CBSE Class 9 History - 2 || Socialism in Europe and the Russia || Full Chapter || By Shiksha House
Summary
TLDRThe video script chronicles the transformative impact of the Russian Revolution, which overthrew the monarchy and introduced socialist ideals. It traces the spread of revolutionary ideas from the French Revolution, the emergence of distinct political factions—liberals, radicals, and conservatives—and the Industrial Revolution's role in societal discontent. The narrative details the Russian Revolution's progression, from Bloody Sunday to the rise of the Bolsheviks and the establishment of the Soviet Union. It also covers the challenges faced by Lenin and Stalin, including the civil war, economic policies, and the collectivization of farms, which had profound effects on the nation's social and economic landscape.
Takeaways
- 🔍 The Russian Revolution marked a significant shift from monarchy to socialism, aiming to eliminate class divisions and create an equal society.
- 🌐 The French Revolution of the 18th century was a precursor to socialism in Europe, advocating for freedom and equality and inspiring change across continents.
- 🏛 The Industrial Revolution led to the growth of cities and industry but also resulted in poor working conditions, low wages, and unemployment, fueling the desire for societal change.
- 🗳️ Political ideologies were divided into liberals, radicals, and conservatives, each with varying views on the extent of societal change needed, from equal voting rights to maintaining the status quo.
- 🏭 The rise of socialism was characterized by the belief in collective ownership of property as a solution to social inequality, with thinkers like Robert Owen, Louis Blanc, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels influencing its development.
- 📚 The Russian Revolution of 1905, sparked by 'Bloody Sunday,' was a precursor to the 1917 revolution, reflecting widespread dissatisfaction with Tsarist rule and the desire for a Constituent Assembly.
- 🛑 World War I exacerbated Russia's social and economic issues, leading to widespread discontent and the eventual abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, ending the monarchy.
- 🔄 The October Revolution of 1917 saw the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seize power and begin implementing radical socialist policies, including nationalization of banks and land redistribution.
- 🏹 The Russian Civil War was a conflict between the Bolshevik 'Reds' and anti-Bolshevik 'Whites' and 'Greens,' with foreign powers supporting the latter due to concerns over the spread of socialism.
- 🏭 Under Lenin and later Stalin, the Soviet Union pursued aggressive industrialization and collectivization policies, despite facing resistance and severe challenges such as famine.
- 📉 Stalin's forced collectivization of agriculture led to a significant grain shortage and one of the worst famines in Soviet history, causing millions of deaths.
Q & A
What significant event did the Russian Revolution bring about?
-The Russian Revolution replaced the rule by the monarchy and introduced the concept of socialism, promising peace and equality for all.
How did the French Revolution influence the spread of socialist ideas in Europe?
-The French Revolution propagated the ideas of freedom and equality, showing that it was possible to create a society where people controlled economic and social power, and these ideas spread quickly across Europe.
What were the three distinct groups that emerged in response to the revolutionary ideas in society?
-The three groups were liberals, radicals, and conservatives, each with different views on the degree of change needed in society.
What were the main beliefs of liberals during the time of the Russian Revolution?
-Liberals believed in equality of all religions, an elected parliamentary government instead of absolute monarchy, but they only supported voting rights for property owners and did not support suffragette movements.
What was the stance of radicals on voting rights and women's suffrage?
-Radicals agreed with liberals on religious tolerance and removal of absolute monarchy, but they believed in universal voting rights and supported women's suffrage.
How did the Industrial Revolution impact the working conditions and aspirations of workers in Europe?
-The Industrial Revolution led to the formation of new cities and industrial regions, but the working conditions were poor with long hours and low wages, leading workers to yearn for change.
What was the main argument of socialists against private ownership of property?
-Socialists believed that private ownership of property was the root of all social evil, as property owners were not interested in the welfare of the workers despite providing jobs.
Who were some of the prominent socialist thinkers mentioned in the script?
-Some of the eminent socialist thinkers mentioned are Robert Owen, Louis Blum, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels.
What event is referred to as 'Bloody Sunday' and what was its significance in the Russian Revolution?
-Bloody Sunday refers to the incident in 1905 when over 100,000 workers in St. Petersburg went on strike demanding better conditions and were attacked by the Tsar's Cossacks, sparking off the Russian Revolution of 1905.
How did the First World War contribute to the conditions that led to the Russian Revolution?
-The First World War led to heavy casualties, labor shortages, and food shortages in Russia, making the Tsar and the royal family very unpopular and creating conditions ripe for revolution.
What were the key points of Lenin's April Theses and how did they influence the Bolsheviks' actions after the October Revolution?
