When China stopped having children

Small Circles Forward
14 Mar 202009:55

Summary

TLDRIn den letzten hundert Jahren hat sich die Geburtenrate weltweit drastisch verändert. Früher bekamen Frauen durchschnittlich fünf bis sechs Kinder, von denen viele vor dem Erwachsenenalter starben. Heute liegt die Zahl bei zwei oder drei Kindern pro Frau, wobei fast alle gesund aufwachsen. Diese Entwicklung führte zu einem schnellen Bevölkerungswachstum, da Kinder überleben und Menschen länger und gesünder leben. Besonders in China hat sich die Geburtenrate aufgrund staatlicher Eingriffe, wie der Ein-Kind-Politik, radikal verändert, was zu einer Reihe von sozialen und demografischen Herausforderungen führte. Die Zukunft der Bevölkerungsentwicklung, insbesondere in China, wirft Fragen auf, da der Trend zu niedrigeren Geburtenraten anhält und ältere Bevölkerungsgruppen einen zunehmenden Anteil der Gesellschaft ausmachen.

Takeaways

  • 😲 Over the last 100 years, global fertility rates have rapidly declined from 5-6 children per woman to around 2-3 today
  • 😎 Improvements in health and medicine have enabled more children to survive to adulthood, driving initial population booms
  • 💡 The 'demographic transition model' helps explain how populations stabilize over time as child mortality declines
  • 🚼 China's one-child policy (1979-2015) successfully reduced fertility rates from 6 to 1.5 children per woman
  • 😥 The policy had negative consequences like forced abortions, female infanticide, and millions of unregistered children
  • 👧 Today, China has one of the most skewed gender ratios in the world - 120 boys for every 100 girls
  • 😮 China's population is expected to peak around 2030 and then decline by 400 million by 2100
  • 🇨🇳 An aging population and shrinking workforce poses economic challenges for China's future
  • 🔄 Other East Asian countries like Japan and Korea face similar demographic challenges
  • 🤔 Social norms around smaller families are deeply entrenched, making it hard for China to boost fertility

Q & A

  • Wie viele Kinder hatte eine Frau in China in den 1960er Jahren im Durchschnitt?

    -In den 1960er Jahren hatte eine Frau in China im Durchschnitt sechs Kinder.

  • Wie schnell sank die Fruchtbarkeitsrate in China zwischen 1970 und 1980?

    -Die Fruchtbarkeitsrate in China sank zwischen 1970 und 1980 sehr schnell von fast sechs auf zweieinhalb innerhalb von nur 10 Jahren.

  • Was war das Ziel der Ein-Kind-Politik in China?

    -Das Ziel der Ein-Kind-Politik war, die Bevölkerungswachstumsrate in China zu senken.

  • Welche negativen Auswirkungen hatte die Ein-Kind-Politik?

    -Die Ein-Kind-Politik führte zu Zwangsabtreibungen, Zwangssterilisationen und seelischen Narben bei Millionen von Menschen. Auch entstanden Millionen von Kinder ohne Staatsbürgerschaft und Rechte.

  • Was ist eine Folge des Geschlechterungleichgewichts durch die Ein-Kind-Politik?

    -Eine Folge ist ein Geschlechterungleichgewicht mit Millionen fehlenden Mädchen in der Bevölkerung. Heute gibt es etwa 120 Jungen auf 100 Mädchen zwischen 0 und 15 Jahren.

  • Wie wird sich Chinas Bevölkerung bis 2100 laut UN-Prognose entwickeln?

    -Laut UN-Prognose wird Chinas Bevölkerung bis 2100 um 400 Millionen auf etwa 1 Milliarde sinken.

  • Welche demografischen Herausforderungen bringt der Bevölkerungsrückgang?

    -Eine kleinere junge Generation muss eine größere ältere Generation versorgen. Es gibt mehr Rentner bei weniger Erwerbstätigen.

  • Seit wann ist die Ein-Kind-Politik offiziell abgeschafft?

    -Die Ein-Kind-Politik ist seit 2015 offiziell abgeschafft.

  • Was unternimmt China, um die Geburtenrate wieder zu steigern?

    -China fördert jetzt Eltern, mehr Kinder zu bekommen, um künftige Arbeitskräfte zu sichern.

