The History of Calculus -A Short Documentary | Newton & Leibniz
Summary
TLDREl guion narra la fascinante historia del descubrimiento del cálculo, involucrando a algunos de los matemáticos más grandes de todos los tiempos y una pequeña controversia sobre sus orígenes. Desde los métodos de los antiguos griegos hasta las contribuciones de Newton y Leibniz en el siglo XVII, se describe cómo el cálculo evolucionó para modelar el movimiento y el cambio dinámico en el universo. La rivalidad entre ambos científicos y sus aportaciones fundamentales al desarrollo del álgebra infinitesimal y el cálculo integral, cambió para siempre la forma en que entendemos y modelamos fenómenos físicos y matemáticos.
Takeaways
- 📚 La historia del cálculo comienza en la antigua Grecia, donde matemáticos como Docis y Arquímedes emplearon métodos precursores del cálculo integral.
- 📏 Arquímedes desarrolló el método de la exhaustión para calcular áreas y volúmenes, y fue el primero en encontrar tangentes a curvas, lo que se asemeja al cálculo diferencial.
- 🚀 El cálculo evolucionó en el siglo XVII, conocido como el siglo de la Revolución Científica, con contribuciones de matemáticos como Cavaliere, Descartes, Fermat, Pascal y Wallis.
- 🌟 Isaac Newton, un joven en Cambridge, desarrolló el cálculo para explicar problemas físicos como la gravitación y los movimientos planetarios.
- 🔍 Newton enfrentó el desafío de calcular la pendiente instantánea en cualquier punto de una curva, lo que llevó a la creación del concepto de derivada.
- 🔢 Descubrió que la integración es el proceso opuesto a la derivación, estableciendo así el Teorema Fundamental del Cálculo, que vincula el cálculo integral y diferencial.
- 📈 La integral del cálculo permite calcular áreas bajo curvas, como la distancia recorrida en un gráfico de velocidad vs. tiempo.
- 🌐 El cálculo cambió la forma en que se entendía el movimiento y el cambio dinámico en el universo, impactando áreas como la física y la ingeniería.
- 📚 Gottfried Leibniz, un filósofo y matemático alemán, también desarrolló el cálculo de manera independiente, con un enfoque metafísico y una notación superior.
- 📝 Leibniz publicó su trabajo sobre el cálculo en 1684, lo que generó una controversia sobre quién lo descubrió primero, aunque hoy se reconoce a ambos como descubridores independientes.
- 🌟 La contribución de Newton y Leibniz al cálculo fue fundamental para el avance de la civilización, conectando el universo físico con la matemática.
Q & A
¿Quién fue el primer matemático que usó un método similar al cálculo integral?
-Zeuxis, un matemático griego del siglo 4 a.C., utilizó un método conocido como 'exhaustión' para encontrar áreas y volúmenes de figuras geométricas.
¿Cómo describió Arquímedes el área de una circunferencia?
-Arquímedes describió el área de una circunferencia como igual a PI multiplicado por el radio al cuadrado, utilizando el método de polígonos regulares que se acercaban al círculo.
¿Qué es el método de 'exhaustión' y cómo se relaciona con el cálculo integral?
-El método de 'exhaustión' es un enfoque matemático que se utiliza para calcular áreas y volúmenes a partir de polígonos regulares que se acercan a las figuras curvas, lo cual es similar al concepto de integrales en el cálculo.
¿Qué es el cálculo diferencial y cómo se relaciona con el concepto de tangente a una curva?
-El cálculo diferencial es una rama del cálculo que estudia los cambios en las funciones, como la tangente a una curva, mediante el uso de derivadas, que representan la tasa instantánea de cambio de una función en un punto específico.
¿Quién fue Cavalieri y qué aportó al desarrollo del cálculo integral?
-Cavalieri fue un matemático del siglo XVII que desarrolló el 'método de indivisibles', que fue un paso hacia el cálculo integral y se basó en la idea de que los sólidos con secciones iguales tienen volúmenes iguales.
¿Qué es el principio de Cavalieri y cómo influenció el cálculo?
-El principio de Cavalieri afirma que si dos sólidos tienen la misma altura y sus secciones transversales tienen áreas iguales, entonces los volúmenes de ambos sólidos son iguales, lo que influenció en el desarrollo de técnicas de integración en el cálculo.
¿Cómo se relaciona la obra de Isaac Newton con el desarrollo del cálculo?
