10 Levels of Password Hacking
Summary
TLDRThis video script explores various cyber attacks, starting from rainbow table attacks to phishing, detailing how each method works and their effectiveness. It highlights security measures like salting to combat rainbow tables and the importance of password complexity against brute force attacks. The script also covers less conventional attacks like dumpster diving and shoulder surfing, emphasizing the evolution of security threats and the need for constant vigilance in protecting sensitive information.
Takeaways
- 🌈 Rainbow Table Attack: Rainbow tables are pre-computed hash value collections used to reverse hash functions and crack passwords.
- 🔒 Salting: Adding a random string to passwords before hashing to prevent rainbow table attacks, making each hash unique.
- 🗑️ Dumpster Diving Attack: Attempting to find passwords or sensitive information from discarded documents or digital waste.
- 👀 Shoulder Surfing Attack: An attacker watches over a victim's shoulder to steal data, limited by physical proximity and visibility.
- 🛠️ Hardware Keylogger Attack: Physical devices that record keystrokes, hidden in computer peripherals, and undetectable by typical software.
- 🔧 Brute Force Attack: Using a program to try every possible password combination until the correct one is found, time-consuming for complex passwords.
- 🕊️ Man in the Middle Attack: Intercepting and stealing data by impersonating one of the parties in a communication, still prevalent despite security measures.
- 💉 SQL Injection Attack: Exploiting web application vulnerabilities to inject SQL commands, allowing attackers to manipulate databases.
- 📚 Dictionary Attack: Systematically testing common passwords or dictionary words against a user's password, effective against simple password choices.
- 🔄 Credential Stuffing Attack: Using leaked passwords to gain access to accounts, relying on the reuse of passwords across multiple sites.
- 🎣 Phishing Attack: Deceiving individuals into revealing sensitive information through deceptive emails or links, relying on human error.
Q & A
What is a rainbow table attack in the context of password security?
-A rainbow table attack involves using pre-computed hash values to reverse the hashing process and find the original password. It's a method where attackers can quickly retrieve the original password if a hash in a database matches a precomputed hash in their table.
How do reduction functions contribute to rainbow table attacks?
-Reduction functions in rainbow tables convert a hash into a potential plaintext password. This allows for the creation of chains of passwords and hashes, which are added to the table to increase the likelihood of successfully cracking a password.
Why did rainbow tables become mostly obsolete?
-Rainbow tables became mostly obsolete due to the introduction of salting, which adds a random string to passwords before hashing, making each password unique and rendering rainbow table attacks ineffective.
What is a salting process in the context of hashing passwords?
-Salting is the process of adding a random string to passwords before they are hashed. This ensures that each password is unique, even if multiple people use the same password, and it helps to protect against rainbow table attacks.
What is a dumpster diving attack and how effective is it in modern times?
-A dumpster diving attack is an attempt to crack someone's password by physically accessing and searching through discarded documents or digital waste. It is considered less effective in modern times due to improved physical security practices and the digital nature of sensitive credentials.
How does shoulder surfing differ from other password cracking methods?
-Shoulder surfing is a method where an attacker tries to steal data by visually observing the victim's actions, such as typing a password. It differs from other methods as it requires physical proximity and relies on the lack of privacy in public spaces.
What is a hardware keylogger and how does it work?
-A hardware keylogger is a small physical device that records every keystroke made on a computer keyboard. Cybercriminals can hide these devices within computer cables or USB adapters, making them difficult to detect and allowing them to capture sensitive information typed by the user.
Why are brute force attacks considered slow and less efficient?
-Brute force attacks are considered slow and less efficient because they involve trying every possible combination of alphanumeric characters to find the correct password. This method can be extremely time-consuming, especially with longer and more complex passwords.
What is a man-in-the-middle attack and how does it compromise security?