  • Warum ist es schwierig, den Geburtenrückgang umzukehren?

    -Moderne Faktoren wie Urbanisierung, Karrieredenken und höhere Lebenshaltungskosten in Städten wirken einer Erhöhung der Geburtenrate entgegen.

Outlines

00:00

🌍 Globale demografische Veränderungen

Im Laufe der letzten hundert Jahre hat sich das Fortpflanzungsverhalten der Menschen weltweit drastisch verändert. Früher bekamen Frauen im Durchschnitt fünf bis sechs Kinder, von denen viele vor Erreichen des gebärfähigen Alters starben. Heutzutage haben die meisten Frauen in den meisten Ländern zwei bis drei Kinder, die fast alle gesund aufwachsen. Diese Entwicklung hat zu einem schnellen Bevölkerungswachstum geführt, da Kinder überleben und die Menschen länger und gesünder leben. Die Anzahl der Kinder, die Paare zu haben entscheiden, hat sich auf etwa zwei pro Paar verringert, was zur Reproduktionsrate führt. Dieser Trend verläuft jedoch in verschiedenen Ländern unterschiedlich schnell und wird durch Faktoren wie Familienplanungsmaßnahmen beeinflusst. In China beispielsweise fiel die Geburtenrate von sechs auf zwei Komma fünf innerhalb von zehn Jahren, ein Rückgang, der in anderen Ländern viel länger dauerte. Die Durchsetzung der Ein-Kind-Politik durch Propaganda, sozialen Druck und teils harte Strafen führte zu unregistrierten Kindern ohne Bürgerrechte und einer geschlechtsspezifischen Ungleichheit aufgrund der Bevorzugung männlicher Nachkommen.

05:00

🇨🇳 Chinas demografische Herausforderungen

Die Fertilitätsrate in China ist einer der niedrigsten weltweit, mit 1,5 oder 1,6 Kindern pro Frau in den letzten 25 Jahren. Trotz einer Bevölkerung von 1,4 Milliarden Menschen nähert sich das Wachstum einem Stillstand, und die UNO prognostiziert, dass die Bevölkerung ab 2031 zu schrumpfen beginnt, mit Indien, das China als bevölkerungsreichstes Land überholen wird. Urbanisierung und die Suche nach wirtschaftlichen Möglichkeiten führen zu einer Abwanderung aus ländlichen Gebieten. Bis 2100 könnte die Bevölkerung um 400 Millionen Menschen abnehmen, was den Druck auf jüngere Generationen erhöht, eine wachsende Zahl älterer Menschen zu unterstützen. Die Aufhebung der Ein-Kind-Politik und die Einführung einer Zwei-Kind-Politik zielen darauf ab, die Arbeitskraft zu sichern, doch die niedrige Fertilitätsrate scheint beständig. Weitere Faktoren wie Urbanisierung, Lebenshaltungskosten und ein karrierefokussierter Lebensstil erschweren die Erhöhung der Geburtenrate. Die Prognosen deuten darauf hin, dass Chinas Bevölkerung möglicherweise schneller schrumpft als erwartet, was langfristige soziale und wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen mit sich bringt.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Bevölkerungswachstum

Die Bevölkerung nimmt aufgrund der sinkenden Kindersterblichkeit und der längeren Lebenserwartung schnell zu. Dies führt zu einem raschen Bevölkerungswachstum, wenn mehr Kinder überleben und die Menschen länger und gesünder leben.

💡Fruchtbarkeitsrate

Die Anzahl der Kinder, die eine Frau im Laufe ihres Lebens zur Welt bringt. In China sank die Rate von fast 6 in den 1970er Jahren auf 1,5 heute.

💡Ein-Kind-Politik

Die Politik Chinas, die es den meisten Familien von 1979 bis 2015 nur erlaubte, ein Kind zu haben. Dies führte zu Zwangsabtreibungen und Sterilisationen.

💡Bevölkerungsrückgang

Ein Rückgang der Bevölkerungszahl aufgrund niedriger Geburtenraten und alternder Bevölkerung. In China wird ein Rückgang von 400 Millionen bis 2100 prognostiziert.

