Life begins at 40: the biological and cultural roots of the midlife crisis | The Royal Society
Summary
TLDR演讲者在皇家学会的演讲中探讨了中年危机这一概念,感谢了支持其研究的机构和个人。他从心理学和生物学角度分析了中年危机的成因,提到了社会科学家和心理学家对中年危机的不同解释,并以1970年代电视剧《Reginald Perrin》中的角色为例,展示了中年危机的表现。演讲者进一步讨论了社会和文化因素如何塑造了中年危机,指出标准化的生活历程和对物质享受的追求对个人的影响,强调中年危机是一个受历史、文化、社会经济条件和政治偶然性影响的社会文化现象。
Takeaways
- 🙌 演讲者在皇家学会发表演讲,表达了对被邀请的荣幸以及对听众的感谢。
- 📚 演讲者感谢了三家机构:Wellcome Trust、埃克塞特大学和其家庭,它们在其研究生涯和个人生活中发挥了重要作用。
- 🧬 演讲提到了历史上对中年危机的不同解释,包括心理分析和生物学角度。
- 🕊️ 演讲者讨论了中年危机的社会文化背景,强调了20世纪中叶标准化生活过程对中年危机的影响。
- 👨👩👧👦 演讲指出,随着生活周期的变化,如结婚年龄的降低和生育模式的改变,中年人在生活压力上经历了显著的变化。
- 📉 演讲者提到了年龄焦虑的增长,这是由于社会对人生里程碑的期望所引起的。
- 🍰 演讲探讨了“生活从40岁开始”这一短语的起源和它如何与中年危机和个人期望相联系。
- 💡 演讲者提出,中年危机不仅仅是生物学现象,更是社会和文化现象,受历史变化、文化背景和经济条件的影响。
- 🌐 演讲强调了二战后,人们对物质充裕的追求,以及这种追求如何影响个人的幸福感和生活满意度。
- 🔍 演讲者通过Reginald Perrin的例子,展示了个体如何在社会压力和个人期望之间挣扎,并探讨了中年危机的深层次原因。
- 🌟 演讲以对中年危机的深刻理解结束,强调了个人、社会和文化因素在形成中年危机中的作用。
Q & A
演讲者在演讲开始时感谢了哪些机构?
-演讲者首先感谢了Wellcome Trust,因为它资助了演讲者从早期阶段开始的大部分研究;其次感谢了Exeter大学,演讲者在那里工作了20多年,认为这是一个促进学术成长和尝试新想法的好地方;最后感谢了他的家庭,特别是他的妻子Siobhan和三个孩子Kiera、Rhythm和Connell。
为什么演讲者认为在皇家学会讨论中年危机这个话题有些奇怪?
-皇家学会是一个以世界领先的科学研究而闻名的机构,而中年危机通常被视为一个更偏向于心理学和社会学的话题,因此在这样的科学背景下讨论它可能看起来有些不寻常。
演讲者提到了哪些与中年危机有关的历史人物?
-演讲者提到了John Wilkins、John Desmond Bernal和Peter Medawar这三位历史人物。John Wilkins是自然哲学家和皇家学会的创始人之一;John Desmond Bernal是著名的爱尔兰科学家,以他在晶体学和分子生物学方面的工作而知名;Peter Medawar则因他对免疫耐受性的研究获得了1960年的诺贝尔奖。
中年危机一词最早是由谁提出的?
-中年危机一词最早是由加拿大的社会科学家和精神分析学家Elliot Jaques在1965年的一篇文章中提出的。
在20世纪60年代和70年代,人们如何解释中年危机?
-在20世纪60年代和70年代,人们对中年危机的解释主要有两种:心理学解释和生物学解释。心理学解释认为中年危机是一种身份危机,类似于青少年危机;生物学解释则关注于随着年龄增长,人的生理机能逐渐下降,如肌肉质量减少、活力下降等。
演讲者如何描述Reginald Perrin在电视剧中的行为?
-Reginald Perrin在电视剧中表现出了中年危机的典型行为,包括对工作和家庭生活的不满,尝试与秘书发生婚外情,以及最终决定放弃旧生活,通过制造自己死亡的假象来开始新生活。
为什么说中年危机与社会和文化条件有关?
-中年危机不仅仅是个人的心理和生理现象,它也是由社会和文化条件塑造的。例如,20世纪中叶标准化的生活过程、对年龄的焦虑、经济压力以及对更长生命周期的期望都可能导致中年危机的出现。
演讲者提到了“生活从40岁开始”这个短语的起源是什么?
-“生活从40岁开始”这个短语最早由Theodore Parsons的妻子Matilda Parsons在1917年使用,她是一位教育者和身体锻炼的倡导者,她用这个短语来鼓励中年女性保持身心健康。
为什么说中年危机是一个社会和文化现象?
-中年危机是一个社会和文化现象,因为它是由历史变化、文化背景和社会经济条件共同塑造的。例如,生活过程的标准化、对年龄的意识、经济压力和对物质享受的追求都对中年危机的形成有影响。
演讲者如何解释Reginald Perrin的行为背后的社会压力?
-演讲者认为Reginald Perrin的行为不仅仅是个人的心理危机,也是50、60和70年代社会压力的产物。这些压力包括对标准化生活过程的期望、对年龄的焦虑、经济压力以及对更长生命周期的期望。
演讲者提到了哪些因素导致了中年危机的产生?