-A man-in-the-middle attack occurs when a hacker intercepts and secretly steals data by pretending to be one of the parties in a communication. This can compromise security by allowing the attacker to eavesdrop on or manipulate the exchange of information, making it appear as normal to the communicating parties.
What is SQL injection and why is it still a widely exploited web vulnerability?
-SQL injection is an attack that exploits a web vulnerability by allowing an attacker to inject their own SQL commands into a website's input fields. It is still widely exploited because it relies on improper separation of user input from SQL queries in the website's code, and it can lead to unauthorized access to a database.
How does a dictionary attack differ from a brute force attack?
-A dictionary attack is more targeted than a brute force attack. Instead of trying every possible combination of characters, a dictionary attack systematically tests common passwords and dictionary words, which are more likely to be used by people due to their simplicity and memorability.
What is credential stuffing and why is it dangerous?
-Credential stuffing is a type of brute force attack where attackers use already leaked passwords to attempt to gain access to user accounts across various applications. It is dangerous because many people reuse the same password, which can turn a single security breach into a domino effect, compromising multiple accounts.
Why is phishing considered a potent attack vector?
-Phishing is considered a potent attack vector because it capitalizes on human error and can set the stage for further attacks. It often involves deceptive emails or messages that trick individuals into revealing sensitive information or clicking on malicious links, which can lead to data theft or malware infection.
Outlines
🌈 Rainbow Table and Salting Techniques
This paragraph introduces the concept of rainbow tables, which are precomputed hash value collections used to crack password hashes. It explains how hashing transforms plain text passwords into a seemingly random string and how rainbow tables can reverse this process to retrieve the original password. The paragraph also discusses the use of reduction functions in rainbow tables to create chains of passwords and hashes, enhancing the cracking process. It mentions the obsolescence of rainbow tables with the advent of a new method, 'salting,' which adds a random string to passwords before hashing, making them unique and rendering rainbow table attacks ineffective.
🕵️♂️ Exploring Various Cybersecurity Threats
The second paragraph delves into several methods used to crack passwords or steal sensitive information. It starts with the 'dumpster diving attack,' which relies on finding discarded documents with passwords written down. It then moves on to 'shoulder surfing,' where attackers watch over victims' shoulders to steal data. The paragraph also covers 'hardware key loggers,' devices that record keystrokes, and 'simple brute force attacks,' which involve trying countless combinations of characters to find the correct password. It concludes with a discussion on 'man in the middle attacks,' where hackers intercept communications between two parties to steal data, and 'SQL injection attacks,' exploiting web vulnerabilities to manipulate a database. The paragraph emphasizes the importance of proper security measures to prevent these attacks.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Rainbow Table Attack
💡Hashing
💡Reduction Function
💡Salting
💡Dumpster Diving Attack
💡Shoulder Surfing Attack
💡Hardware Key Logger
💡Brute Force Attack
💡Man in the Middle Attack
💡SQL Injection Attack
💡Dictionary Attack
💡Credential Stuffing Attack
💡Phishing Attack
Highlights
Rainbow tables are collections of pre-computed hash values used for cracking password hashes.
Hashing transforms plain text passwords into a fixed-size string that appears random.
Rainbow tables use reduction functions to convert hashes into potential plain text passwords.
Salting passwords by adding a random string renders rainbow table attacks useless.
Dumpster diving attack relies on physical access and poor security practices to find discarded passwords.
Shoulder surfing attack involves watching over a victim's shoulder to steal data in public places.
Hardware key loggers are physical devices that record keystrokes and are difficult to detect.
Brute force attack tries every possible combination of characters to find the correct password.
Man in the middle attack intercepts communications between two parties to steal data.
SQL injection attack exploits web vulnerabilities to interact with a website's database.
Dictionary attack tests common passwords and words from a dictionary to guess a user's password.
Credential stuffing attack uses already leaked passwords to gain access to user accounts.
Phishing attacks trick individuals into revealing sensitive information through deceptive emails or links.