-Lenin's April Theses called for an end to the war, land to be transferred to peasants, and the nationalization of banks. After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks implemented these points, renaming the party to the Communist Party and taking control of banks and land distribution.
Outlines
🌏 The Dawn of Socialism and the Russian Revolution
This paragraph introduces the Russian Revolution as a pivotal event that replaced monarchy with the promise of socialism, aiming for a classless society. It sets the stage by discussing the spread of socialist ideas across Europe following the French Revolution, highlighting the role of key figures like Raja Ram Mohan Roy. The paragraph also outlines the differing views among liberals, radicals, and conservatives on societal change and the impact of the Industrial Revolution on working conditions, which contributed to the desire for change and the rise of revolutionary movements.
🏭 The Industrial Struggles and the Advent of Socialism
This section delves into the deplorable working conditions during the Industrial Revolution, which served as fertile ground for socialist ideologies. It discusses the belief of socialists that private property ownership was the root of social ills and introduces key socialist thinkers like Robert Owen, Louis Blanqui, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels. The formation of the Second International and the 1905 Russian Revolution, triggered by 'Bloody Sunday,' are also covered, illustrating the growing unrest and the push for workers' rights and better living conditions.
👥 The Discontent of Peasants and Workers in Russia
The paragraph focuses on the widespread dissatisfaction among Russian peasants and workers, who faced land ownership issues and poor working conditions. It describes the emergence of political parties like the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), which included the Bolsheviks led by Lenin and the Mensheviks led by Martov, and the Socialist Revolutionary Party. The narrative of the 1904 Bloody Sunday event and the subsequent strikes and demands for a Constituent Assembly are also included, leading to the formation of the Duma and the eventual abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.
🛑 The 1917 Russian Revolution and the Fall of the Monarchy
This paragraph details the events of 1917, starting with the February Revolution that led to the abdication of the Tsar and the establishment of a provincial government. It discusses the return of Lenin from exile, his April Theses, and the renaming of the Bolshevik Party to the Communist Party. The narrative includes the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks' seizure of power with Leon Trotsky's help, and the subsequent establishment of Soviet rule, marking the end of the monarchy and the beginning of a new era in Russia.
🏛 The Bolsheviks' Rule and the Russian Civil War
The paragraph covers the Bolsheviks' immediate actions after taking power, including the nationalization of banks, land redistribution to peasants, and military reforms. It discusses the challenges faced by Lenin's government, such as resistance from anti-Bolshevik forces, leading to the Russian Civil War. The war's impact, the eventual victory of the Bolsheviks, and the formation of the Soviet Union are also highlighted, along with the economic policies and the first Five-Year Plan aimed at promoting industrial growth.
🌾 Stalin's Era: Collectivization and Famine
This section discusses the transition of power to Joseph Stalin after Lenin's death and the challenges he faced, particularly the grain shortage. It outlines Stalin's solution of enforcing farm collectivization and the establishment of collective farms called 'Kolkhozy.' The resistance to this policy, the punishment of those who opposed it, and the disastrous 1930 famine that resulted in millions of deaths are also covered, painting a picture of the harsh realities of Stalin's early rule.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Russian Revolution
💡Socialism
💡French Revolution
💡Industrial Revolution
💡Liberals
💡Radicals
💡Conservatives
💡Bolsheviks
💡Mensheviks
💡Collectivization
💡Five-Year Plans
Highlights
The Russian Revolution marked a significant shift from monarchical rule to socialism, aiming for a classless society.
Socialism's spread in Europe was influenced by the French Revolution's ideals of freedom and equality.
The Industrial Revolution led to poor working conditions and low wages, fueling the desire for societal change.
Three distinct groups emerged with differing views on societal change: liberals, radicals, and conservatives.
Socialists like Robert Owen, Louis Blanc, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels advocated for collective ownership of property.
The Russian social democratic Workers Party (RSDWP) split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, with differing party membership views.
Bloody Sunday in 1905 sparked the Russian Revolution, with workers demanding better conditions and wages.
Tsar Nicholas II's autocratic rule faced challenges from growing discontent among peasants and workers.
The First World War exacerbated Russia's social and economic issues, leading to widespread unrest.
The October Revolution of 1917 led to the Bolsheviks, under Lenin, seizing power and beginning socialist reforms.
Lenin's April Theses outlined key reforms: ending the war, land redistribution, and bank nationalization.
The Russian Communist Party's rule was marked by iron-fisted governance and the establishment of the Cheka secret police.
The Russian Civil War saw the Bolsheviks (Reds) fight against anti-Bolshevik forces (Whites and Greens) with foreign support.