-演讲者提到了多个因素导致了中年危机的产生,包括社会生活过程的标准化、对年龄的焦虑、经济压力、对更长生命周期的期望、以及对物质享受的追求等。
Outlines
🎙️ 演讲开场与感谢
演讲者在皇家学会的演讲开场,感谢了邀请他的人和之前的发言者John。演讲者表达了对到场人数的惊讶,并感谢了听众的到来。他提到了站在巨人肩膀上的重要性,并感谢了三家机构:Wellcome Trust、Exeter大学和自己的家庭。Wellcome Trust资助了他的研究生涯,Exeter大学为他提供了成长的环境,而家庭则是他生活的支持。他还提到了讲座命名的三位科学家John Wilkins、John Desmond Bernal和Peter Medawar,他们对科学和社会的贡献,并引入了中危危机的话题。
📺 电视剧《Reginald Perrin》与中年危机
演讲者通过描述1970年代的电视剧《Reginald Perrin》中的角色Reginald Perrin来引入中年危机的概念。Perrin是一位46岁的中年男性,感到生活乏味和不满,开始表现出冲动和不稳定的行为,包括假装自杀以获得新身份。演讲者提到中年危机通常发生在35至45岁之间的男性身上,表现为对生活的不满和寻求变化。此外,介绍了加拿大社会科学家和心理分析师Elliot Jaques,他首次提出中年危机的概念,并描述了中年危机的心理特征。
🧬 生物学视角下的中年危机
演讲者探讨了中年危机的生物学解释,包括Peter Medawar对衰老的兴趣和对生物退化的认识。提到了随着年龄增长,人们可能会感受到身体活力的下降,如头发变白、肌肉减少等,这些生理变化可能导致心理危机。此外,还讨论了女性在更年期后可能面临的中年危机,这与她们的生殖功能和生物学变化有关。
🔍 社会文化条件与中年危机
演讲者提出,要理解中年危机,需要超越个体层面,考虑社会和文化条件。他讨论了20世纪中叶标准化生命历程的出现,以及它如何给中年人带来压力。演讲者指出,生命里程碑的社会规定,如结婚、养育孩子和退休的时间,都可能改变人们对生命历程的理解和期望。
🏡 生活周期变化与中年压力
演讲者继续讨论了生活周期变化如何影响中年压力,包括年龄意识的增强、与邻居比较的压力、被称为“三明治一代”的中年人面临的财务压力,以及所谓的“空巢综合症”。这些因素共同作用,导致中年人在40至50岁时开始重新评估自己的生活,这可能导致婚姻危机和对长期伴侣关系的重新考虑。
🤔 婚姻危机与社会稳定性
演讲者探讨了中年危机与婚姻危机之间的联系,指出社会对离婚率上升的担忧,以及人们如何将中年危机视为威胁婚姻和家庭稳定的一个因素。提到了二战后离婚率的变化,以及社会对稳定婚姻的期望,认为这是社会稳定的关键。
🌟 '40岁人生开始'的起源与影响
演讲者追溯了'40岁人生开始'这一短语的起源,讨论了它如何被用来鼓励中年人寻找新的幸福和满足感。提到了Matilda Parsons首次使用这一短语,以及Walter Pitkin如何通过他的书《40岁人生开始》推广这一概念。这些作品提供了自我帮助的建议,鼓励中年人通过改善物质生活、休闲和生活艺术来寻找幸福。
🌱 美国梦与个人更新
演讲者讨论了'40岁人生开始'的概念如何与美国梦联系在一起,以及它如何被视为个人和社会更新的一种方式。提到了James Truslow Adams对美国梦的描述,以及它如何被Pitkin的观点所呼应,即通过个人更新来实现更广泛的社会和经济目标。
💔 美国梦的破灭与中年危机
演讲者反思了二战后美国梦的破灭,以及它如何影响了中年人的心态和行为。提到了Edmund Bergler的著作,他描述了中年人在面对生活压力和失败感时,如何寻求通过消费和个人满足来寻找幸福。这种心态被认为是导致像Reginald Perrin这样的中年人经历危机的原因之一。
📚 结论:中年危机的社会文化根源
演讲者总结了中年危机不仅仅是一个生物学现象,更是一个由历史、文化、社会经济条件和政治偶然性共同塑造的社会文化现象。他强调了理解中年危机的社会文化背景的重要性,并指出我们所有人都受到这些因素的影响。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡皇家学会
💡Wellcome Trust
💡埃克塞特大学
💡中年危机
💡伊莱特·杰克斯
💡标准化生命历程
💡40岁生命开始
💡经济衰退
💡心理分析
💡物质享乐
Highlights
演讲者在皇家学会的演讲中表达了对被邀请的感激之情,并感谢了参与的听众。
演讲者感谢了Wellcome Trust对其研究事业的资助,以及对创建健康文化和环境中心的支持。
演讲者对Exeter大学20多年的工作经历表示感激,尤其是对高级管理层的支持。
演讲者感谢了家人对其职业生涯的支持,尤其是妻子Siobhan和三个孩子。
演讲者讨论了中年危机这一主题,并将其与三位著名科学家John Wilkins、John Desmond Bernal和Peter Medawar的工作联系起来。
中年危机一词最早由加拿大社会科学家和精神分析学家Elliot Jaques在1965年提出。
中年危机被描述为在生命的巅峰时期,意识到死亡不可避免而产生的焦虑和抑郁。
Jaques提出中年危机是掩盖对死亡的恐惧和对青春的执着的一种狂躁行为。
演讲者提到了中年危机的两种主要解释:心理学角度和生物学角度。
心理学角度将中年危机视为一种身份危机,类似于青少年危机。
生物学角度则关注衰老过程中的身体变化,如肌肉质量下降和活力减少。
演讲者探讨了社会和文化条件如何使中年危机成为可能,而不仅仅是个体现象。
20世纪中叶标准化的生活过程创造了特定的中年压力,如年龄焦虑和对里程碑的期望。
演讲者分析了“生活从40岁开始”这一短语的历史和意义,以及它如何影响中年危机的理解。
演讲者认为中年危机是由历史变化、文化背景、社会经济条件和政治偶然性共同塑造的现象。
通过分析Reginald Perrin的例子,演讲者展示了中年危机如何在社会和文化压力下显现。
演讲者提出中年危机不仅仅是生物学现象,更是社会和文化现象,受到历史和文化的影响。
演讲结束时,演讲者强调了理解中年危机的社会文化背景的重要性。
Transcripts
thank you John for those very kind words
it's an absolute pleasure to be here
tonight it's an honor to be speaking at
the Royal Society so thank you very much
for inviting me I have to say that I had
not expected so many people to be here
so thank you very much for coming as
well we know particularly at the Royal
Society that in terms of knowledge
production we always stand on the
shoulders of giants there are always
people who have gone before us but there
are people who walk beside us on whom we
depend as well and before I start I want
to thank three institutions the first is
the Wellcome Trust the Wellcome Trust
has funded a large proportion of my
research and my research career from the
very early stages converting from a
doctor into a an early career researcher
throughout various larger program grant
strategic awards and more recently the
trust has supported the creation of the
Welcome Center for cultures and
environments of Health in many ways for
me this was the fulfillment of a dream
although at times the responsibilities
and demands seemed more like a nightmare
but it's a fantastic opportunity and I'm
deeply grateful for the trust for the
funding and it's nice that Simon Chaplin
is here as well so thank you for coming
I'm also a deeply fortunate that I have
worked at the University of Exeter for
over 20 years we know from the tag line
the Dexter is probably the best
university in the world
and for me it has been fantastic a place
to grow as an academic a place to
develop to try out new ideas the senior
management at the University Steve Smith
the vice chancellor Janice Kay the
Provost Nick told that before he left
and now Neil gal that senior group
leading the University have been
fantastic they have supported and
encouraged me and been prepared to take
a risk or two to support one or two of
my more grandiose ideas I also want to
thank Andrew Thorp who is the Dean of
the College of Humanities has been
fantastic a scholar and friend for many
many years
the final institution but I want to
thank is the institution that is my
family I didn't get where I am today
without my wife Siobhan
wonderfully loyal faithful tolerant of
my own crises throughout our marriage
our three children Kiera rhythm and
Connell the best children these together
are the why and the how of my life so
thank you it may seem strange to be
standing in the Royal Society giving a
lecture about a subject like the midlife
crisis this is an institution renowned
for its world leading scientific
research but I hope that what I have to
say will do justice to the three figures
after whom this lecture is named John
Wilkins of course a natural philosopher
a polymath one of the founders of the
society
John Desmond Bernal an Irish scientist
renowned for his work in x-ray
crystallographer crystallography in
molecular biology but also a very
committed and prolific historian of
science interested in the relationship
between science and society Peter
Medawar really most famous for his work
on immunological tolerance for which he
received the Nobel Prize in 1960 what is
less well known about Medawar work he
was also interested in aging aging as an
unsolved biological problem as he put it
in his inaugural lecture in 1951 and one
of the terms that Medawar used
to describe the aging process was
senescence and that concept of