Brilliant.org is a learning platform offering engaging courses in Math and Science to develop critical thinking skills.
Brilliant's interactive problem-solving methods are proven to be more effective than traditional lecture videos.
Phishing attacks are most effective when they exploit human error, making awareness and intelligence key to prevention.
Man in the middle attacks have been rebranded to adversary in the middle or on path attacks to reflect inclusivity.
Transcripts
this video is sponsored by brilliant
coming in at level one we have the
rainbow table attack rainbow tables are
collections of pre-computed hash values
used to crack password hashes hashing is
when a hash function transforms a plain
text password into a fix size string of
characters that appears random that's
how passwords are typically stored in
databases and an attacker can use a
rainbow table to try to reverse that
process to direct them to the original
password if a hash in a database matches
a hash value that's already precomputed
in their table they can quickly retrieve
the original password I want to make it
clear that rainbow tables aren't just
simple hash tables they're unique
because of their use of reduction
functions reduction function simply
converts a hash into a potential plain
text password which we can then rehash
to create a chain of passwords and
hashes these chains are added to the
table to improve the likelihood of
cracking a password and the term rainbow
in rainbow tables by the way refers to
the use of different colors used to
represent various hashing and reduction
functions and steps there's a lot more
that goes into them and as impressive as
they are they became mostly obsolete
once their Kryptonite came along
[Music]
salting involves adding a random
strength to passwords before they
undergo hashing ensuring each password
is unique even if multiple people use
the same password because rainbow table
attacks work under the assumption that
its hex string has one specific hash
value salting renders them useless level
two dumpster diving attack this is one
of the least effective ways to try
cracking someone's password because it's
limited by physical access and relies on
poor physical security practices you'd
have to hope that someone actually wrote
down their password and then carelessly
threw it away where it's accessible in
today's digital age important
credentials are rarely discarded so
openly and many people in businesses use
shredders to dispose of sensitive
documents realistically though an
attacker using this method would most
likely be in search of digital waste
such as hard drives USB drives and other
storage devices where they can then use
data recovery tools to retrieve
sensitive information so before throwing
your computer away always make sure that
your sensitive data has been properly
deleted this will always be the best
method level three shoulder surfing
attack shoulder surfing happens when an
attacker tries to steal data by watching
over a victim's shoulder as they use
their device in public dude this is
another not so good way of trying to
crack someone's password as it is
limited by physical proximity and
visibility even if the attacker
possessed Godlike Vision password
masking is still a thing passwords
appear as dots or asteris for this very
reason the biggest factor in Falling
prey to this type of attack is simply
being in public there's rarely any
reason for a stranger to be this close
to you in public unless you're taking
the train and Tokyo during rush hour and
if that's the case having your password
stolen should be the least of your
worries level four Hardware key logger
attack Hardware Key loggers or small
physical devices designed to record
every key stroke made on a computer
keyboard cyber criminals can hide these
devices within computer cables or inside
a US as the adapter making them
difficult for the victim to detect once
installed they run in the background
tracking everything you type such as
credit card information websites you
visit and passwords you use what makes
them effective is that they're not
relying on software running on the
system which makes them undetectable by
typical antivirus or antimalware
programs however because you need
physical access to the victim's computer
to install the key logger attackers do
not commonly use it in cyber attacks yes
software key loggers do exist but
attackers commonly deploy them through
fishing methods which is an entirely
different kind of attack level five
simple Brute Force attack a simple Brute
Force attack occurs when a hacker uses a
password cracking program to process an
astounding number of possible
combinations of alpha numeric characters
until the correct one is found this
trial and era tactic can be very time
consuming especially with longer and
more complex passwords this is why
nowadays most websites ask you to add
special characters and numbers to your
password this makes brute forcing
stupidly slow for reference it would
take approximately 7 quadrillion years
to crack this password using a Brute
Force algorithm although this sort of
attack can be very slow it tickles my
