How language shapes the way we think | Lera Boroditsky | TED

TED
2 May 201814:13

Summary

TLDRDieses Video skizziert die beeindruckende Fähigkeit der Sprache, die Art und Weise zu prägen, wie wir denken. Es zeigt, wie verschiedene Sprachen, wie die der Kuuk Thaayorre in Australien, die Wahrnehmung von Raum, Zeit, Farbe und Zahlen beeinflussen. Die Rede spricht auch über die Bedeutung der sprachlichen Vielfalt und warnt davor, dass wir diese Vielfalt verlieren, was unsere Einsicht in die menschliche Psyche einschränken könnte.

Takeaways

  • 🧠 Die menschliche Sprache ermöglicht es uns, komplexe Gedanken zu kommunizieren und Wissen über Raum und Zeit zu übertragen.
  • 🌍 Es gibt etwa 7.000 Sprachen auf der Welt, die sich in Lauten, Vokabular und Struktur stark unterscheiden.
  • 🧭 In der Kuuk Thaayorre-Sprache werden Himmelsrichtungen anstelle von 'links' und 'rechts' verwendet, was die Menschen besser orientiert macht.
  • 🕰️ Die Wahrnehmung von Zeit unterscheidet sich je nach Sprache – manche Kulturen ordnen Zeit basierend auf der Himmelsrichtung an, während andere sie körperzentriert wahrnehmen.
  • 🔢 Einige Sprachen haben keine genauen Zahlenwörter, was das Zählen und die Erfassung exakter Mengen erschwert.
  • 🎨 Sprachen beeinflussen auch die Farbwahrnehmung – zum Beispiel unterscheiden russische Sprecher klar zwischen hell- und dunkelblau.
  • 🌞 Grammatikalisches Geschlecht in Sprachen kann die Wahrnehmung von Objekten verändern – z.B. wird eine Brücke im Deutschen als „elegant“ und im Spanischen als „stark“ beschrieben.
  • ⚖️ Unterschiedliche sprachliche Strukturen führen dazu, dass Menschen Ereignisse, wie Unfälle, unterschiedlich wahrnehmen und interpretieren.
  • 🧳 Sprachliche Vielfalt zeigt, wie flexibel der menschliche Geist ist – jede Sprache eröffnet eine einzigartige kognitive Welt.
  • 📉 Leider gehen Sprachen weltweit verloren, was auch den Verlust wertvoller Erkenntnisse über das menschliche Denken bedeutet.

Q & A

  • Wie viele Sprachen gibt es auf der ganzen Welt?

    -Es gibt etwa 7.000 Sprachen, die auf der ganzen Welt gesprochen werden.

  • Wie beeinflusst die Sprache, die wir sprechen, möglicherweise unser Denken?

    -Die Sprache kann tiefgreifend den Weg beeinflussen, in dem wir denken, indem sie unsere Wahrnehmung von Raum, Zeit, Zahlen, Farben und sogar moralischen Urteilen beeinflusst.

  • Was ist ein Beispiel für eine kulturelle Unterschiede in Bezug auf Richtungsbenennung?

    -Die Kuuk Thaayorre-Personen in Australien verwenden keine Begriffe wie 'links' und 'rechts', sondern alles wird in Himmelsrichtungen wie Norden, Süden, Osten und Westen ausgedrückt.

  • Wie organisieren die Kuuk Thaayorre das Konzept der Zeit?

    -Für die Kuuk Thaayorre ist die Zeit an die Landschaft gebunden und nicht am Körper. Sie organisieren die Zeit von Ost nach West, unabhängig von der Richtung, in der sie sich befinden.

  • Wie beeinflussen Sprachen ohne genaue Zahlwörter die Fähigkeit der Menschen, Mengen zu zählen?

    -Sprachen, die keine exakten Zahlwörter wie 'sieben' oder 'acht' haben, können dazu führen, dass Sprecher diese Sprachen Schwierigkeiten haben, genaue Mengen zu zählen und zu verfolgen.

  • Wie unterscheiden sich die Wahrnehmung von Farben zwischen Sprachen, die viele Farbbezeichnungen haben und denen, die nur wenige haben?

