Game Theory: Do Video Games Cause Violence? It's Complicated.
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into the ongoing debate about the impact of violent video games on society, questioning their role in gun violence. It challenges the conventional narrative by examining historical data, crime rates, and the profiles of mass shooters. The script advocates for a scientific approach, citing studies and the Supreme Court's stance, concluding that there is insufficient evidence to establish a causal link between video games and real-world violence. It calls for unbiased research and a focus on facts to address the issue of gun violence effectively.
Takeaways
- 🕊️ The script discusses the long-standing debate on whether violent video games contribute to real-world violence, aiming to move beyond anecdotal arguments to a scientific analysis.
- 🎮 It highlights the history of violent video games, starting with 'Mortal Kombat' in the early 90s, and notes the continuous presence of such games since then.
- 📉 Contrary to popular belief, crime rates, including homicides and assaults, have significantly decreased since the 1990s, despite the increase in video game popularity.
- 🔍 The script points out that while mass shootings have become more frequent, this is not indicative of an overall increase in societal violence.
- 🤔 It questions the assumption that video games are a direct cause of mass shootings, noting that only a small percentage of mass shooters have had a significant interest in violent video games.
- 🌐 The United States is not alone in its consumption of video games; however, it stands out for its high rates of gun violence, suggesting that video games alone cannot be the cause.
- 📊 Many studies show a correlation between video game violence and aggression, but the strength of this correlation is often weak and not definitive.
- 🏛️ The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that there is insufficient evidence to prove that violent video games cause aggressive behavior in children.
- 🔬 The script emphasizes the importance of unbiased scientific research and the need to avoid mixing correlation with causation in the debate about video games and violence.
- 💡 It concludes by advocating for a focus on facts and evidence-based solutions to the issue of gun violence, rather than emotional or politically driven responses.
- 🌟 The creator of the script encourages viewers to keep an open mind and to be willing to reassess their beliefs in light of new information and research.
Q & A
What is the main goal of the video script?
-The main goal of the video script is to change the conversation surrounding the debate on whether video games make people more violent, by moving beyond anecdotal arguments and examining the scientific evidence.
Why does the script mention the early 90s and the game Mortal Kombat?
-The script mentions the early 90s and Mortal Kombat to illustrate that concerns about the violent content in video games are not new, and to compare the reactions to violent games then with the current debate.
What is the script's stance on the role of video games in gun violence in America?
-The script aims to be unbiased, seeking to present scientific facts and research to determine if there is a causal link between video games and gun violence in America.
What is the significance of the graph presented in the script?
-The graph is significant as it shows the growth of gaming, including violent video games, over the years and is used to compare these trends with crime statistics to assess any correlation.
How does the script address the decrease in crime rates since the 1990s?
-The script points out that despite the increase in the popularity of video games since the 1990s, crime rates, including homicides, have significantly decreased, suggesting no direct correlation between video games and increased violence.
What is the script's approach to examining the role of video games in the lives of mass shooters?
-The script examines specific cases of mass shooters known to have played video games, but also emphasizes the need to avoid drawing causal connections from a few examples and to consider the broader context.
How does the script discuss the international comparison of video game consumption and gun violence?
-The script compares the U.S., which has high video game consumption and significant gun violence, to other countries with similar gaming cultures but lower levels of gun violence, suggesting that video games are not the sole cause of violence.
What is the script's view on the psychological studies linking video games to aggression?
-The script acknowledges that many psychological studies show a correlation between video games and aggression but criticizes the weak correlation values and the methodological limitations of these studies.
What role does the Supreme Court case Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association play in the script's argument?
-The Supreme Court case is used to support the script's argument that there is no sound causal evidence linking video games to aggressive behavior, as the court ruled against a law restricting the sale of violent video games to minors.
How does the script conclude its examination of the issue?
-The script concludes by emphasizing the need for nonpartisan, data-driven research and open-mindedness to find solutions to gun violence, rather than relying on emotions or preconceived notions.
What is the script's final recommendation to the audience?
-The script recommends that the audience keep an open but critical mind, consider facts over emotions, and be willing to put aside preconceived notions when examining the issue of gun violence.