-Isaac Newton desarrolló el cálculo para resolver problemas físicos relacionados con la gravitación y los movimientos celestes, introduciendo conceptos como las derivadas y el teorema fundamental del cálculo.
¿Qué es el teorema fundamental del cálculo y qué demuestra?
-El teorema fundamental del cálculo establece una conexión entre el cálculo diferencial y el integral, demostrando que la integración de una función derivada recupera la función original.
¿Quién fue Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz y qué contribución realizó al cálculo?
-Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz fue un matemático y filósofo alemán que, de manera independiente de Isaac Newton, desarrolló y publicó sobre el cálculo, introduciendo notación y conceptos que se utilizan en el cálculo moderno.
¿Cuál es la notación de Leibniz para las derivadas y cómo se diferencia de la de Newton?
-La notación de Leibniz para las derivadas utiliza el diferencial 'dx' y la fórmula 'dy/dx' para representar la derivada, lo que se diferencia de la notación de Newton, que usaba 'fluxions' y 'fluents'.
¿Cómo cambió el cálculo la forma en que entendemos el movimiento y el cambio en el universo?
-El cálculo permitió a los matemáticos y científicos modelar y entender fenómenos dinámicos y de cambio en el universo, como los movimientos planetarios y la fluidodinámica, proporcionando una herramienta para analizar y predecir el comportamiento de sistemas complejos.
Outlines
📚 El Nacimiento del Cálculo
Este párrafo explora el origen del cálculo, remontándose a más de 2500 años hasta los antiguos griegos. Se menciona a Zénón de Elea, quien usó el método de exhaustión para calcular áreas y volúmenes de figuras geométricas. Archimides perfeccionó este método y lo utilizó para demostrar que el área de un círculo es igual a PI r-cuadrado. También fue el primero en encontrar la tangente a una curva, lo que presagió el cálculo diferencial. Avanzando al siglo XVII, se destaca el desarrollo del cálculo integral por parte de matemáticos como Cavaliere, Isaac Barrow, Rene Descartes, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal y John Wallis. El párrafo culmina con la introducción de Isaac Newton en Cambridge, donde, enfrentado a problemas físicos, desarrolló el cálculo para explicar fenómenos como la gravitación y los movimientos planetarios.
🔍 La Innovación de Newton y Leibniz en el Cálculo
Este párrafo narra cómo Newton desarrolló el cálculo diferencial, el cual permite calcular la pendiente instantánea de cualquier curva en un punto específico, utilizando el concepto de 'flujo' y 'flujoión'. Posteriormente, Newton descubrió el cálculo integral, que es el proceso opuesto al diferencial y permite calcular áreas bajo curvas. Newton publicó su trabajo en 'Principia Mathematica' en 1687, lo que marcó un hito en la física y la matemática. También se menciona a Gottfried Leibniz, quien, de manera independiente, desarrolló y publicó sobre el cálculo, introduciendo notación que se utiliza hasta hoy en día. Aunque surgió una controversia sobre quién lo descubrió primero, ambos matemáticos son reconocidos como independientes en su contribución al cálculo.
🚀 El Impacto del Cálculo en la Civilización
El último párrafo enfatiza el impacto incalculable del cálculo en la civilización, especialmente en el siglo XVII, cuando Newton y Leibniz conectaron el universo físico del movimiento y el cambio con las matemáticas. Esto ha permitido a los matemáticos y los ingenieros modelar sistemas de cambio y movimiento en campos como la medicina y la economía, más allá de la física. El cálculo ha sido fundamental para avanzar en la comprensión y la manipulación del mundo dinámico que nos rodea.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Cálculo
💡Método de exhaustión
💡Arquímedes
💡Cavaliere
💡Derivada
💡Integral
💡Isaac Newton
💡Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
💡Infinitesimal
💡Límite
💡Ciencia de la Revolución Científica
Highlights
Calculus has an intriguing history involving the greatest mathematicians and some controversy over its origins.
The journey into calculus begins with the ancient Greeks and the method of exhaustion used by ZEUXIS in 400 BC.
Archimedes further developed the method of exhaustion to prove the area of a circle is equal to PI * r-squared.
Archimedes invented heuristics, an early form of integral calculus, to calculate areas and volumes of shapes.
Archimedes was the first to find the tangent to a curve, laying the groundwork for differential calculus.
In the 17th century, Cavaliere developed a method of indivisibles, an early step towards integral calculus.