    -Sprachen, die viele Farbbezeichnungen haben, wie Russisch, erlauben es den Sprecherinnen und Sprecher, schneller zwischen verschiedenen Farbtönen zu unterscheiden, während Sprachen, die weniger Farbbezeichnungen haben, möglicherweise eine grobere Farbwahrnehmung aufweisen.

  • Was ist der Einfluss der grammatischen Geschlechter auf die Wahrnehmung von Objekten?

    -Sprachen mit grammatischen Geschlechtern können die Wahrnehmung von Objekten beeinflussen. Zum Beispiel nennen deutsche Sprecher, die die Sonne feminin wahrnehmen, sie oft als 'schön' und 'elegant', während spanische Sprecher, die sie maskulin wahrnehmen, eher 'stark' und 'lang' beschreiben.

  • Wie beeinflusst die Sprache die Erinnerung an Ereignisse?

    -Die Sprache kann die Art und Weise beeinflussen, wie wir Ereignisse wie Unfälle erinnern. Englische Sprecher erinnern sich eher an die Täter, während spanische Sprecher möglicherweise mehr an die Umstände wie den Zufall erinnern.

  • Warum ist die Vielfalt der Sprachen wichtig für das Verständnis des menschlichen Geistes?

    -Die Vielfalt der Sprachen offenbart, wie erfinderisch und flexibel der menschliche Geist ist. Jede Sprache bietet einen anderen kognitiven Rahmen, was zeigt, dass es viele verschiedene Wege gibt, wie der menschliche Geist funktioniert.

  • Welche Herausforderungen stellt die Verlust von Sprachvielfalt für die Wissenschaft dar?

    -Der Verlust von Sprachvielfalt führt dazu, dass wir immer weniger über die verschiedenen kognitiven Möglichkeiten des menschlichen Geistes wissen. Dies kann zu einer eingeschränkten und verzerrten Sichtweise auf das menschliche Denken führen.

Outlines

00:00

🗣️ Sprache und Denken

Der Sprecher erläutert, wie Sprache dazu beiträgt, komplexe Gedanken zwischen Menschen zu übermitteln. Er beschreibt, wie durch das Sprechen und die Erzeugung von Luftschwingungen Informationen übertragen werden. Der Sprecher stellt die Frage, ob die Sprache, die wir sprechen, unseren Denkprozess beeinflusst, was eine alte Debatte ist. Er führt Beispiele aus verschiedenen Kulturen und Sprachen ein, um zu zeigen, wie Sprache die Wahrnehmung und das Denken beeinflussen kann, wie z.B. die Verwendung von Himmelsrichtungen anstelle von 'links' und 'rechts' bei den Kuuk Thaayorre in Australien.

05:02

🌐 Raum- und Zeitwahrnehmung durch Sprache

Der Sprecher erläutert, wie die Kuuk Thaayorre-Sprache die Wahrnehmung von Raum und Zeit beeinflusst. Während Englischsprachige Zeit von links nach rechts organisieren, richten Kuuk Thaayorre-Sprecher die Zeit an die Landschaft aus, unabhängig von ihrer Körperausrichtung. Der Sprecher vergleicht dies mit der Fähigkeit, Mengen zu zählen, die in einigen Sprachen nicht so präzise ausgedrückt werden kann, was die Fähigkeit, Mengen genau zu verfolgen, beeinträchtigen kann. Darüber hinaus werden Unterschiede in der Farbwahrnehmung und grammatische Geschlechter diskutiert, die die Wahrnehmung von Objekten beeinflussen können.

10:04

🌍 Sprachliche Vielfalt und kognitive Auswirkungen

Der Sprecher diskutiert die Auswirkungen von Sprache auf kognitive Prozesse wie die Wahrnehmung von Farben, die Benennung von Objekten und die Interpretation von Ereignissen. Er zeigt, wie Sprache die Aufmerksamkeit lenken kann und wie verschiedene Sprachen dazu führen können, dass Menschen unterschiedliche Aspekte von Ereignissen bemerken und sich erinnern. Die Sprache kann also tiefgreifende Einflüsse auf unser Denken haben, von der Wahrnehmung von Raum und Zeit über die Sprachentwicklung bis hin zu persönlich relevanten Themen wie Schuld und Strafe. Der Sprecher betont die Bedeutung der Sprachvielfalt und warnt davor, dass wir diese Vielfalt verlieren, was unsere Wissenschaft und unser Verständnis des menschlichen Geistes einschränken könnte.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Sprache

Sprache ist ein Mittel der Kommunikation und ein zentrales Thema des Videos. Es wird diskutiert, wie Sprache die Art und Weise beeinflusst, wie Menschen denken und Wissen über Raum, Zeit und Konzepte vermitteln. Ein Beispiel aus dem Skript ist die Untersuchung der Kuuk Thaayorre-Sprache, die keine Begriffe wie 'links' und 'rechts' verwendet, sondern stets in Himmelsrichtungen kommuniziert, was zu einer anderen Orientierung im Raum führt.