senescence had been popularized by an
American psychologist Grandville Stanley
Hall in the early 20th century and it
came to be one of the key ways in which
midlife and middle-age was defined
during the early 20th century middle-age
came to represent the period between
adolescence and senescence and that's
why many people refer to it as middle
essence middle-aged as middle essence so
although it's a strange subject to be
talking about at the Royal Society I
hope that it will do justice to these
three figures here after whom the
lecture is named let me take you back
and some of you will remember this let
me take you back to the late 1970s so an
iconic sitcom television series on BBC
the fallen rise of Reginald Perrin
starring Leonard Rossiter and the
television series was based on a novel
by the English comic writer David nobs
Reggie Perrin Reginald Isle Anthony
Perrin our IP was 46 years old married
to his wife Elizabeth living in a near
Georgian house in the Surrey suburbs
they had two children both growing up
leaving their parents living in a house
that was perhaps not quite well no
longer a home Reggie commuted every
weekday up to Waterloo station walked
across the bridge went to work at
sunshine deserts as a middle manager as
a bureaucrat and at the start of the
novel Reggie is depressed
he's disillusioned and distressed
disaffected disillusioned with his life
disillusioned with his wife
disillusioned with his work and he
begins to behave rather randomly he
starts sending off aggressive memos to
his colleagues he tries to have an
affair with his secretary he begins to
get more irascible and one day while his
his wife is out he decides that he's
going to collect all his childhood
mementos the memories of his youth and
burn them
as if he's trying to eradicate his past
eradicate his identity
Reggie decides that he can no longer
live like this he decides there's only
two ways he can either disappear in some
way or he can kill himself so he drives
a van down to a Dorset Beach takes off
his clothes leaves them on the beach and
walks out into the sea naked he doesn't
drown himself he walks back up puts
another set of clothes on so that he
leaves his old clothes on the beach so
people think that he's drowned himself
puts on a new set of clothes puts on a
week and takes on a new identity and he
becomes eventually Martin well born now
I don't want to tell you for those of
you I mean some of you will remember the
television series the book is fantastic
in many many ways it takes place only
over a week or two I don't want to give
away the ending what I want to say is
that what Reggie Peron was suffering
from at the age of forty something was
what we would now call and was indeed
called then a midlife crisis a man
usually a man not exclusively and in
this period largely understood to be a
male problem a man between the age of
about 35 and 45 in that deadline decade
realizing that his life was going
nowhere disaffected and disillusioned
would go off the rails the midlife
crisis now the term had been first
introduced about a decade earlier by a
Canadian social scientists and
psychoanalyst Elliot Jax Jax had come
over from Toronto in the second world
war had stayed he was one of the
founding members of the Tavistock
Institute for human relations he was
social scientists but also psychoanalyst
he'd been analyzed himself by Melanie
Klein and had a practice as a
psychoanalyst and what she described was
pretty much what Reggie parind
experienced and his point in death in
the midlife crisis a short article
published in 1965 he pointed out that
the paradox is that of entering the
prime of life the stage of fulfillment
but at the same time the prime and
fulfillment are dated death lies beyond
so the picture that Jack's created was
off this
this man usually at the peak of a
binomial curve of life and when you get
to that peak all you can see is the
downward curve to death and that's the
moment when anxiety a depressive crisis
was triggered he then went on to explain
what happened to middle-aged men or what
kind of behavior they began to exhibit
and what he said was that in order to
cover up this crisis they developed a
set of manic behaviors to try and
convince themselves that they were still
young so the compulsive attempts to
remain young the hypochondriacal concern
over health and appearance the emergence
of sexual promiscuity in order to prove
youth and potency the hollowness lack of
genuine enjoyment of life these he said
are familiar patterns and they are all
attempts at a race against time
so the midlife man the man in the
deadline decade sees death accelerating
towards him and he tries to deny that or
cover it up by claiming or pretending
that he's younger than he is leading to
these kinds of behaviors at the time
both in the 60s and when Reggie Peron
was having his crisis in the 70s there
were two principal explanations for the
midlife crisis
the first was psychological the kind of
analysis an explanation that Eliot
Jack's put forward and that is that the
midlife crisis was an identity crisis a
crisis a depressive identity crisis very
similar to the adolescent crisis the
adolescent crisis he thought was a
schizoid crisis the midlife crisis a
depressive crisis hey axe was not the
only person or certainly not the first
person to think about the stages the
critical phases of life in this way Carl
Jung in the 1930s had written about his
own crisis at the age of 37 and
particularly Eric Erickson an American
developmental psychologist had talked
about life particularly in terms of the
ages or the stages of
he described life in terms of eight
stages each of which had its own
particular conflict the stage that
correlated with the period that Jax was
talking about he thought was focused on
a conflict between creativity on the one
hand and stagnation on the other and it
was that that created the crisis so
there were others as well thinking