European mathematicians like Descartes and Fermat began discussing the concept of the derivative in the 17th century.
Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz are the most notable for their breakthroughs in calculus during the Scientific Revolution.
Newton developed calculus to solve physics problems of gravitation, motion, and planetary orbits.
Newton's calculus included the concept of the derivative, or the gradient function, and the method of fluxions.
Leibniz independently developed calculus, viewing integrals as sums of infinite rectangles.
Leibniz published his work on calculus, including differential and integral calculus, before Newton.
A controversy arose over who discovered calculus first, with Newton and Leibniz both recognized as independent discoverers.
Leibniz's notation for calculus is the one used in modern mathematics.
Calculus allows for the modeling of change and motion in various fields such as medicine and economics.
Newton and Leibniz's work in calculus dramatically advanced civilization by connecting the physical universe with mathematics.
Transcripts
have you ever wondered how calculus was
discovered it's an interesting story
containing some of the greatest
mathematicians of all time and a little
controversy to the origins of calculus
go way back more than 2,500 years to the
ancient Greeks where we begin our
journey into the birth of calculus in
400 BC Greek mathematician knew DOCSIS
used a method of exhaustion to find the
areas and volumes of shapes he
discovered that the volume of a cone was
one-third the volume of its
corresponding cylinder at around 240 BC
Archimedes developed this method of
exhaustion further to prove that the
area of a circle is equal to PI
r-squared he did this by drawing regular
polygons inside a circle and to the
regular polygon had so many sides that
have practically become the circle
itself by coming up with a formula for
the area of a circle
Archimedes invented a style of
mathematics called heuristics this was
an approach to problem solving that's
not quite perfect but it's still
practical and sufficient enough
heuristics started to resemble early
integral calculus and Archimedes used
the method of exhaustion to calculate
further areas such as the area under a
parabola and the surface area and volume
of a sphere Archimedes was also the very
first to find the tangent to a curve
rather than just a circle using a method
that started to resemble differential
calculus when studying the spiral known
today as the Archimedes spiral he
separated the points motion into two
components one at radial and one
circular motion he added the two motions
together and by doing this was able to
find the tangent to a curve
moving on now from ancient mathematics
and now fast boarding to the 17th
century
at this time often called the century of
the Scientific Revolution many great
mathematical ideas formulas and proofs
were discovered Cavaliere developed a
method of indivisible x' in the 1630s
which was a more modern version of the
method of exhaustion by Archimedes and
an early step towards integral calculus
Cavaliers principle states that if we
have two solids of equal height sitting
on the same plane with equal cross
sectional areas as though we have sliced
these solids up into flat cross-sections
then the volume of these two solids must
be equal other european mathematicians
in the 17th century such as Isaac Barrow
Rene Descartes Pierre de Fermat Blaise
Pascal and John Wallis all began to
discuss the idea of something called the
derivative but the two most notable
mathematicians at this time Isaac Newton
and Gottfried Leibniz were about to make
one of the most incredible breakthroughs
in mathematics of all time in the mid
1600s at the peak of this scientific
revolution a young man called Isaac
Newton was living in Cambridge England
as a teenager he was removed from school
and his mother widowed twice tried to
make a farmer out of him the Newton
hated farming the master of king's
school eventually convinced Newton's
mother to send him back to school so he
could complete his education and it's
just as well that he did he quickly
became a top ranking student and stood
out from his peers by building things
such as Sun dials and windmills
in 1661 he began his studies at Trinity
College Cambridge
however in 1667 Trinity College was
closed due to the precautions from the
plague during this time the 22 year old
Newton was trying to solve physics
problems but he needed to come up with
some kind of dynamic mathematical system
to help explain his physics problems of
gravitation motion and the orbits of the
planets
for most he was a physicist and he
worked extensively on laws of motion and
gravitation but no mathematics yet
existed to explain how an object falls
increasing in speed every split-second
Newton also wanted to work out why the
orbits of the planets were ellipses and
as a result he developed infant assimil
calculus building on the work of
European mathematicians such as Rene
Descartes and Pierre de Fermat by
forcing a relationship between physical
phenomena like the laws of motion
gravitation and the orbits of the
planets he saw the need for the
development of a whole new dynamic
system of mathematics so how did he come
up with this dynamic mathematical system
the initial problem confronted by Newton
was that it's easy enough to find the
average gradient on a function using
rise over run such as the average speed
in a distance time graph however what
happens when the slope of the curve is
always changing a method didn't yet
exist to give the exact slope on any