💡Kognitive Fähigkeiten

Kognitive Fähigkeiten beziehen sich auf die mentalen Prozesse, die Menschen dazu befähigen, Informationen zu verarbeiten, zu lernen und zu denken. Im Video wird gezeigt, wie verschiedene Sprachen unterschiedliche kognitive Fähigkeiten fördern oder hervorheben können, wie die Orientierung in Raum und Zeit oder die Wahrnehmung von Farben.

💡Linguistische Vielfalt

Linguistische Vielfalt beschreibt die große Anzahl unterschiedlicher Sprachen, die auf der Welt gesprochen werden. Das Video betont die Bedeutung dieser Vielfalt für die Erkenntnisse über die menschliche Psyche und warnt davor, dass wir diese Vielfalt verlieren, was unsere Wissenschaft eingeschränkt und verzerrt.

💡Orientierung im Raum

Orientierung im Raum ist die Fähigkeit, sich in einer Umgebung zurechtzufinden und die Positionen von Objekten zu lokalisieren. Das Video verwendet die Kuuk Thaayorre-Sprache als Beispiel, um zu zeigen, wie Sprache die räumliche Orientierung beeinflussen kann, indem sie die Verwendung von Himmelsrichtungen erfordert.

💡Zeitperzeption

Zeitperzeption bezieht sich auf die Wahrnehmung und das Verständnis der Zeit. Im Video wird gezeigt, wie verschiedene Sprachen, wie die Kuuk Thaayorre, die Zeit anders organisieren können, was die Art und Weise beeinflusst, wie Menschen über Ereignisse und Sequenzen nachdenken.

💡Grammatische Geschlechter

Grammatische Geschlechter sind eine sprachliche Eigenschaft, bei der Nomen einem Geschlecht zugeordnet werden, oft weiblich oder männlich. Das Video diskutiert, wie diese Konstruktion das Denken beeinflussen kann, indem es zeigt, dass Sprecher verschiedener Sprachen, die unterschiedliche Geschlechter für das gleiche Objekt verwenden, unterschiedliche Attribute für dieses Objekt hervorheben.

💡Zahlbegriffe

Zahlbegriffe sind sprachliche Konzepte, die es ermöglichen, Mengen und Quantitäten zu zählen und zu beschreiben. Im Video wird erklärt, wie die Präsenz oder Abwesenheit von Zahlbegriffen in einer Sprache die Fähigkeit der Sprecher beeinflusst, Mengen genau zu identifizieren und zu verarbeiten.

💡Farbperzeption

Farbperzeption ist die Fähigkeit, Farben wahrzunehmen und zu unterscheiden. Das Video zeigt, wie Sprachen, die viele Farbbegriffe haben, wie Russisch, die Farbwahrnehmung und -diskriminierung beeinflussen können, indem Sprecher schneller sind, zwischen leichten und dunklen Farbtönen zu unterscheiden.

💡Sprachliche Konstruktionen

Sprachliche Konstruktionen sind die Weisen, wie Sprachen Informationen strukturieren und ausdrücken. Im Video wird gezeigt, wie bestimmte Konstruktionen, wie die Verwendung von Aktiv und Passiv, die Wahrnehmung und das Gedächtnis von Ereignissen beeinflussen können, was wiederum Auswirkungen auf die Urteilsfindung und das Zeugenaussageverhalten hat.

💡Kognitive Universen

Kognitive Universen sind die verschiedenen Denkweisen und mentalen Paradigmen, die durch die Vielfalt der Sprachen auf der Welt entstehen. Das Video betont, dass jede Sprache ein eigenes kognitives Universum schafft, was die Fähigkeit des menschlichen Geistes zeigt, sich anzupassen und zu innovieren.