Stalin's collectivization of farms and forced labor led to a devastating famine and millions of deaths.
Despite resistance and a civil war, the Bolsheviks managed to retain control of the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union under Lenin saw industrial and economic growth through nationalization and five-year plans.
International Women's Day originated from the women-led strikes in Russia, symbolizing the fight for workers' rights.
Transcripts
the Russian Revolution changed life
forever
having replaced the rule by the monarchy
the dawn of socialism promised peace and
equality to all over the next few
modules you will hear the story of the
Russian Revolution
the story of how people decided to get
rid of privilege and class division and
create a society made up of equals
before we learn about the Revolution
itself it is important for us to
understand how socialism came to Europe
the French Revolution during the late
18th century was an important stepping
stone for socialism
as it propagated the ideas of freedom
and equality it also gave hope to the
people by showing them that it was
possible to create a society where
people could decide who controlled the
economic and social power
these revolutionary ideas spread quickly
across all of Europe
even in India eminent people like Raja
Ram Mohan Roy and
rosio discuss the importance of the
French Revolution
however people across the world were
divided on the degree of change that
needed to be made to society
broad-scale these people could be
divided into three distinct groups
liberals radicals and conservatives
liberals dreamt of a nation where all
religions could be considered equal
they were against giving absolute pass
to the monarchy instead they wanted an
elected parliamentary government but on
the other hand they believed that not
everyone had the right to vote only
property owners could be allowed to vote
they did not support the suffragette
movements either
suffragette movements campaigned to give
women the right to vote
radicals - agreed with the liberals on
religious tolerance
removal of the absolute pass from the
monarchy
they however believed that all people
had a right to vote irrespective of
whether they were property owners or not
they also supported the right for women
to vote
the third group of people the
Conservatives were opposed to change
altogether in time they realized that
some change was inevitable
but they still felt that it needed to be
a gradual process as you can see the
views differed greatly between these
three groups while these debates were
going on change was happening on the
economic front too
the Industrial Revolution had started in
Britain and it slowly spread across
Europe it's on the replacement of manual
labor with machines resulting in goods
being manufactured at a much faster rate
the Industrial Revolution saw the
formation of new cities development of
industrial regions and the expansion of
the railways as a result more people
went to work in factories
however the working conditions look
quite pitiable long workers coupled with
low wages demoralize the workers
sometimes the low demand for goods
resulted in unemployment - all this left
the workers yearning for change
the solution was to stop the feudal
system of privileges enjoined by the
aristocracy liberals and radicals
rallied around the right of individual
freedom the right of the poor to work
and the right of people having money to
operate without restraint
revolutionaries across Europe
beat it in France Italy Germany or
Russia all dreamt about change and
worked to overthrow the existing
monarchies
as you will see in the modules to come
the Russian Revolution to succeeded in
enforcing change
the price to pay for it however was
quite heavy
as you have already seen
the working conditions of people across
Europe during the Industrial Revolution
were pitiable
this
with low wages
acted as a perfect platform for the
advent of socialism
socialists felt that the private
ownership of property was the root of
all social evil
although they agreed that property
owners provided jobs they also felt that
owners were not interested in the
welfare of the workers
considering this socialism propagated
the idea of collective ownership of
property
some of the eminent socialist thinkers
were Robert Owen
Louie blah
call marks
and Freddy's angles
Robert Irwin believed in the idea of
cooperatives and tried to build one in
Indiana
Loui blah however felt that an
individual could not build a cooperative
community
instead he pushed for the governments to
encourage cooperatives
Karl Marx stated in his book
Das Kapital that workers needed to
overthrow capitalism and create a
society
where property was controlled
collectively
Freddie's angles to contributed to these
thoughts through his book the Communist
Manifesto
though they had minor differences in
their ideas
they all agreed that socialism was the
natural way forward
as socialist ideas spread across Europe
the Socialists formed the second
international to act as a body to
coordinate their efforts
it was not until 1914 that socialists
finally managed to form a government in
Europe
in 1904 over 110,000 workers in st.