Outlines
🕹️ Video Games and Gun Violence Controversy
The script opens with a discussion on the persistent debate linking video games to gun violence in America since the Columbine tragedy. It mentions the alarm raised by experts and parents over violent games, referencing the early 90s game Mortal Kombat as an example. The speaker aims to shift the conversation from anecdotal arguments to scientific evidence, questioning whether video games truly induce violence. The episode's goal is to explore the relationship between video games and violent behavior, particularly in the context of mass shootings, and to examine the role of video games in the lives of those involved in such incidents.
📉 Crime Rates vs. Video Game Popularity
This paragraph delves into the historical context of violent video games, noting their rise in popularity since the early 90s. It challenges the assumption that the prevalence of violent video games has led to increased violence in society by presenting data showing a significant decline in major crime categories, including homicide, assault, burglary, and rape, since 1991. The script also addresses the misconception that youth crime might reflect the impact of video games, only to reveal a similar decrease in crimes committed by young people. The paragraph concludes by highlighting the discrepancy between the perceived increase in violence due to mass shootings and the actual decrease in crime rates.
🔫 The Role of Video Games in Mass Shooters' Lives
The script examines the role of video games in the lives of mass shooters, citing examples such as the Columbine shooters and others who had connections to gaming. However, it clarifies that while some shooters have been gamers, this does not establish a causal link between video games and mass shootings. The paragraph points out that only a small percentage of school shooters have shown interest in violent video games and that the correlation between gaming and violent acts is often overstated. It also discusses the lack of a clear causal connection, suggesting that the relationship is more likely coincidental than causal.
🎮 International Comparisons and the Complexity of Causation
This section compares the United States' consumption of video games with other countries that also have significant gaming cultures but lower rates of gun violence. It argues against the notion that video games are the primary cause of gun violence in America by highlighting that other nations with popular gaming cultures do not experience the same levels of violence. The paragraph also addresses the potential for video games to be harmful, referencing the positions of the American Psychological Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics, while also pointing out the complexity and variability of psychological responses to video games.
📊 The Flawed Correlation Between Video Games and Aggression
The script critiques the methodology and conclusions of studies that claim to find a correlation between video games and aggression. It discusses the ethical constraints of such studies and the indirect measures used to assess aggression, questioning the validity of these measures. The paragraph also addresses the statistical significance and the practical impact of the correlations found in these studies, noting that they are often weak and not indicative of a strong causal relationship. It references a Supreme Court case that ruled against a law restricting the sale of violent video games to minors, stating that the studies do not prove that such games cause aggressive behavior in children.
🌐 Setting Politics Aside to Focus on Data and Solutions
In the concluding paragraph, the speaker emphasizes the importance of setting aside political biases when examining the issue of gun violence and video games. They acknowledge the fear of finding evidence that contradicts personal beliefs but ultimately advocate for a focus on sound causal evidence. The script calls for a nonpartisan approach to research and decision-making, encouraging viewers to keep an open but critical mind. It concludes with a recommendation to prioritize facts over emotions in the pursuit of solutions to gun violence.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Videogames
💡Controversy
💡Violence
💡Columbine
💡Mortal Kombat
💡Aggression
💡Correlation
💡Causation
💡Psychological Research
💡Supreme Court
💡Gun Violence
Highlights
Video games have been a center of controversy surrounding gun violence in America for two decades.
The alarm over violent video games is not new, dating back to the early 90s with games like Mortal Kombat.
The goal of the episode is to change the conversation from anecdotal to scientific facts about the impact of video games on violence.
The show 'Game Theory' aims to entertain while educating about various topics related to video games.
The relevance of video games to real-world violence and gun violence in America is a current and significant issue.
Politicians have repeatedly invoked video games as a major contributor to mass shootings.
The debate is polarized with entrenched positions and a lack of research on both sides.
The presenter seeks the truth about video games' connection to violence, regardless of personal bias.
Crime statistics in the U.S. have decreased significantly since the 1990s, contrary to the increase in video game popularity.
Youth crime rates have also dropped dramatically since the early 90s.
The number of mass shootings has more than tripled since 2006, but this is not reflective of overall crime trends.
The role of video games in the lives of mass shooters is examined, but no causal link is established.
International comparisons show that the U.S. has a unique problem with gun violence despite similar video game consumption.