Highlights

Humans have the unique ability to transmit complex thoughts through language.

Language allows us to share ideas across vast distances and time.

There are approximately 7,000 languages in the world, each with distinct sounds, vocabularies, and structures.

The question of whether language shapes thought has been debated for centuries.

Recent scientific research provides data to explore the relationship between language and thought.

The Kuuk Thaayorre people in Australia use cardinal directions instead of 'left' and 'right'.

Kuuk Thaayorre speakers maintain a strong sense of orientation due to their language.

Languages without exact number words can affect the ability to count and track quantities.

The way languages divide the color spectrum can influence color perception and cognition.

Grammatical gender in languages can affect how speakers perceive inanimate objects.

Languages can shape memory and attention, as seen in how English and Spanish speakers remember events differently.

Language can guide our reasoning about events, influencing blame and punishment.

Linguistic diversity reveals the ingenious and flexible nature of the human mind.

We are losing linguistic diversity at an alarming rate, with one language disappearing every week.

Most current knowledge about the human mind is based on a narrow demographic, which is not representative.

The way we think is shaped by the language we speak, offering opportunities for personal reflection and growth.

Transcripts

play00:12

So, I'll be speaking to you using language ...

play00:16

because I can.

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This is one these magical abilities that we humans have.

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We can transmit really complicated thoughts to one another.

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So what I'm doing right now is, I'm making sounds with my mouth

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as I'm exhaling.

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I'm making tones and hisses and puffs,

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and those are creating air vibrations in the air.

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Those air vibrations are traveling to you,

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they're hitting your eardrums,

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and then your brain takes those vibrations from your eardrums

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and transforms them into thoughts.

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I hope.

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(Laughter)

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I hope that's happening.

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So because of this ability, we humans are able to transmit our ideas

play00:56

across vast reaches of space and time.

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We're able to transmit knowledge across minds.

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I can put a bizarre new idea in your mind right now.

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I could say,

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"Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library

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while thinking about quantum mechanics."

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(Laughter)

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Now, if everything has gone relatively well in your life so far,

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you probably haven't had that thought before.

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(Laughter)

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But now I've just made you think it,

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through language.

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Now of course, there isn't just one language in the world,

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there are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world.

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And all the languages differ from one another in all kinds of ways.

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Some languages have different sounds,

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they have different vocabularies,

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and they also have different structures --

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very importantly, different structures.

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That begs the question:

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Does the language we speak shape the way we think?

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Now, this is an ancient question.

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People have been speculating about this question forever.

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Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, said,

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"To have a second language is to have a second soul" --

play01:56

strong statement that language crafts reality.

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But on the other hand, Shakespeare has Juliet say,

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"What's in a name?

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A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."

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Well, that suggests that maybe language doesn't craft reality.

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These arguments have gone back and forth for thousands of years.

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But until recently, there hasn't been any data

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to help us decide either way.

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Recently, in my lab and other labs around the world,

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we've started doing research,

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and now we have actual scientific data to weigh in on this question.

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So let me tell you about some of my favorite examples.

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I'll start with an example from an Aboriginal community in Australia

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that I had the chance to work with.

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These are the Kuuk Thaayorre people.

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They live in Pormpuraaw at the very west edge of Cape York.

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What's cool about Kuuk Thaayorre is,

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in Kuuk Thaayorre, they don't use words like "left" and "right,"

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and instead, everything is in cardinal directions:

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north, south, east and west.

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And when I say everything, I really mean everything.

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You would say something like,

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"Oh, there's an ant on your southwest leg."

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Or, "Move your cup to the north-northeast a little bit."

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In fact, the way that you say "hello" in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,

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"Which way are you going?"

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And the answer should be,

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"North-northeast in the far distance.

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How about you?"

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So imagine as you're walking around your day,

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every person you greet,

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you have to report your heading direction.

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(Laughter)

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But that would actually get you oriented pretty fast, right?

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Because you literally couldn't get past "hello,"

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if you didn't know which way you were going.

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In fact, people who speak languages like this stay oriented really well.

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They stay oriented better than we used to think humans could.

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We used to think that humans were worse than other creatures

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because of some biological excuse:

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"Oh, we don't have magnets in our beaks or in our scales."

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No; if your language and your culture trains you to do it,

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actually, you can do it.