Petersburg went on strike demanding
better working conditions and wages
lent by father gap on being marched to
the Winter Palace
home of tsar nicholas ii
Asajj ordered the dreaded Cossacks to
attack the people
over the hundred were killed and many
wounded this incident referred to as
Bloody Sunday sparked off the Russian
Revolution of 1905
so what led to the revolt by the people
Russia was in those days an autocracy
ruled by Tsar Nicholas ii
he ruled a vast territory that included
currenty countries such as Finland
Latvia Lithuania
Estonia
parts of Poland Ukraine and Belarus
both st. Petersburg and Moscow were
prominent industrial areas of that time
most of the industries were privately
owned by industrialists
so although the government had rules
regarding minimum wages and limited
workers
in many factories and workshops these
rules were broken
this lent to dissatisfaction amongst the
workers across Russia
peasants do were unhappy
comprising more than 85% of the
population
they earned their living from
agriculture
however they owned very little land
majority of the land was owned by the
nobility
bizarre and the Orthodox Church
and so peasants
their land regularly and divided it
based on the needs of individual
families
as you can see
both peasants and workers were unhappy
across Russia
this saw the advent of two prominent
political parties the Russian social
democratic Workers Party or RS DWP and
the socialist revolutionary party
the RS DWP followed marks ideas and
aimed to provide support to workers
it consisted of two groups
bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin and
Mensheviks led by Julius Martov
the Bolsheviks believed in discipline
and controlling the quality of the party
members
whereas the Mensheviks believed that the
party needed to be open to all
while the RS DWP backed to workers
socialist Revolutionary Party on the
other hand believed that peasants would
be the driving force behind the
revolution
both these parties however agreed that
things needed to change
do this they needed to first topple the
autocratic rule by the Tsar
finally in 1904
on Bloody Sunday
a large group of workers and peasants
marched to the Winter Palace to demand
change
following this
strikes took place all over Russia
everyone demanded a Constituent Assembly
azar finally relented and agreed to the
creation of the Parliament or the Duma
fearing a reduction in his spots
he dismissed the first Duma and the
second one is well
finally in the third umma
he succeeded in filling it up with
conservatives and keeping out the
Liberals and the radicals
the niccola's thought that this was the
end of the revolution but larger
revolutions were yet to come
the first world war broke out in 1914
[Music]
on one side were the auntaunt powers
there
comprised Russia
France
UK
Italy
Japan
Australia
Canada
and America and on the other side were
the central powers that comprised
Germany
Austria
hungry
the Ottoman Empire
and the kingdom of Bulgaria
being a member of the auntaunt powers
led by tsar nicholas ii
got pulled into the First World War
Russians hated the Germans who are a
member of the central powers
so much so that they renamed st.
Petersburg
a German name to Petrograd
despite the autocracy - owing to the
Czarina's German roots and poor advisors
such as the monk Rasputin
the war raged on and the Czar started
taking decisions without consulting the
Duma
although Russia had the largest army
biting from the eastern front
they started leaving heavy casualties
during the battle
over seven million people died
finally
the Russian army started retreating
while retreating he destroyed crops and
buildings
this resulted in over three million
refugees in Russia
the war had a severe impact on the
industry as well as they were cut off
from suppliers by Germans
controlled the Baltic Sea
labor shortages followed as on the
able-bodied men had been called to take
part in the war
and this land to the shutting down of
workshops
food was a problem as well
large supplies of grain were being sent
to feed the army
leaving very little for the people back
home
and by the winter of 1916
fighting and riots started breaking out
at bread shops
the world war crippled Russia
and as expected the Tsar and the royal
family became very unpopular
a first world war was over
and Russia was still trying to recover
from its effects in Petrograd
only serious strangely river neva
literally seemed to highlight the social
and economic divide in the city
of the Neva were the well-to-do areas
such as the Winter Palace
shoe buildings
and a place where the Duma meant to the
right of the neva were the workers
waters and factories in February of 1917
workers from around 50 factories on the
right bank of neva called a strike in
many places
the women led the strike
did you know that in order to
commemorate this event
22nd February is today celebrated world
over as International Women's Day
workers moved to the left side of the
riverbank
and by the end of the day the
fashionable quarter's and official
buildings were surrounded by workers the
government responded by calling in
troops to control the situation
it then suspended the duma this was the
last straw
the protests became louder and more
violent the soldiers refused to fire at
the protesters
instead they joined them
striking workers and the soldiers got
together and formed the Petrograd Soviet
the Tsar was finally forced to abdicate
Russia was finally free from the
monarchy and a provincial government was
formed
Lenin saw this as the app time to return
to Russia from his exile he propagated
the three key points from his April
theses bringing the war to an end
transferring land to the peasants and
the nationalization of banks in addition
he wanted the Bolshevik Party to rename
itself as the Communist Party
a provincial government headed by
karinski
so Lenin as a threat and started
arresting the Bolsheviks and resisting