The American Psychological Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics have concerns about violent video games.
Many studies show a positive correlation between video games and aggression, but the connection is weak and not conclusive.
The Supreme Court ruled that there's insufficient evidence to blame video games for aggressive behavior in children.
The need to put politics aside and focus on sound scientific data to address the issue of gun violence.
The presenter encourages an open and critical mind towards research findings on the impact of video games.
The episode concludes that there is little evidence to suggest that video games cause real-world violence.
Transcripts
whenever we see the news talking about
videogames these days it seems like it's
always the same thing
in the two decades since Columbine video
games have been at the center of the
controversy surrounding gun violence in
America particularly violent video games
and it has experts and some parents
alarmed this includes the gruesome and
grisly video games that are now
commonplace then again this type of
alarm is nothing new role that early 90s
VHS tape you can knock your opponent's
head off complete with electronic blood
and guts the game is called Mortal
Kombat one of the hottest video games
going there feel like going out and
beating somebody up after watching this
game tell me true yes the more things
change the more they stay the same right
but to be fair our counter-arguments
back in the early 90s were exactly the
same too so you know what it's time to
change the conversation and that's my
goal with today's episode to move beyond
this he-said she-said style of argument
that this topics been mired in for
decades
instead we need to get down to the real
story the scientific fact do video games
actually make people more violent
[Music]
hello Internet
welcome to game theory a show where we
talk about a lot of things that
absolutely do not matter from the
physics of Mario to the lore of haunted
chuck-e-cheeses yep I know some people
take these episodes a little bit too
seriously and it's especially hard if
I'm talking about I don't know your
favorite hero and calling him evil the
whole time but in truth it's all for
dumb fun at the end of the day whether
or not Phoenix Wright is breaking the
law and his pursuit for justice just
doesn't matter and by the way that was a
terrible episode I am so sorry about
that one anyway the long and short of it
is that this show is meant to be
entertaining first and foremost with
some education sprinkled throughout I
was lucky enough to have parents and
teachers who got me excited about
learning but so many others out there
aren't so fortunate so if I through this
little web series here can get you
interested in the way a computer works
by talking about Mario maker or teach us
something about
gravity and astronomy through the lens
of Minecraft well that's great you had
fun you learn a bit and the whole world
is a slightly more positive place
because you viewed a video but today for
all the stupid extraneous topics that we
talk about on this show today what we're
talking about really does matter in fact
it's more relevant now than it's ever
been do video games make the people who
play them more violent and is there a
connection between video games and the
issue of gun violence in America since
the 90s various politicians have invoked
video games as this major contributor to
the mass shootings that are in the
headlines over and over again and now
the president is even calling it out so
I wanted to do an episode on the topic
so we can get a definitive answer once
and for all and see that's the thing in
this debate you have two sides that are
so entrenched in their respective answer
that no one is bothering to actually
stop and do the research on one side you
have people who are so convinced that it
must be the media we're consuming that's
causing this aggression that they're
eager to point the blame there because
they're biased against games they don't
understand them but on the other side
you have people like me people who grew
up playing video games where our
knee-jerk reaction is like no duh I play
video games I know a lot of people who
play video games and we're not violent
the problem with that though is it's not
real proof it's a small amount of
anecdotal evidence it's important to
recognize that everyone's brains
function differently we're biased too in
this debate because we're eager to
defend this thing that we love that
embodied our childhood neither side here
is having a conversation because we're
both so certain that we're right what I
want more than anything is what I hope
all of us want and that's the truth if
video games have no connection to
real-world violence whatsoever I wanna
have done my homework and have the
receipts to prove it and then being able
to show those receipts to other people
who claim otherwise on the other hand if
I were to find conclusive causal
evidence that said video games
our warping our minds are making us more
prone to violent impulses and making us
less sensitized to violence then I want
us to hear that hard truth to it'll suck
yeah but it'll be important for us to
know because we can start figuring out a
solution from there and that's not me
trying to get political or anything I
don't care whether you're someone who
believes strongly in gun ownership
rights or the exact opposite on the most
basic level I would hope that we're all
united in this same goal of trying to
find the source of blame and how to
correct it so that fewer people get hurt