💡Soziale Normen

Tief verwurzelte gesellschaftliche Erwartungen bezüglich der optimalen Familiengröße. In China hat sich die Norm von großen zu kleinen Familien mit ein oder zwei Kindern entwickelt.

💡Geschlechterungleichgewicht

In China gibt es aufgrund von selektiven Abtreibungen deutlich mehr Jungen als Mädchen, was zu einem Ungleichgewicht der Geschlechter führt.

💡Alternde Bevölkerung

Eine zunehmende Anzahl älterer Menschen im Vergleich zu jüngeren Altersgruppen. Dies wird China aufgrund der Ein-Kind-Politik schneller treffen als andere Länder.

💡Arbeitskräfte

Die erwerbsfähige Bevölkerung zwischen 15 und 64 Jahren. Der Rückgang dieser Gruppe wird Druck auf Chinas Wirtschaft ausüben.

💡Urbanisierung

Der Umzug von Menschen vom Land in die Städte. Die Urbanisierung in China hat zu sinkenden Geburtenraten beigetragen, da Stadtbewohner tendenziell weniger Kinder haben.

💡Bildung von Frauen

Höhere Bildungsniveaus von Frauen korrelieren oft mit geringerer Kinderzahl, da gebildete Frauen später heiraten und sich stärker auf ihre Karriere fokussieren.

Highlights

China had fertility rate of 6 babies per woman in 1960s, dropped to 2.5 by 1980, equivalent drop took other countries much longer

One-child policy introduced in 1979, used propaganda, incentives and punishments to enforce

One-child policy led to gender imbalance, 120 boys for every 100 girls under 15

Millions unregistered children unable to access education, jobs, marry due to extra child fines

China's population growth slowing, will start declining around 2025

China's population predicted to drop by 400 million by 2100

Aging population will pressure smaller younger groups supporting larger older groups

One-child policy made China age faster than US, close to Japan levels

China trying to promote higher birth rates but facing uphill battle

Low fertility trends likely to continue, could decline faster than UN predictions

Population decline could start in 5 years, under 1.3 billion by 2050

Neighboring countries struggling with low fertility rates too

Social norms for small families deeply rooted after decades of interventions

Population could fall below 680 million by 2100

UN predictions may be too conservative given China's rapid development

Transcripts

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[Music]

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humans are not having children the way

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they used to and the course of the last

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hundred years most countries on earth

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have gone from every woman having on

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average five or six children many of

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them dying before reaching childbearing

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age to women in most countries having

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two or three children and almost all of

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them growing up healthy to adulthood and

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having one or two children of their own

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this development is resulting in rapid

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population increase when children are

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surviving and people are living longer

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and healthier lives

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the population increases the number of

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children couples decide to have

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decreased to around point of

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reproduction when every couple on

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average have two children this although

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happens with the delay of one or two

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generations and is explained by the

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demographic transition which we will

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come back to in a future video even

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though the trend is the same the change

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has gone with different speed in

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different countries and worse things

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intervene with family planning measures

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the decline in fertility rate can go

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fast

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[Music]

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China in the 1960s had a population of

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around 650 million and a fertility rate

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of six babies born per woman around a

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quarter of all children died before the

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age of five and the numbers were

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especially bad during the so-called

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Great Leap Forward an effort of Mao's

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regime to increase foreign trade by

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exporting life-supporting crops while

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nationalizing farmland from private

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owners and enforcing strict government

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set prices on harvests pushing

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agriculture outputs out of sync with

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actual consumption needs and starting

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the greatest famine of human history the

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Chinese government was much like most of

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the world visa fighting a perceived

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threat of overpopulation and was with

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propaganda campaigns trying to establish

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social norms and reducing the fertility

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rate of Chinese women and from 1970 to

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1980 the rate dropped from almost six to

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two and a half in just 10 years

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the equivalent drop took for example the

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United States eight years between 1850

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in 1930 India did within sixty years

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Brazilian 35 another nation developing

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very fast in the Far East South Korea

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did it in 20

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then came the policy of one child with

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few exceptions Chinese families were

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expected to have no more than one child

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from the time of the policy going into

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effect in 1979 the enforcement was

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conducted on the local level with great

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variations of style in intensity and was

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using soft weapons like propaganda and

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social pressure to positive offers to

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couple's conforming with the system of

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money prioritized enrollment in schools