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There are humans around the world who stay oriented really well.

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And just to get us in agreement

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about how different this is from the way we do it,

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I want you all to close your eyes for a second

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and point southeast.

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(Laughter)

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Keep your eyes closed. Point.

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OK, so you can open your eyes.

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I see you guys pointing there, there, there, there, there ...

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I don't know which way it is myself --

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(Laughter)

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You have not been a lot of help.

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(Laughter)

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So let's just say the accuracy in this room was not very high.

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This is a big difference in cognitive ability across languages, right?

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Where one group -- very distinguished group like you guys --

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doesn't know which way is which,

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but in another group,

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I could ask a five-year-old and they would know.

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(Laughter)

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There are also really big differences in how people think about time.

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So here I have pictures of my grandfather at different ages.

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And if I ask an English speaker to organize time,

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they might lay it out this way,

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from left to right.

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This has to do with writing direction.

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If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic,

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you might do it going in the opposite direction,

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from right to left.

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But how would the Kuuk Thaayorre,

play05:03

this Aboriginal group I just told you about, do it?

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They don't use words like "left" and "right."

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Let me give you hint.

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When we sat people facing south,

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they organized time from left to right.

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When we sat them facing north,

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they organized time from right to left.

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When we sat them facing east,

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time came towards the body.

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What's the pattern?

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East to west, right?

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So for them, time doesn't actually get locked on the body at all,

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it gets locked on the landscape.

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So for me, if I'm facing this way,

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then time goes this way,

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and if I'm facing this way, then time goes this way.

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I'm facing this way, time goes this way --

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very egocentric of me to have the direction of time chase me around

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every time I turn my body.

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For the Kuuk Thaayorre, time is locked on the landscape.

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It's a dramatically different way of thinking about time.

play05:52

Here's another really smart human trick.

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Suppose I ask you how many penguins are there.

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Well, I bet I know how you'd solve that problem if you solved it.

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You went, "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight."

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You counted them.

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You named each one with a number,

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and the last number you said was the number of penguins.

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This is a little trick that you're taught to use as kids.

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You learn the number list and you learn how to apply it.

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A little linguistic trick.

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Well, some languages don't do this,

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because some languages don't have exact number words.

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They're languages that don't have a word like "seven"

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or a word like "eight."

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In fact, people who speak these languages don't count,

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and they have trouble keeping track of exact quantities.

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So, for example, if I ask you to match this number of penguins

play06:36

to the same number of ducks,

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you would be able to do that by counting.

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But folks who don't have that linguistic trick can't do that.

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Languages also differ in how they divide up the color spectrum --

play06:50

the visual world.

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Some languages have lots of words for colors,

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some have only a couple words, "light" and "dark."

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And languages differ in where they put boundaries between colors.

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So, for example, in English, there's a word for blue

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that covers all of the colors that you can see on the screen,

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but in Russian, there isn't a single word.

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Instead, Russian speakers have to differentiate

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between light blue, "goluboy,"

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and dark blue, "siniy."

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So Russians have this lifetime of experience of, in language,

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distinguishing these two colors.

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When we test people's ability to perceptually discriminate these colors,

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what we find is that Russian speakers are faster

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across this linguistic boundary.

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They're faster to be able to tell the difference

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between a light and dark blue.

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And when you look at people's brains as they're looking at colors --

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say you have colors shifting slowly from light to dark blue --

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the brains of people who use different words for light and dark blue

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will give a surprised reaction as the colors shift from light to dark,

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as if, "Ooh, something has categorically changed,"

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whereas the brains of English speakers, for example,

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that don't make this categorical distinction,

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don't give that surprise,

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because nothing is categorically changing.

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Languages have all kinds of structural quirks.

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This is one of my favorites.

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Lots of languages have grammatical gender;

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every noun gets assigned a gender, often masculine or feminine.

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And these genders differ across languages.

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So, for example, the sun is feminine in German but masculine in Spanish,

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and the moon, the reverse.

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Could this actually have any consequence for how people think?

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Do German speakers think of the sun as somehow more female-like,

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and the moon somehow more male-like?

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Actually, it turns out that's the case.

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So if you ask German and Spanish speakers to, say, describe a bridge,

play08:39

like the one here --

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"bridge" happens to be grammatically feminine in German,

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grammatically masculine in Spanish --

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German speakers are more likely to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"

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and stereotypically feminine words.