point on a curve that was changing its
rate multiple times newton's started to
realize that as the secant of a curve
becomes smaller and smaller the slope
becomes an exact point and we can draw a
tangent at this point we know that the
tangent is a straight line that only
touches the curve at one point and so as
the secant approaches zero to become the
point on the curve the calculation of
the slope becomes closer and closer to
the exact slope at this point this is
when Newton calculated something called
the derivative or gradient function
which can accurately give the slope at
any point on any function Newton called
this process of calculating the
instantaneous rate have changed the
Fluxion and the changing wine x-values
the fluence
which is the differential calculus we
use today
once he had come up with the derivative
function or the gradient function you
tan establish that it's been really easy
to find the instantaneous rate of change
on any curve at any point by just
inserting a value FEX Newton then came
up with the discovery that the opposite
of differentiation is integration and he
named integration as the method of
fluence in his fundamental theorem of
calculus where Newton links integral and
differential calculus he saves that
differential and integral calculus are
opposites or inverse operations so that
when you differentiate a function and
then integrate it the original function
is retrieved so what exactly is integral
calculus the integral of a curve is the
formula for calculating the area bound
by the curve in the x axis between 2x
points the area under a velocity time
graph for example would be the actual
distance traveled integration can be
achieved by breaking the area into
infinitesimally thin rectangles and then
adding up all the areas of all the
rectangles to get the exact area under
the curve the thin of the rectangles are
in their width the more accurate the
area under the curve would be which
eventually would approach the exact area
this is known as a limiting procedure as
the width of the rectangles approaches
zero in the same way that the length of
the secant approach 0 for
differentiation the development of
mathematics by the Greeks up until this
time was very static however calculus
would allow for mathematicians and
engineers to really make sense of motion
and dynamic change in the world around
us such as the orbits of the planets and
the motion of fluids Newton was
considered one of the most influential
figures in history to this day and in
1687 he published principia mathematica
the principles of natural philosophy
which dominated the scientific view of
the universe for the following three
centuries moving on now to the second
discoverer of calculus Scott Fred
Leibnitz Gottfried Leoben it's born in
Germany in 1646 or Sunter a professor of
moral philosophy he was lucky enough to
inherit his father's personal library
who unfortunately died when he was
only six years old his father's library
enabled him to study a wide variety of
advanced philosophical and theological
works not available in general
schoolwork he was only 18 when he
graduated with the master's in
philosophy and after only one year of
legal studies he was awarded a Bachelor
of law after meeting mathematician and
friend Christian Huggins he convinced
Leibnitz to dedicate time to the study
of mathematics and so in 1674 Leibnitz
began working on calculus his approach
to calculus was from a metaphysical
point of view he reasoned that the
integrals are some of the ordinates the
infant is little intervals in the
abscissa so the sum of infinite
rectangles from these definitions he
quickly identified the relationship of
integration with differentiation and he
realized the potential to form a whole
new system of mathematics
in 1684 he published his work on the
theory of calculus which included
differential and integral calculus
completely independently of Isaac Newton
as Newton hadn't published anything on
calculus yet a controversy arose as to
who discovered calculus first eventually
Newton was credited as a first
discoverer and Lieber Nets was credited
with the first to publish work over the
years there have been both accepted as
independent discoverers of calculus it
was Lebanese who thoughtfully used
superior notation to Newton which is the
notation used today in modern calculus
if we compare the calculus of Newton and
Leibnitz the descriptive terms to
describe change by both mathematicians
was essentially very different for
Lebanese change was the difference
ranging over a sequence of infinitely
close values called infinitesimal these
are the basic ingredient in the
infinitesimal calculus developed by
Leibnitz infinity smalls for lab nets
were the small quantities such as the
tiny rectangles and the tiny gradient
values of the secant eventually
approaching zero they are so small in
fact that there isn't any way of
measuring them later on mathematicians
would describe this as a limit the rise
of calculus by Newton and Leibnitz in
the 17th century was such a unique and
significant moment in mathematics it was
a whole new system and form of maths too
help describe our dynamic universe the
benefits of using calculus to model any
system of change or motion today is
virtually unlimited in any field such as
medicine and economics and is not
restricted to physics only we can
appreciate Newton and Leibnitz for
pushing civilization forward in such a
dramatic way in the 17th century by
connecting the physical universe of
motion and change with mathematics
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