife town so I

can also monitor what drugs are already

going to be resistant to that your

cancer is resistant and then also see

how well your chemotherapy regimen is

working and so it's pretty cool what's

going on with this however throughout

this entire process you know I faced

like a lot of adversity I mean 119 I

know if I stop as soon kind of like

plunged after that plus like the

biologist who just told me no my parents

told me no I mean at least they didn't

tell me to make like a paper mache

volcano however the greatest adversity I

faced was definitely paywalls

you see 90% of all scientific journals

have paywalls

meaning that if you want that article

you have to call for $35 se-ho sudden

you realize that article is nothing to

do with your research well then you

there's no return policy just $35 ah

well my parents were in this case

because they paid for everything which

was pretty nice and then what I realized

when I went to all these scientific

competitions is all of my peers thought

the exact same thing I mean we got a bit

creative like we would go on Google and

like look to like pirate them off these

different sites or like for example we

could like email the lead author but

often time this led to countless hours

being waste and eventually we cave and

just have to spend the money so I spent

possibly a thousand dollars plus on this

research just to get the background

information I need it I mean that's a

lot of weeks of allowance and what I

found is that this these payoffs have

killed so many different scientific

ideas at my school and all around the

nation just because we simply can't

afford these articles because scientific

research should just be as acceptable

accessible as iTunes and the world of

pop culture and stuff I mean why are

scientific articles 35 times the new

Katy Perry signal I don't really get

that and this isn't just a problem for

15 year olds this is a problem for

nearly everyone

I mean Harvard University recently

released a statement saying major

periodical subscriptions especially to

electronic journals published by

historically key providers cannot be

sustained continuing these subscriptions

on their current footing is financially

unintended now what does it say about

the world of academic publishing

accessibility of knowledge and flow of

information when Harvard University the

richest academic institution in the

world can't afford its articles I mean

how's a 15 year old supposed to cough

that up by instituting these paywalls

we've created this really rigid

knowledge class system we're essentially

of the knowledgeably those research

scientists I can't afford all these

articles of those working in corporate

labs and even here we have a bit of

segregation we have knowledge like

billionaires there's large research

institutions like Harvard Yale Stanford

they can all afford these articles right

well then there's the knowledge

millionaires people like Towson

University or like state-funded

universities that don't have the same

access and so we're basically

discriminating your access to knowledge

based on how much money or university

has I mean that's not right and then we

have the knowledge middle-class people

like you or me we don't really have

access to these articles but at least we

can read like the 10% that's openly

available plus we can kind of read like

the abstracts maybe pirate a few

articles and we also have access to

Internet but then there's the knowledge

underclass 5.5 billion people who don't

have access to the Internet and that's

absolutely Zoo access to any scientific

knowledge whatsoever so essentially zero

point zero zero eight percent eight one

thousandth of 1% its point that's how

many people have access to scientific

articles in the world

there's 5.6 million research scientists

and then there's other 80% of the world

there's not underclass Hooves zero

access that I mean there's this huge nod

aristocracy that's going on right now

and that's just not fair we have to have

a knowledge democracy because imagine

what if no matter where you're from

whether you're from Morocco to India to

the u.s. to China it wouldn't matter if

you're a billionaire or living on less

than a dollar a day that you'd have the

exact same access to that knowledge

because a girl in Pakistan should have

just the same exact knowledge as someone

living here and going to a super

prestigious university because that is a

quality because science should not be a

luxury and knowledge should not be a

commodity it should be a basic human

right because the minds of the people

they have to be free and that means the

minds of everyone not the minds of the

select few that can afford these

articles cuz science has to be agnostic

to all of these factors money or like

where you're from it shouldn't matter

about that it should matter about what

your ideas are and how you can make them

true and now it shouldn't be a barrier

to that and we should really have to

change that because when 80% of people

lack access to the Internet and then 90%

of all articles on the Internet aren't

accessible to people we have a problem

because knowledge is the quick equalizer

of the world cuz it doesn't matter who

you are if you have knowledge just

merits how you use it doesn't matter if

you're black white Hispanic Asian it

doesn't matter it doesn't matter if

you're poor if you're rich just matters

how you're going to use that knowledge

and help change the world because

knowledge empowers all of us to come up

with great ideas and change the world I

believe everyone should have that

opportunity so we have to abolish this

knowledge mill class and knowledge

underclass and elevate to the sales

level as the knowledgeably and I believe

that we can do this because a 15 year

old who didn't quite know we're pancreas

was could find a new way to detect

pancreatic cancer just imagine we'll be

all to do together thank you

Jack do you have an agent