largely from a psycho analytical point
of view about how we understood
middle-age and midlife one of the
important points to make about this kind
of approach to middle age and midlife
was that it was not just theoretical
this wasn't just a theory of how we
developed eating it was also
incorporated into practice and
psychoanalytical models of Aging became
absolutely key to the work of marriage
guidance counselors for example working
for the national marriage guidance
council or couples therapist working at
the Tavistock clinic for example most of
that was built on an understanding of
individual development across the life
course through the stages through middle
age and through the various crisis
points that they could produce so the
first explanation for regi parents
crisis is that he was suffering from
some identity crisis around the age of
forty forty-five but there were another
set of explanations and these were
biological the first biological
explanation really revolved around some
of the work that Peter Medawar was
interested in old age natural death from
the unsolved problem of biology he was
interested particularly in the
evolutionary and biological dimensions
of Aging and in in that sense the
downward curve of life was not
necessarily only an awareness of
approaching death it was something else
it was an awareness that as we get older
we get grayer or Balder all we develop
middle-age spread or our muscle mass
declines our vigor our vitality
deteriorates and it was that sense of
deteriorating vigor that fueled the cry
in some kind of waste now it's not
unrelated to the fear of death that Jax
described but very much linked to that
declining biological vitality that
people wanted there was of course
another way and there has been another
way in which midlife crises have been
linked to biology and that is
particularly in women in relation to
reproductive life and here the argument
was and most of the literature certainly
in this period was on men but there was
some literature on women in these cases
women were understood to go through a
crisis act through during after
menopause as their reproductive
functions supposedly disappeared or in
some ways through the emptiness process
so the a woman's midlife crisis which
had tied very very clearly to her
reproductive capacity the term
biological clock or the talkee the clock
is ticking in fact was used by an
American journalist Richard Cohen in
1978 but the notion that in women their
transitions and their crises might be
governed by their biology or reduced to
their biology was very commonplace the
bats weren't surprised you to know that
some men blamed their own midlife crises
on the menopause their wife's menopause
as well so let me go back to Reginald
Perrin and reflect for a moment
Reggie parry in the late 70s having a
crisis trying to change his life in key
ways recognizing that he perhaps hadn't
achieved what he wanted and that he was
disaffected and disillusioned we can see
that pairing we could explain that in
terms of his own psychological angst
he's got to a stage an age in his life
where everything looks as if it's going
downhill and only death awaits we can
also get a sense from his book that
physically he's declining physically he
no he no longer feels to be himself to
be the man that he was so we could see
it very much as an individual story of a
man with psychological and biological
problems what I want to suggest for the
rest of the talk
is that this is not the only way in
which we can understand the midlife
crisis in fact I want to zoom out to
take it away from the individual and
think about the social and cultural
conditions that make the midlife crisis
possible not only as a concept in the
60s 70s and 80s but also as a set of
experience what happened to enable the
midlife crisis to emerge not in an
individual case but much more widely in
terms of the socio-economic and the
cultural conditions and I want to do
that in two ways in the first instance I
want to think about the standardized
life course that emerged in the middle
decades of the 20th century that created
particular stresses on people at
middle-age secondly I want to reflect on
the meaning and the history of the
phrase life begins at 40 and at the end
I want to argue that it's those two
components that k2 played a key role in
the emergence of the midlife crisis not
just Reggie parens but ours as well so
let me start reflecting for a moment on
the standardized life course there's no
doubt of course that our life cycles
individually and collectively are
governed by our biology but Bernice no
Garson was a very prominent psychologist
in America who wrote extensively on
middle-aged and midlife and the
transitions between very life stages are
various life stages and she pointed out
of course that the timetable the
milestones of life were not merely
biological they were also also socially
prescribed so there was a socially
prescribed timetable she said for the
ordering of major life events a time in
the life span when men and women are
expected to marry a time to raise
children a time to retire so the rhythm
of our life the stages of a laugh the
ages of our life the transitions of our
life was socially prescribed not just
biological and of course if they're
socially prescribed it means that they
can change our understandings and
experience can change our expectations
can change our expectations of the life
course the life course the life cycle
did change dramatically across the early
decades of the twenty
century by the 1950s and 1960s couples
were living longer if you were born at
the end of 19th century early 20th
century in this country we might expect
to live until we were 14 50 60 by the
1950s 40s 50s we might expect to live
until well into our 70s or perhaps
eighties so life expectancy had
increased giving us that longer life
cycle and in principle also a longer
period of adulthood or middle age at the