and die it's as simple as that and if
video games are to blame then great at
least now we know that and now we can
start correcting for it at the end of
the day I don't want my son to grow up
in a world where he feels like he has to
be on guard for people trying to hurt
him at school at church at Walmart so to
be clear my goal today is not to propose
any sort of political solution I'm not
qualified to do that at all but instead
to just share some cold hard facts the
scientific research done by trusted
institutions presented to you and as
unbiased away as possible the work that
I've done for this episode has looked at
the issue from three separate angles
number one examining links between video
games and crime number two looking at
the profiles of many shooters and the
role that video games played in their
lives
and number three exploring the
psychology behind playing video games
and how they affect our perspective on
violence now admittedly or if you can't
tell by this point this isn't gonna be
my most lighthearted episode of game
theory but it certainly is one of our
most important let's start with angle
number one shall we looking at any links
between video games and crime to start
off with we have to talk a little bit
about the history of some of the more
controversial and violent video games
you see if there is indeed a direct
causal link between violence shown and
video games and users becoming more
violent in their daily lives then we
would expect to see increases in
violence spurred on by some of the most
popular violent video games in history
and well there are definitely some very
early video games that had violent
themes to them if we want to talk about
true
or realistic violence becoming popular
in the mainstream while we'd probably
have to look here the early 90s and
mortal kombat which was released in 1992
as well as Wolfenstein 3d and doom in
1992 and 1993 from that point forward
we've seen plenty of other violent video
games get themselves bad press like the
Grand Theft Auto series the Call of Duty
series battlefield things like that but
for the most part the availability of
violent video games has been pretty
constant since the mid-90s now this
graph they see right behind me shows us
the growth of gaming both in terms of
pure number of games sold per year as
well as the number of titles released
per year and unsurprisingly they both
start to take off here in the mid 90s
with platforms like the PlayStation in
Nintendo 64 really surging the
popularity and then it explodes in the
2000s as they really hit their peak and
it's all started to taper off coming
back down here in the mid 2010s as
smartphones and mobile gaming have
become more popular but it's pretty
clear that if the real surge in video
games which would include violent video
games occurred between the mid-90s and
2010 well if they're influencing people
to commit more violence in real life
then crime statistics should show
similar growth during those same periods
but when you look at the data that's the
opposite of what's happened the murder
rate in the United States actually hits
its peak in 1980 pac-man fever truly set
in people's minds into the rage mode but
starting in the early 90s those rates
went way down from 1991 through 2016
homicides in the US have actually gone
down by forty five point five percent
and it's not just homicide that we're
talking about here we're talking about
all major crime categories across the
board assault burglary rape all of them
are down by at least 30% since 1991 the
idea that the popularity of video games
which again weren't really all that
commonly played until about the 1990s
has contributed to making the United
States a more violent society as a whole
just doesn't really show up in these
sorts of statistics No maybe
you think that since young people are
the ones tending to play more video
games that youth crime statistics would
actually show the real impact of violent
video games on our minds but those stats
actually looked pretty darn similar the
number of violent crimes committed by
people ages 12 to 17 has plummeted since
those early days in the 90s to a rate of
about 1/5 of what it was at its peak
so the overall data seems to tell us
that crime isn't getting worse even
though someone watching the news
nowadays we think that's worse than ever
and that's probably less because crime
as a whole is getting worse and more
because incidents of mass shootings have
gotten bigger and more prominent and
more shocking in the media just exactly
what constitutes a mass shooting creates
a lot of disagreements it is shockingly
difficult to define as everyone comes up
with their own definition to kind of
forward whatever statistics they're
looking to prove but in general I think
a pretty common definition is that a
mass shooting involves an incident where
at least four people are killed by a
shooter in a public place in that case
from 1982 until 2006 there were
approximately 1.6 mass shootings per
year but in the years since 2006 it's
actually more than tripled 25.4 per year
to put that statistic in another way
from 1949 until 1998 there were 9 mass
shootings in the US where at least 10
people were killed so that winds up
being about one every five years in the
last 20 years meanwhile there have been
18 shootings where at least 10 people
were killed that translates to one per
year five years per year by the same
token though while the murder rate has
indeed gone down the percentage of
homicides committed using guns has been
climbing steadily hitting 73 percent in
