SEJARAH PERJANJIAN RENVILLE - LATAR BELAKANG PERJANJIAN RENVILLE, ISI DAN DAMPAK

Summary

The Renville Agreement was a 1947 negotiation between Indonesia and the Netherlands aboard the USS Renville, aimed at resolving conflict after Indonesia's independence declaration. Initiated under a UN ceasefire resolution, the talks involved representatives from both nations and a three-country commission including the US, Belgium, and Australia. Signed on January 17, 1948, the agreement established the United States of Indonesia (RIS) but drastically limited Indonesian territory to parts of Java and Sumatra, excluded key food-producing areas, and enforced blockades, harming the economy. It also weakened Indonesia’s military presence in occupied regions and preceded Dutch attempts to assert control, including the 1948 military aggression on Yogyakarta.

Takeaways

• 🛳 The Renville Agreement was negotiated between Indonesia and the Netherlands aboard the USS Renville, anchored at Tanjung Priok Port, Jakarta.
• 🌐 The UN Security Council issued a ceasefire resolution on August 1, 1947, which was followed by Governor-General Van Mook ordering a ceasefire on August 5, 1947.
• 🤝 A three-country commission including the United States, Belgium, and Australia was formed to peacefully resolve the conflict between Indonesia and the Netherlands.
• 🇮🇩 Indonesia was represented by Prime Minister Amir Syarifuddin, while the Netherlands was represented by Raden Abdul Kadir Wijoyoatmodjo.
• 📏 On August 29, 1947, the Netherlands proclaimed the Van Mook Line, restricting Indonesian territory mainly to Central Java, Yogyakarta, and Sumatra.
• 🚫 The Dutch imposed a blockade preventing weapons, food, and clothing from entering Indonesian territories, harming the economy and civilian population.
• ✍️ The Renville Agreement was signed on January 17, 1948, establishing the framework for the United States of Indonesia (RIS) while limiting Indonesian sovereignty.
• 📊 Indonesian territory recognized by the Dutch included only parts of Central Java, Yogyakarta, and Sumatra, with separation by the Van Mook Line.
• ⚔️ The agreement forced the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) to withdraw from Dutch-occupied areas in West Java, East Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta.
• 🇳🇱 After the agreement, the Netherlands declared a federal state in Sumatra and violated the agreement by launching military aggression on December 18, 1948, targeting Yogyakarta.
• 💔 The Renville Agreement negatively impacted Indonesia's economy, sovereignty, and political structure, while leading to the elimination of leftist groups in government.

Q & A

What was the Renville Agreement and where did it take place?

The Renville Agreement was a negotiation between Indonesia and the Netherlands aimed at resolving their conflict. It took place aboard the USS Renville, anchored at Tanjung Priok Port, Jakarta.

When did the United Nations Security Council issue a ceasefire resolution between the Netherlands and Indonesia?

The UN Security Council issued a ceasefire resolution on August 1, 1947.

Who represented Indonesia and the Netherlands during the Renville negotiations?

Indonesia was represented by Prime Minister Amir Syarifuddin, while the Netherlands was represented by Raden Abdul Kadir Wijoyoatmodjo.

What was the Van Mook line and what did it signify?

The Van Mook line, proclaimed by the Netherlands on August 29, 1947, was a demarcation line that limited Indonesian territory to only a third of Java and parts of Sumatra, excluding major Dutch-controlled food-producing areas.

What were the main contents of the Renville Agreement signed on January 17, 1948?

The agreement included the formation of the United States of Indonesia (RIS), recognition of limited Indonesian territories (Central Java, Yogyakarta, and Sumatra), establishment of the Van Mook line, plans for a plebiscite and general elections, and the gradual removal of leftist groups from the government.

How did the Renville Agreement affect Indonesia's territory and economy?

The agreement reduced Indonesia’s territory, caused economic deterioration due to Dutch blockades of food and basic necessities, and forced Indonesian forces to withdraw from several occupied areas.

Which countries were involved in the three-country commission proposed by the UN to resolve the conflict?

The commission involved the United States (represented by Frank Porter Graham), Belgium (represented by Paul Van Zeeland), and Australia.

What was the impact of the Dutch declaring a federal state in Sumatra after the agreement?

The Dutch declaration of a federal state in Sumatra, even in areas still recognized as Indonesian territory, showed that the Netherlands reneged on the agreement and continued to exert control over parts of Indonesia.

What event occurred on December 18, 1948, and what was its significance?

On December 18, 1948, the Dutch launched a military aggression and attacked the Indonesian capital in Yogyakarta, demonstrating their unwillingness to fully honor the Renville Agreement and escalating the conflict.

Why was the Renville Agreement considered detrimental to Indonesia?

The agreement was detrimental because it reduced Indonesian territory, weakened the economy through blockades, forced military withdrawal from key areas, and allowed the Netherlands to maintain significant control, undermining Indonesian sovereignty.

How did the Renville Agreement affect political groups within Indonesia?

The agreement led to the gradual elimination of leftist groups from the government, weakening their influence and reshaping the political structure of Indonesia at the time.