same time we were marrying earlier by 19
in 1911 only about 24% of women were
married by the age of 24 by the early
50s that had risen to 52% and in fact if
you look at some of the surveys of men
and women's attitudes about marriage
during this period most women would say
that the ideal age to marry is between
20 and 24 men ideal age slightly later
but not that much different at the same
time during the early decades of the
20th century it became more commonplace
to have fewer children and to cluster
them together earlier in the marriage so
let's say a couple were married at the
age of 20 or 21 by 24 or 25 they would
have had their two or three children and
they would be then bringing up those
children the children would leave home
so there was a much longer period of
life after the childbearing period in a
sense in this period still that was more
important for women who tended to be in
the workplace less by and large and
looking after the children more men's
rhythm the rhythm of men's life was
slightly different dictated not so much
by the rhythms of the family but by the
rhythms of occupational patterns by the
1950s and 60s men tended to work for a
fixed number of years often in the same
job until retirement so you can see the
male life course in some ways also
socially prescribed
from the moment of starting work to the
moment of retirement set by the
government by the state or by private
industries one of the consequences of
this this teasing out of the life course
the the clustering of major life events
in very similar ways across populations
meant that people began to experience
much more clearly defined stages and
transitions in the life course so you
could begin to identify a period of
middle age between 30 and 50 40 and 60
and we could begin to identify those
critical stages of transition between
those life phases now the point I want
to make from this is that there are a
number of consequences that emerged from
this modern standardized homogenized
life course and they linked directly to
the emergence of the midlife crisis the
first impact was the growth of age
anxiety or age consciousness if there
were standard life courses standard
milestones against which we could
measure ourselves we became much more
conscious or anxious about whether we
succeeding or failing against those
milestones so a much greater sense of
where we should be at certain points in
our life and of course that expectation
that we would leave home get married
have children get a job retire our
expectations were raised but at the same
time if we didn't match up to those
expectations if we didn't meet those
milestones follow that timetable we
could be dissatisfied with our
achievements and this led the notion the
phrase keeping up with the Joneses
started in a comic strip in America
about 1913 but it became in those early
decades of the 20th century through the
30s and 40s a key way of us measuring
ourselves against others a driver in
some ways of envy and jealousy a driver
of emulation a driver to increase our
consumption to keep up with the journey
the Joneses we were much more aware of
our place in the world and particularly
where we were failing while we were
becoming more aware we were also
becoming subject in this period two very
different stresses this is the
generation in the fifties and sixties
70s
Reggie parents generation that could
perhaps describe themselves as the first
Sandwich Generation if we think about
the patterns of marriage and child
rearing and aging if you imagine that we
have that couple ideally marrying at
twenty have their children by twenty
five by the time they're 40 45 Reggie
parents age their children will be going
through the troubled years of
adolescence their parents would be aging
through retirement needing more care and
you find in this period the middle aged
between the age of 30 and 50 40 and 60
becoming sandwiched between the troubles
of their adolescent children and the
troubles of their parents so you hit the
midlife crisis exactly when your
children are going through an adolescent
crisis middle age was also challenged
for many people by financial pressures
at this time and again this was a
feature of the changing life cycle in
1891 we could expect to inherit at the
age of about 37 now I have to say that
this is a middle-class Western story
this is not true of everybody
although the longer history of the
midlife crisis suggests that the crisis
has been democratized in many ways but
if you were lucky enough to inherit in
the late 19th century you could expect
to inherit at the age of 37 by the 1940s
you would expect to inherit not until
you were 56 that meant that you
inherited it's always nice to get money
don't get me wrong but if you inherited
you inherited after you'd had children
after their children have grown up and
after they left home at times when you
might not need it as much as you had
when you were middle-aged bringing up
children that created us
set of financial pressures on couples
trying to bring up children the final
point I want to make in terms of midlife
pressures and it applies you know the
empty nest is is as it was first
introduced the empty nest in in about
1913 it was applied largely to women in
a rather derogatory way that their only
function in society was to have children
and once those children had left they
were of no value but in some ways it
describes a very key feature of the
extended life course that by the 1950s
given the fact that women and men are
marrying earlier having their children
earlier a woman could live for a further
52 years after the birth of their last
child and many years after menopause one
of the things that created in people's
minds was the question is this all there
is do I really want to live like this
with this person for the next 40 or 50
years and a number of the psychologists
in this period pointed out that the
extended life course that continued
pressures of middle age through middle