the spread of their ideas
Lenin feared that Kerensky were setting
up a dictatorship
he convinced the Bolsheviks to stage an
uprising he appointed a military
Revolutionary Committee under Leon
Trotsky to organize the uprising
towba 1917
the Bolsheviks
the help of Leon Trotsky
successfully seized spar from the
provincial government so the year 1917
was very eventful for Russia as it saw
the fall of the monarchy
the rise and fall of the Kerensky
government
and finally the rise of Lenin and the
Bolsheviks
Lenin and the Bolsheviks seized control
of Russia after the October Revolution
of 1917
bolsheviks immediately started work on
the agenda prescribed by Lenin's April
theses
they first nationalized all the banks
and brought them under government
management
they've been declared land as social
property
returned it to the peasants
and the end of the wall
and brought in changes to the army
uniforms so as to assert the change one
of the changes was the new Soviet hat
called the Budhia north car
to match their new ideals the Bolshevik
Party renamed itself as the Russian
Communist Party the next step was to
conduct the elections where they failed
to gain a majority Lenin the
granted the results dismissed the
assembly and subsequently began to rule
Russia the Russian Communist Party ruled
with an iron hand
they created the secret police called
the checker to
impossible anti Bolsheviks
all these decisions led to resistance
among the people and paved way for the
civil war in Russia
the Bolsheviks referred to as the Reds
had two primary opponents
one
socialist revolutionists called the
greens the other was the pros are lists
called
to whites supporting the whites and the
greens were France
America Britain and Japan as they were
worried seeing the growth of socialism
in Russia
the civil war between the Bolsheviks and
the anti-bolshevik s-- had lot of
casualties on both sides
looting and banditry coupled with famine
became a common occurrence
finally by January 1920 with the help of
non-russian nationalities and Muslim
daddy discs the Bolsheviks finally
managed to win the war
in return
22 when the Soviet Union was created the
non Russian nationals were given
political autonomy
and thus
bolsheviks managed to retain control of
the Soviet Union through the Civil War
however they were not able to win over
the different nationalities because of
unpopular policies such as the
discouragement of nomadism
while the Civil War was going on the
Bolsheviks kept both banks and
industries nationalized they made
five-year plans centered on economic
growth
this included the fixing of prices to
promote industrial growth for the next
few years under Lenin the Soviet Union
saw both industrial and economic growth
the first world war was over
and Russia was still trying to recover
from its effects in Petrograd
sternly serious strangely the river neva
literally seemed to highlight the social
and economic divide in the city
to the left of the neva were the
well-to-do areas such as the Winter
Palace
shoe buildings
and the place where the Duma meant to
the
of the Neva were the workers waters and
factories in February of 1917 workers
from around 50 factories on the right
bank of neva called a strike in many
places
the women led the strike
did you know that in order to
commemorate this event
22nd February is today celebrated world
over as International Women's Day
workers moved to the left side of the
riverbank
and by the end of the day the
fashionable quarter's and official
buildings was surrounded by workers the
government responded by calling in
troops to control the situation
it then suspended the duma this was the
last straw
protests became louder and more violent
the soldiers refused to fire at the
protesters
instead they joined them
making workers and the soldiers got
together and formed the Petrograd Soviet
the Tsar was finally forced to abdicate
Russia was finally free from the
monarchy and a provincial government was
formed
Lenin saw this as the apt time to return
to Russia from his exile he propagated
the three key points from his April
theses bringing the war to an end
transferring land to the peasants and
the nationalization of banks in addition
he wanted the Bolshevik Party to rename
itself as the Communist Party
a provincial government headed by
karinski so Lenin as a threat and
started arresting the Bolsheviks and
resisting the spread of their ideas
Lenin feared that Kerensky were setting
up a dictatorship
he convinced the Bolsheviks to stage an
uprising he appointed a military
Revolutionary Committee under Leon
Trotsky to organize the uprising
October 1917
the Bolsheviks
Leon Trotsky
successfully seized spar from the
provincial government so the year 1917
was very eventful for Russia as it saw
the fall of the monarchy
the rise and fall of the Kerensky
government
and finally the rise of Lenin and the
Bolsheviks
Lenin added the Soviet Union till his
death in 1924
after this Joseph Stalin took over the
reins from him
one of the problems that Stalin faced
towards the beginning of his tenure was
the acute shortage of grain
as part of the five-year plan
implemented by Lenin
the government had fixed the price of
grain however
the peasants did not want to sell to the
government at these prices to counter
this
party members raided kulaks or
well-to-do peasants for grains as a
solution to the grain shortage
Stalin decided to enforce
collectivization of farms
peasants were forced to work in
collective farms called Conchas
and the profits were shared equally
anyone who resisted was caught and
punished and sometimes deported or
exiled
Stalin was not entirely successful as
the production of grain did not increase
immediately
in fact
in 1930 the Soviet Union faced one of
the worst famines in history leaving
over 4 million people dead
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you
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