Sejarah kedatangan bangsa inggris di nusantara

Summary

The script explores the historical journey of the British in Indonesia, driven by the European demand for spices as essential preservatives and food during winter. It details the British struggle for spice trade dominance, their initial success in securing spices from Portugal, and subsequent difficulties due to conflicts. The narrative includes the establishment of the East India Company, British exploration and trade in Southeast Asia, their temporary control over Java, and the influence of figures like Sir James Lancaster and Lord Minto. It also touches on the governance system implemented by the British, their economic policies, and the eventual return of Dutch control post the Napoleonic Wars, encapsulating a rich history of British-Indonesian relations.

Takeaways

• 📚 The arrival of the British in Indonesia was driven by the difficulty of obtaining spices, which were vital in Europe, especially as preservatives and food during the winter season.
• 🌍 The Portuguese were the first to successfully reach the Maluku Islands and establish trade relations with the locals, leading to the expansion of the spice trade.
• 🏛 Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, became a central hub for the spice trade in Western Europe, which later influenced the British to seek their own profits in this trade.
• 🛑 The English faced difficulties in obtaining spices from the Iberian Peninsula due to conflicts with the Portuguese during the 80 Years' War, prompting them to seek alternative sources.
• 🚢 The English initiated their own maritime explorations to find new sources of spices, inspired by the success of Spanish expeditions.
• 🌐 The first English maritime expedition set sail in 1577, led by Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish, and successfully arrived in Ternate in 1579, marking a significant step in English involvement in the spice trade.
• 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 The establishment of the East India Company (EIC) in 1600 allowed English sailors and merchants to venture into the Indonesian archipelago for spice trade, leading to increased English presence in the region by the 18th century.
• 🤝 In 1602, the English sent envoys to Banten under Sir James Lancaster to form bilateral relations, which resulted in permission to establish trading posts in the region.
• 🏛 By 1604, the English had successfully established trading posts in Ambon, Makassar, Jepara, and Jayakarta, although they were unable to establish a trade monopoly in Indonesia like the Dutch.
• 🏹 The English briefly took control of Java in 1811 after a military campaign, but their rule was short-lived due to the changing geopolitical situation and the eventual return of Dutch rule.
• 📜 The Treaty of London in 1814 and the subsequent Convention of London led to the agreement that the British would return the Indonesian territories to the Dutch, marking the end of British rule in Indonesia in 1816.

Q & A

What was the primary motivation for European nations, including the English, to arrive in Indonesia?

The primary motivation for European nations, including the English, to arrive in Indonesia was the increasing difficulty in obtaining spices, which were vital needs in Europe, especially as preservatives and food during the winter season.

How did the Portuguese establish their spice trade in Europe?

The Portuguese managed to reach the Maluku Islands and secure trade relations with the local population, thus expanding their spice trade. Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, developed into a center for the spice trade in Western Europe.

What advantage did the English have in the spice trade, and how did they obtain their spices?

The English had a significant advantage in the spice trade because they were able to obtain spices freely and relatively cheaply in Lisbon, which were then traded in various European regions, even up to Northern Europe.

Why did the English start experiencing difficulties in obtaining spices from the Iberian Peninsula?

The English began to experience difficulties in obtaining spices from the Iberian Peninsula due to their involvement in conflicts with the Portuguese as part of the 80 Years' War.

What was the significance of the first English maritime expedition in 1577, and who led it?

The first English maritime expedition in 1577, led by Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish, was significant as it followed the Spanish maritime route and successfully landed in Ternate in 1579, marking the beginning of English interest in the Southeast Asian and East Asian spice trade.

What was the outcome of the English expedition led by Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish?

The expedition led by Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish resulted in the English successfully trading for spices in the Maluku Islands, which they then brought back to England, further increasing English interest in the Asian spice trade.

When and how did the English establish the East India Company (EIC), and what was its role?

The English established the East India Company (EIC) in 1600 after gaining control over India. The EIC facilitated English sailors and merchants to engage in the spice trade in the Indonesian archipelago, making it a significant player in the region by the 18th century.

What was the significance of the English sending an envoy to Banten in 1602 under Sir James Lancaster?

The significance of sending an envoy to Banten in 1602 was to establish bilateral relations with the Sultan of Banten, who welcomed the English and granted them permission to establish a trading post in his territory.

How did the English attempt to establish a monopoly in Indonesia, and what were the outcomes?

The English attempted to establish a monopoly in Indonesia by forming trading posts in Ambon, Makassar, Jepara, and Jayakarta. However, they were unable to establish a monopoly like the Dutch and were eventually forced out due to the superior military power and influence of the Dutch on local rulers.

What was the significance of the Battle of Java in 1811, and how did it affect British control in the region?

The Battle of Java in 1811 was significant as it marked the British capture of Batavia using 60 ships. This led to the signing of the capitulation treaty on September 18, 1811, which resulted in the Dutch surrendering their territories in the East Indies to the British, effectively ending Dutch rule and beginning British control in the region.

What were the key points of the Convention of London signed in 1814, and what was its impact on British and Dutch control in Indonesia?

The Convention of London in 1814 stipulated that the British would return the Nusantara region to the Dutch. This agreement was realized two years later, marking the official end of British rule in Indonesia and the beginning of Dutch control from 1816 onwards.