age meant that many people when they got
to the age of 40 45 began what Robert
Lee and Marjorie Kassabian
referred to in the in the spouse Kappa
don't if you can see weathering the
marriage crisis during middle essence is
the subtitle of the book what they
pointed out that the multiple stresses
during middle age that sense of
recognizing that you were not achieving
what you should have according to the
standardized timetable of the life
course meant that people began to
reappraise their lives to reckon the
achievements against the goals the
satisfactions versus values the kind of
evaluation of his life that Reggie Peron
went through and they began to realize
of course that they hadn't achieved that
they were disappointed and as a result
hit crisis point and Margaret Mead I've
quoted here as an anthropologist in a
very interesting book male and female in
1949
published in 1949 pointed out that in a
world in which people may
reorient their whole lives at 40 or 50
that's a world in which marriage for
life becomes much more difficult
Margaret Mead solution and the solution
of some science fiction writers was that
we should introduce the possibility of
multiple serial marriages she suggested
- but many writers at the time suggested
possibly three one for youthful passion
one for Parenthood and one for
companionship in later life that there
were very different demands across that
extended life course at different stages
of your life there was no reason why it
shouldn't be the same person who
fulfilled those sequentially but there
was no reason why it should is what
Margaret Mead was saying Margaret Mead
also appeared in a lot of BBC television
programs on marriage and divorce in this
period now one of the consequences one
of the reasons why this was important
socially and culturally was because
people were concerned in this period
about the levels of divorce and they
linked marriage midlife crisis to a
marriage crisis claiming that partly it
was the behavior of middle-aged men that
was threatening marriages leading to
family breakdown separation and divorce
and this was regarded as problematic for
social stability in the post-war period
before the Second World War fewer than
7,000 couples were divorced there was a
big boost after the Second World War
during the late forties to 50 linked
largely to well explained in terms of
hasty marriages during the war the
difficulties that soldiers had
readjusting to civilian life the fact
that during separation both husbands and
wives for example had had affairs those
challenges led to a high level of
breakdown after the Second World War
there was a little bit of a plateau and
then arise through the late 60s 70s and
80s now I don't to say that the midlife
crisis the challenges that people faced
in middle age were the only reasons for
that one of the reasons for the big rise
after 1970 there's a change in the
divorce law the divorce reform act of
her was introduced in 1969 removed the
marital offence and replaced it with the
notion of irretrievable breakdown
making it much easier for some people
to get a divorce but debates about the
midlife crisis in this period and still
I think link it very closely to concerns
about the stability of marriage which
was regarded by many as essential for
social stability let me pause for a
moment then and think again about Reggie
yes
distraught yes going through a period of
psychological angst yes fading
biologically but also in some ways a
victim of very striking demographic
changes across the twentieth century or
very different expectations of the
milestones of life the expectations
about when people would get married have
children get a job retire and so forth
created a set of pressures on Reggie
Peron and his wife and his children that
proved for him too much in some ways
what I've sketched out is what Reggie
Peron was escaping from the stick that
pushed him to behave in these ways was
the social pressures created by the
extended standardized life course but
what did he hope to achieve by it if
that was what he wanted to escape from
where was he expecting to go what were
the benefits of changing his life in
this kind of way and I want to reflect
on that not just the push out of the
mess that he felt he was in but the pull
towards a better life I want to explore
that just by thinking about the phrase
life begins at 40 and where that came
from
and how that played in to the
expectations and the aspirations not
just of Reggie Peron but also many of us
as well
the phrase life begins at 40 was first
used well as far as we know in 1917 by
mrs. Theodore Parsons Matilda Parsons
who was the widow of an army officer but
had already had her career as well
teaching particularly young
women and girls and young women and
older women how to keep fit scientific
bodybuilding is what she referred to it
as and partly it was keeping physically
fit in order to keep the mind fit and
this phrase I loved she was interviewed
in 1917 for the newspaper it was four
days after America entered the First
World War and in the interview she said
very similar set of ideas to what Eliot
Jack's introduced much later in the
sixties it's a paradox of life she said
that we do not begin to live until we
begin to die death begins at 30 that is
deterioration of the muscle cells set in
most old age is premature and attention
to diet and exercise would enable men
and women to live a great deal longer
than they do today
the best part of a woman's life begins
at 40
that was her phrase now there's a
particular context to what mrs. Parsons
was saying and again this is as part of
your argument unless we understand the
social and cultural context we don't
fully recognize the meaning of that kind
of term Theodore parson mrs. Parsons
directed her comments at what she
referred to as the adipose woman of 40
she was addressing middle-aged women who
she felt had let themselves go and the
reason why this was important to mrs.