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Whereas Spanish speakers will be more likely to say

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they're "strong" or "long,"

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these masculine words.

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(Laughter)

play09:03

Languages also differ in how they describe events, right?

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You take an event like this, an accident.

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In English, it's fine to say, "He broke the vase."

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In a language like Spanish,

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you might be more likely to say, "The vase broke,"

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or, "The vase broke itself."

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If it's an accident, you wouldn't say that someone did it.

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In English, quite weirdly, we can even say things like,

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"I broke my arm."

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Now, in lots of languages,

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you couldn't use that construction unless you are a lunatic

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and you went out looking to break your arm --

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(Laughter)

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and you succeeded.

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If it was an accident, you would use a different construction.

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Now, this has consequences.

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So, people who speak different languages will pay attention to different things,

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depending on what their language usually requires them to do.

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So we show the same accident to English speakers and Spanish speakers,

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English speakers will remember who did it,

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because English requires you to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."

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Whereas Spanish speakers might be less likely to remember who did it

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if it's an accident,

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but they're more likely to remember that it was an accident.

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They're more likely to remember the intention.

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So, two people watch the same event,

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witness the same crime,

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but end up remembering different things about that event.

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This has implications, of course, for eyewitness testimony.

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It also has implications for blame and punishment.

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So if you take English speakers

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and I just show you someone breaking a vase,

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and I say, "He broke the vase," as opposed to "The vase broke,"

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even though you can witness it yourself,

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you can watch the video,

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you can watch the crime against the vase,

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you will punish someone more,

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you will blame someone more if I just said, "He broke it,"

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as opposed to, "It broke."

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The language guides our reasoning about events.

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Now, I've given you a few examples

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of how language can profoundly shape the way we think,

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and it does so in a variety of ways.

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So language can have big effects,

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like we saw with space and time,

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where people can lay out space and time

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in completely different coordinate frames from each other.

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Language can also have really deep effects --

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that's what we saw with the case of number.

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Having count words in your language,

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having number words,

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opens up the whole world of mathematics.

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Of course, if you don't count, you can't do algebra,

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you can't do any of the things

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that would be required to build a room like this

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or make this broadcast, right?

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This little trick of number words gives you a stepping stone

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into a whole cognitive realm.

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Language can also have really early effects,

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what we saw in the case of color.

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These are really simple, basic, perceptual decisions.

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We make thousands of them all the time,

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and yet, language is getting in there

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and fussing even with these tiny little perceptual decisions that we make.

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Language can have really broad effects.

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So the case of grammatical gender may be a little silly,

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but at the same time, grammatical gender applies to all nouns.

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That means language can shape how you're thinking

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about anything that can be named by a noun.

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That's a lot of stuff.

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And finally, I gave you an example of how language can shape things

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that have personal weight to us --

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ideas like blame and punishment or eyewitness memory.

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These are important things in our daily lives.

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Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity is that it reveals to us

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just how ingenious and how flexible the human mind is.

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Human minds have invented not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --

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there are 7,000 languages spoken around the world.

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And we can create many more --

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languages, of course, are living things,

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things that we can hone and change to suit our needs.

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The tragic thing is that we're losing so much of this linguistic diversity

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all the time.

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We're losing about one language a week,

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and by some estimates,

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half of the world's languages will be gone in the next hundred years.

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And the even worse news is that right now,

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almost everything we know about the human mind and human brain

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is based on studies of usually American English-speaking undergraduates

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at universities.

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That excludes almost all humans. Right?

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So what we know about the human mind is actually incredibly narrow and biased,

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and our science has to do better.

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I want to leave you with this final thought.

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I've told you about how speakers of different languages think differently,

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but of course, that's not about how people elsewhere think.

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It's about how you think.

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It's how the language that you speak shapes the way that you think.

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And that gives you the opportunity to ask,

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"Why do I think the way that I do?"

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"How could I think differently?"

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And also,

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"What thoughts do I wish to create?"

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Thank you very much.

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(Applause)

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SprachwissenschaftKognitive FähigkeitenSprachvielfaltKulturelle UnterschiedeDenkweiseSprachstrukturKommunikationLinguistische UnterschiedeKognitive UnterschiedeSprachverlust