2016 so maybe the question that we
should be asking ourselves isn't whether
video games make our society as a whole
more violent but whether they're causing
select individuals from that society to
suddenly snap and decide to become mass
shooters like I said at the beginning of
this episode everyone's brains work
totally differently so well 19
9.9% society might be completely
unaffected by the violence and
videogames all it takes is just that one
person to have a bad reaction to what
they're playing so the second angle that
we need to take a look at this issue is
what kind of role video games have
played in the lives of past mass
shooters perhaps most famously the two
Columbine shooters from 1999 they were
both fans of the early first-person
shooter doom the Sandy Hook elementary
shooter owned a lot of video games as it
was on record games like left 4 dead
Dead Rising Grand Theft Auto and there
was a Norwegian shooter which I know
were focused on u.s. shooters but I
needed to draw from as many data points
that I could reasonably research back in
2011 he claimed that playing Call of
Duty actually helped his aim and target
acquisition both skills that he used
during his attack now to be sure some
mass shooters are fans of video games
but you can't take just these few
examples and create a causal connection
there especially since I could list
plenty of other tragedies where those
shooters didn't have strong ties to
video games in fact of the 18 incidents
that I mentioned earlier that had more
than 10 deaths my research actually
tells me that only four of those
shooters actually had noteworthy video
game habits there are plenty of
explanations for that but it all aligns
with the report issued by the Secret
Service back in 2002 which indicated
that only 12% of school shooters
expressed any sort of interest in
violent video games now you could
probably make a case for an interest in
video games being a statistical
coincidence given that most mass
shootings are actually committed by
young men and 72% of men under the age
of 30 play video games 58 percent of men
from 30 to 49 played video games as well
it's just not that surprising that young
men who do evil things also happen to
share habits with other young men who
don't do evil things other young men in
their same demographic other traits that
these shooters share breathing oxygen
eating food wearing clothes but to call
that out seems ridiculous right
I don't see anyone attacking the denim
industry because these shooters tended
to wear jeans it appears as though
opponents to video games are mixing
correlation with causation
now as for that Norwegian terrorists
claim that shooting games made him much
more effective in his shooting those
claims may have had some ground to stand
on if they wouldn't have gotten redacted
over the years you see a study was
published in 2014 that found people who
practiced shooting games got more
headshots in real world target practices
by a wide margin but that study was
retracted because the results couldn't
be replicated by outside researchers or
the original researchers who conducted
the experiment in the first place
regardless there's still one more piece
of evidence that makes me think that
video games aren't the variable to blame
for our epidemic of gun violence here
the United States isn't unique in its
consumption of video games compare it to
other nations with big gaming cultures
though we are unique in how much gun
violence we have the numbers absolutely
backed us up well the u.s. is number one
in money spent on video games per year
the rest of the top ten includes China
Japan South Korea Germany Canada Spain
and Italy now China doesn't release
statistics on gun violence but the rest
of them do and if you compare homicides
by firearms and adjust for population
size the United States actually has more
gun deaths per year than all those eight
other countries combined these countries
aren't immune to mass shootings but it's
awfully hard to believe that our
consumption of video games is to blame
for the gun violence in America when
other nations wear those same games are
popular don't have anywhere near that
same problem but still I am willing to
consider the possibility that violent
video games could be harmful especially
since the American Psychological
Association as well as the American
Academy of Pediatrics have both come out
against violent video games so do video
games make us more violent in the long
run
or maybe they're desensitizing us to
real-world violence by simulating such
graphic and often realistic violence in
gameplay well there are a lot and I mean
a lot of studies out there done on this
topic
the connection between playing video
games and aggression and many of them do
actually show a positive correlation
between the two the trouble here though
is that a lot of news outlets here
hey this study shows a connection
between video games and aggression but
don't understand the report or fully
talk about the limitations of those
sorts of studies to show you what I mean
we need to think about how these sorts
of studies are being conducted for
instance how would you test aggression
in the first place these tests have to
be ethical after all can't just give
kids video games and then ask them to
act them out by shooting things so
instead the marks of aggression in these
sorts of tests are things like whether
the subject would be willing to subject
their opponent to a loud noise or
whether they would offer that subject
hot sauce for some sort of advantage in
the game look I'm not saying that these