Parsons was because of the war effort
men were away fighting women were needed
to bring up children to do the work to
support the communities economically
while their men were away so it became
crucial to her that women retain their
fitness physically and mentally as they
aged that notion it's really interesting
that as the notion life begins at 40
became popular the the the first part of
that sentence the best part of a woman's
life begins at 40 got lost in some kind
of translation
it became simply life begins at 40 and
it was popularized in a whole variety of
ways during the 1920s and 1930s the most
common way
or the most popular book was Walter
Pickens book entitled life begins at 40
Pitkin was an American journalist
working at Columbia University in the
taken miss notion that life begins at 40
to write a self-help book and you can
see from the cover of the book through
this book's inspiring and helpful advice
thousands of men and women fearful of
middle age have lost their anxieties and
found new ways to make life richer
happier and more worth living this was
the the the blurb on the book to try and
sell it and the notion both Pickens book
and that phrase life begins at 40 were
used in other areas life begins at 40
was a film in 1935 starring Will Rogers
that was based on the book and there
were some skits there were some satires
as well of this great film in the late
1930s entitled life begins at 8:30 so
the idea that life could begin rather
than end at midlife at middle age became
a key part of self-help literature and
advice to middle-aged couples during the
30s 40s and 50s so what did Pitkin
advise people in order to find these new
ways of being happy in fact it was
pretty bland and mundane he pointed out
that happiness comes most easily after
40 firstly by realizing that a great
many years lie between 40 and 70 now
that quite you know that might seem
fairly banal and I think it probably is
but it's it's a it's a twisting on its
head of the concerns of midlife midlife
Reggie parens looking back and saying I
haven't achieved anything I've got
nothing left to look forward to what
Pitkin is saying is yes you have even at
the age of 40 you're going to have 20 30
40 years of your life still make the
most of it and the way you made the most
of it according to Pitkin was that you
pursue self fulfillment through material
improvement leisure and what he called
the art of living much less work more
leisure more play
this process of self-fulfillment would
make those last 30 or 40 years
worthwhile no longer the downward curve
no longer the acceleration towards death
but in fact a fulfilling middle-aged and
older age and this notion became widely
adopted in two particular ways one is
that it was taken as a strategy for
personal renewal this is a way in which
we could refresh and renew ourselves
when we were getting jaded and faded in
middle age begin to realize that there
were things to look forward to that it
was possible to reshape to Ramola life
in more positive ways but the key part
of this and again thinking about this in
social and cultural historical terms the
key part of this it's this this story
that Pitkin was telling was not just
about individuals of discovering
themselves it was also a lesson a
message for populations certainly in
America and Britain during a period of
economic depression during a period of
recession increasingly concerned about
the specter of a second world war during
a period of doom and gloom that if we
reinvigorated ourselves there was hope
for optimism and pickins argument was
that if people as they got older the
middle-aged and the elderly work less
and had more leisure there would be more
job opportunities for younger people
which would boost the economy equally if
people in middle age and older age spent
their money buying things enjoying
themselves purchasing leisure for
example and pleasure that would also
boost the economy so part of the appeal
of pickins work was that it struck a
chord in individuals like Reggie Peron
who were struggling with their own
problems but it also meant something to
a Western world struggling with the
effects of economic recession because it
promised a way out of them and in some
ways a pick in writing in the 30s the
1930s were a strangely paradoxical
period a period of
morbid gloom in some kind of ways
because of the recession and because of
the fear of another global war but it
was also a period of incredible optimism
it was the period when the American
Dream was conceived and the American
Dream first appeared in the work of
James Truslow Adams in 1931 the year
before Pitkin published life begins at
40 and it's in the epilogue to this
fantastic overview the epic of America
and in that epilogue he tries to sketch
out the future to move away from some of
the doom and gloom of the interwar
period to say life globally as well as
individually doesn't have to go down
towards death and destruction it can go
the other way and for Adams the American
Dream was not a dream simply of
motorcars and high wages so it's not
just a material dream but a dream of a
social order in which each man and woman
shall be able to attain to the fullest
statue of which they're innately capable
and be recognized by others for what
they are regardless of the fortuitous
circumstances of birth or position so
this was Adams dream and it was a dream
in a sense that resonated very clearly
with what Pitkin was saying we didn't
have to be depressed at midlife and the
middle of the 20th century either we
could look forward with some hope for
this to happen
Adams argued we needed to develop a new
scale and basis for values for Adams
looking forward to the to achieving the
American dream
that meant collectivity trust love
working together to make a better world
so here was this period of economic
recession Pitkin saying yes life can
begin at 40 Adams saying in fact there
is an American dream that we should work
towards in some ways of course what
happened was the opposite those hopes
and those dreams were dashed