brain to think that given enough time
and resources a Brute Force attack could
theoretically crack any password known
to man it's like Batman with prep time
Unstoppable another fun thought is
imagining you're incredibly lucky and
cracking the password on your first try
although super unlikely the chances
aren't zero if you want to dive deeper
into how probability Works I'd recommend
checking out brilliant.org today's
sponsor brilliant is a learning platform
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this video level six men in the- Middle
attack a man in the middle attack occurs
when a hacker secretly steals data by
intercepting Communications between two
parties who believe they are
communicating directly with each other
the hacker can either EAS drop on or
impersonate one of the parties making it
seem like a normal exchange of
information is happening but it's not
man in the middle attacks come in many
different forms there's Wi-Fi EAS
dropping heart poisoning DNS spoofing
and many more you would expect that a
lot of these methods wouldn't work with
today's level of security such as
encryption and sign certificates but
they're very much still a thing what
what's not a thing anymore however is
the name man in the- Middle attack it
has been rebranded as adversary in the-
middle or on path attack because and I I
didn't even know this but apparently men
in the- Middle attacks can actually be
performed by a woman level seven SQL
injection attack escal injection is an
attack that relies on a web
vulnerability that's been known for over
20 years and yet it remains one of the
most widely exploited flaws and web
applications today it's like discovering
that people are still hiding their spare
house keys under the doormat so SQL or
SQL simply put is a language that lets
you interact with a website's database
when you sign into a website the system
executes SQL commands to verify whether
your username and password match the
records stored in the database the issue
comes when the website's code does not
properly separate user input from its
SQL queries when that happens attackers
can inject their own SQL commands into
the text field allowing them to read
edit and even delete everything in a
database and it's funny because this
attack can easily be prevented if
Developers stize their code level eight
dictionary attack in a dictionary attack
a hacker systematically tests every word
in a list of common passwords and
basically any word from a dictionary to
guess a user's password this method is
more effective than a pure Brute Force
attack due to the fact that people tend
to use overused and easy to remember
passwords here's a list of the top 20
most used passwords in the United States
according to nordpass and they're
exactly what you would expect you have
the typical numeric sequences such as 1
2 3 4 5 password and sh shed bird what
the dictionary attacks do have their
shortcomings again most websites today
require that passwords include a
combination of letters numbers and
special characters and also meet a
minimum length they're basically trying
to make your password more complex so
that there's a lower chance of it being
on an attackers list level nine
credential stuffing attack credential
stuffing is a type of Brute Force attack
in which attackers use already leaked
passwords to gain access to users
accounts what makes this attack so
dangerous is that it relies mostly on
the fact that many people reuse the same
password across various applications
reusing the same password across
multiple sites can turn a single
security breach into a domino effect
compromising all of your accounts at
once so treat your passwords like
condoms only use them once if you don't
you might end up with an unexpected user
on your family plan funny enough
credential stuffing attacks have a very
low rate of success about 0.1% according
to Cloud flare but the sheer volume of
credential collections that's available
makes this attack worth it if an
attacker has 1 million sets of
credentials this could yield around
1,000 successfully C accounts and lastly
level 10 fishing attacks fishing occurs
when a thread actor Bas an individual
into revealing sensitive information
I've place this at number 10 because
it's an attack that best capitalizes on
human error which is the most
challenging vulnerability to mitigate
also fishing can set the stage for
launching further potent attacks such as
deploying malware fishing attacks come
in a variety different flavors however
the most common is arguably email
fishing these emails may contain
deceptive links that directs you to a
malicious website that can steal loging
credentials or attachments that when
open can install malware on the user's
device the effectiveness of this attack
depends largely on the target's level of
awareness and intelligence if you can
slow down and think before clicking on a
suspicious link you're already
significantly reducing your risk of
falling victim to it all right I've been
Arin and I know jack about cyber
security take care
[Music]
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