findings aren't telling but it's pretty
hard to extrapolate someone's
willingness to give someone else spicy
food into the assumption that they're
now suddenly more likely to shoot
someone with a real-world gun I mean
that's a huge stretch it's already a
stretch to say giving them spicy food is
aggressive behavior maybe they just like
pranking the other person or maybe they
think the other person's hungry maybe
they just really like spicy food another
issue here is that the findings that are
statistically significant aren't
necessarily statistically impressive you
see when a study determines that there
is a correlation between two things that
are being tested that correlation is
measured with a value between negative
one and positive one now a zero value
would say that the two variables are
entirely unrelated to one another while
a positive value would indicate that one
predicts the other so a point three
positive correlation for example would
mean that one thing predicts another by
a little bit whereas something like a
point seven positive correlation means
that one thing strongly predicts another
positive one guaranteed I do X Y is
gonna happen 100% now when it comes to
our case of using video games
violent behavior none of the studies I
saw which claimed to show some level of
connection between violent media and
future behavior or immediate aggression
seemed to correlate beyond a positive
0.3 which means that the studies can
indeed sometimes indicate correlation
but even in the best case scenarios it's
a very weak level of correlation and
then that's not even mentioning the
conflicting studies that contradict all
the ones that I just mentioned or the
psychologists who write entire articles
and papers talking about how overblown
the idea of video games causing violent
aggressive behaviors might be it gets
confusing trying to figure out what
findings are most valid which
researchers might have conflicts of
interest which ones are just putting out
weak findings because they have to get
published to keep their jobs but for me
one of the most telling analyses of the
state of psychological research on this
topic violence in video games actually
comes from an unexpected source the
Supreme Court of all places in a 2011
case titled Brown versus the
entertainment Merchants Association the
Supreme Court ruled that a California
law forbidding the sale of certain video
games to kids was unconstitutional and
they struck down that law with a vote of
7 to 2 part of the majority opinion
written by the court stated this quote
psychological studies purporting to show
a connection between exposure to violent
video games and harmful effects on
children do not prove that such exposure
causes minors to behave aggressively any
demonstrated effects are both small and
indistinguishable from effects produced
by other media end quote
what's really encouraging about that
message right there is that that
majority opinion was written by Justice
Antonin Scalia one of the most
conservative members of the court but it
was co-signed by one of the most liberal
justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Sonia
Sotomayor what I mean to say with this
is that when you're looking at gun
violence it doesn't have to be a
partisan issue
sure Supreme Court justices aren't
supposed to be a part of any political
party but with how divisive discussions
on gun violence gets
it's important to remember that looking
at research and deciding what is and
isn't supported by sound scientific data
isn't a matter of politics it's a matter
of caring about the truth above and
beyond everything else back to the cow
and that's one of my real takeaways from
researching this episode the need for us
to be able to put politics aside when
we're looking at these sorts of problems
there's a reason why I haven't done this
video in the last eight years of making
game theory and that's because I was
afraid of what I would find I was afraid
that the research would lead me to a
conclusion that I was scared to tell you
guys about and trust me there is still
plenty more out there in the gaming
community that we have to be concerned
about like how video games might be
shortening our attention spans or how
certain mechanics and video games can be
linked to problematic gambling there is
still plenty more out there that people
can point at video games and be like
they're not a good influence but in this
case the fact of the matter is that
there's just very little sound causal
evidence to suggest that video games are
more likely to get people to commit
violence or that playing video games get
people to be more violent it's important
for us to remember regardless of where
you stand politically on guns on video
games or on whatever that we all want
the same thing a safer less violent
future for ourselves for our children
and for our country just like I had to
put some of my preconceived notions
about video games aside to research this
episode we're not gonna find any
solutions to the issue of gun violence
in this country if we only hear the
things that we want to hear I think
decisions based on data nonpartisan
research is the thing that's gonna help
us have a chance of making that happen
it's not about emotion it's about the
facts and I'll do my best to keep an
open but critical mind if any findings
show us the path forward and I encourage
you all to do the same it's not so much
a theory as it is a recommendation a
game theory recommendation
thank you for watching and for keeping
an open mind
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