they were dashed by the second
World War they were dashed by the
catastrophe of global conflict and they
were dashed in many ways by what
happened afterwards in terms of the Cold
War that sense of optimism that could
create security or the sense of security
that could create optimism they were
dashed during the Second World War and
afterwards what was left of pickins
mantra and Adams dream was simply a
dream of material Plenty the values the
scale the basis of values that dream of
social order that was democratic and
egalitarian Equal Opportunities
occupationally and educationally that
was shattered by experiences in the
second world what was left was the dream
of motorcars and high wages people were
left feeling that they could not achieve
those other
grandiose aspirations that Pitkin and
Adams had set out instead what they
tended to do was search for happiness
and a hurry this is a wonderful book by
Edmund burglar the revolt of the
middle-aged man
published in in 1958 that Edmund burglar
was an American psychoanalyst who had a
very extensive clinic and he drew on his
clinical experience to write about a
whole variety of challenges relating to
marriage middle age and midlife in
particular in relation to men he has a
lovely book published in 1948 saying
divorce won't help if anybody is
interested and his argument in fact in
that book and in this book is that
before a couple run to the divorce
lawyer they should go and see a
psychiatrist that this is about the
challenges within themselves and their
relationships so what he says is that is
that during the 40s and 50s the collapse
of the American Dream in many ways and
you can trace it through American
post-war literature as well in
particular the collapse of the dream
left people struggling and they
translated those struggles or those
aspirations into a dream of material
Plenty into consumption seduced by the
pleasure of consuming material goods but
also the pleasure the anticipation of
consuming our
the people this was the emergence if you
like of a form of narcissistic self
fulfillment that drove some of the
behavior that you see in in Reggie Peron
so burglar four burglar people were
looking for happiness in a hurry and he
has this beautiful passage which
describes very very clearly the thought
processes that he attributes to people
like Reggie Perry in this mindset
stressed by life circumstances feeling
that they had failed feeling that
although they were looking down to death
everybody was telling them that life
begins at fourteen things should be
getting better at that moment they were
anxious and backed more depressed than
they would have been otherwise and this
is the this is the mindset if you like
of a Reggie Peron
I want happiness love approval
admiration sex youth all this is denied
me in this stale marriage to an elderly
sickly complaining nagging wife let's
get rid of her start Life all over again
with another woman sure I'll provide for
my first wife and children sure I'm
sorry the first marriage didn't work out
but self defense comes first I just have
to save myself so what is left of those
aspirations in the midst of midlife
middle-age stress the argument that life
should be getting better not worse that
optimism that we could achieve the
American dreams that was dashed what was
left was a sense of selfish narcissistic
belief that we would do something some
happiness ourselves and this burglar
suggested was why people like Reggie
Peron had crises pushed from their
marriages pushed from their
relationships disappointed in their
lives but seduced by a dream that was no
longer achievable except through the
selfish pursuit of pleasure
let me reflect then to finish on where
we've been
Reggie Peron in some ways spoke for a
generation
he was an everyman if you like and his
wife and children every day victims of
the kinds of pressures that people and
families were under in the 50s 60s and
70s we can certainly understand his
behavior that random impulsive
destructive behavior as the product of
psychological despair I've hit my peak
I've reached my prime but it no longer
means anything because all I look
forward to is the downward curve of life
and death as that sense of an identity
crisis that is captured very very neatly
by David knobs but also you can see it
in other literary and cinematic forms as
well in the fifties sixties and
seventies all we can read it in
biological terms we can say that pairing
is aging he's losing his virility he's
losing his hair he's losing muscle mass
and energy and that leads him into a
crisis of despair as well linked to
death but not entirely the same we can
see this in individual terms this is a
man behaving strangely
what I want to suggest though is that we
cannot understand Reggie unless we cast
our lens wider than that unless we zoom
out to see the social and the cultural
conditions in which Reggie Peron was
living and in which we continue to live
in some ways so there are perhaps two
conclusions that I want to make the
first is that we are aged Reggie us we
are aged not just by our minds and
bodies but we are also aged by history
by the cultural values the attitudes
that beliefs the norms the practices
that we have inherited from the past
some ways Reggie Perry in the late
seventies
went off the rails because of what had
happened in the 1950s and 60s
both in terms of the life course end in
terms of the seduction of materialism
the second point is this that in that
context when we are saying that we're
aged by history and culture within that
context the midlife crisis is no longer
the biological the natural phenomenon
the inevitable phenomenon of aging it is
immediately a social and a cultural
phenomenon the midlife crisis that
Reggie suffered from that we perhaps
continue to suffer from is a set of
experiences that is generated by
historical change shaped by cultural
contexts and social economic conditions
and determined also by political
contingencies thank you
[Applause]
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