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for the child preferable housing

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opportunities and retirement funds but

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also harsh negative impacts on couples

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deciding to have another child like

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forced abortions and sterilization

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inflicting physical and mental scars on

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tens of millions of people

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the system also resulted in many

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children being raised unregistered by

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the government just due to them having

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older siblings and their parents unable

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to pay the fines associated with

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registering multiple children for a

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family fines often the equivalent of

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several years of income these millions

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of children are living their lives

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without citizenship and hence are kept

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out of education employment and the

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opportunity to marry and raise a family

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of their own even though some

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restrictions have been lifted in the

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last few years this is still the reality

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for many of the children being born out

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of wedlock whereas a second or third

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child

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[Music]

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the one-child policy was introduced in a

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country with highly traditional gender

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roles the preference for many families

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to have sons to raise income supporting

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aging parents and marrying a future wife

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into the family led to gender selective

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abortions and the abandoning and even

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killing or female infants this is

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causing a gender imbalance with millions

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of girls missing from the population and

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still today there are close to 120 boys

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for every 100 girls between the ages of

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0 and 15 in China way above the world

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average of 105 to 103 regions and

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villages where the disparity is even

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higher it is worth to mention here that

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many other aspects of fertility decline

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is at play like for the rest of the

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world female education a decline in

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agricultural dependency urbanization the

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decline in child mortality and female

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political empowerment maybe not so much

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the last one regarding China

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specifically it's affecting the 50 of

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the rate and pushing it downward in many

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countries rapidly but the shift that

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happened in China that have resulted in

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one of the lowest numbers in the world a

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1.5 or 1.6 children born per woman has

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been the reality now for the last 25

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years and the question is what will

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happen to it in the future

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the population of China is at 1.4

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billion people today but the growth rate

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is coming to a halt and the number will

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start to decline according to the UN

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medium prediction in 2031 India will

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pass as the most populated country four

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years before that the regional divide in

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China is striking almost the entire

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population lives in the eastern parts of

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the nation while the rural regions the

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West are sparsely populated and the

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population losses due to urbanization

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and perceived economic opportunities

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pulling migration away from the rural

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areas

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[Music]

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the population is predicted to decrease

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with 64 million from its peak by 2050

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and by the year 2100 down by 400 million

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to just over 1 billion people this will

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put a large pressure on the smaller

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younger age groups supporting large

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parent and grandparent generations with

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the clear reduction in working age

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population while the older are

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increasing in share of the total

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population and living longer lives the

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one-child policy and the long term low

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fertility rate of the modern-day Chinese

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society will make the country age faster

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its median age passing the United States

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and closing in on its neighbor Japan

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over the coming decades since 2015 the

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one-child policy is officially scrapped

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for a more flexible with Chinese

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standards to child policy China is once

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again promoting parents to have children

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to secure the future working force and

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economic development it is fighting an

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uphill struggle a society that has

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adopted a low fertility number has a

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tendency to stay low and other factors

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are working against the Chinese

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government in this regard manufacturers

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that has driven the economic development

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of the last decades like fast

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organization an increased cost of living

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in the larger cities and the

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career-focused lifestyle China is also

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accepting few well-chosen no way

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immigrants

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and looking at the other nations in the

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region does not give confidence that the

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development can be turned around Japan

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and South Korea are struggling with low

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numbers themselves and in Hong Kong and

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Singapore the fertility rate might even

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be below 1 now the UN medium prediction

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mentioned earlier leading to a reduction

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of population by 400 million in just 70

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years might even turn out to be a very

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conservative estimate Darrel Bricker and

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John Abbott s'en org using an empty

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planet in 2019 that the UN medium

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variant relies too much on earlier

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experience of neighboring nations not

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factoring in the rapid shift in

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educational development and urbanization

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and predicting a slight increase in

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fertility rate over the coming decades

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closing in on point of reproduction

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something the authors find much unlikely

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the social norms promoting small

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families with one or two children have

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after decades of government

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interventions deeply rooted themselves

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in the Chinese society instead the low

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estimate by the UN it's much more likely

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to be the case for China this would mean

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the population would start to decline in

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just five years from now passing under

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1.3 billion by 2050 and then we cut in

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half in the next coming 50 years to just

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684 million by 2100

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