Almost MELTING Metal with Induction Heater
Summary
TLDRDans cette vidéo passionnante, l'animateur construit un circuit de pilote de bobine à haute puissance appelé ZBS (Zero Voltage Switching), qui sert de base pour de nombreux circuits excitants tels que l'aimantation ou le générateur de haute tension. Il explique le fonctionnement du circuit à base de transistors et de condensateurs, et montre comment il peut allumer des ampoules et des lampes. Malgré quelques échecs initiaux, il parvient à créer un chauffe-eau à induction avec une puissance impressionnante, tout en soulignant l'importance de la simulation SPICE pour apprendre l'électronique. Le résultat est un appareil fonctionnel mais non commercialisé, qui démontre les pouvoirs de la résonance et de l'électronique de puissance.
Takeaways
- 🔧 Aujourd'hui, nous allons assembler un circuit appelé ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching) Driver.
- ⚡ Ce circuit est utilisé pour des applications à haute puissance comme les chauffages par induction et les générateurs à haute tension.
- 🔄 Le circuit fonctionne avec deux transistors qui changent d'état lorsque la tension passe par zéro.
- 🔍 Une version simplifiée du circuit est un oscillateur astable qui peut allumer et éteindre des LED et des relais.
- 🔋 Un oscillateur astable est un circuit instable où les transistors commutent périodiquement.
- 🛠️ Le circuit peut également contrôler des appareils en courant alternatif, comme des lampes, avec des relais.
- ⚠️ Une diode de roue libre (flyback diode) est nécessaire pour protéger les transistors contre les surtensions.
- 📊 Un simulateur SPICE peut être utilisé pour étudier et comprendre les circuits sans matériel physique.
- 🔄 La résonance dans le circuit ZVS permet de générer des courants et des tensions élevés avec un faible courant d'alimentation.
- 🔈 Le sponsor de la vidéo est Raycon, qui propose des écouteurs sans fil avec une politique de retour de 45 jours.
Q & A
Qu'est-ce que le ZBS ou le pilote de commutation de zéro voltage?
-Le ZBS, ou Zero Voltage Switching, est un type de pilote de bobine à haute puissance qui peut être la base de nombreux circuits passionnants tels qu'un chauffage par induction ou un générateur de haute tension.
Pourquoi le circuit ZBS est-il appelé ainsi?
-Le nom ZBS peut provenir du fait que le circuit change d'état lorsqu'une tension passe par zéro, bien que cela ne soit pas explicitement mentionné dans le script.
Quel est le but de l'oscillateur à double稳态 (bi-stable) dans le circuit ZBS?
-L'oscillateur à double稳态 permet aux transistors de basculer périodiquement, permettant ainsi de contrôler l'activation et la désactivation d'autres composants tels que des relais ou des ampoules.
Comment les LED sont-elles utilisées dans le circuit pour montrer le fonctionnement?
-Les LED sont ajoutées au circuit pour montrer la commutation des transistors en clignotant lorsque le circuit est alimenté.
Quels sont les problèmes rencontrés lors de la tentative de faire fonctionner un relais avec le circuit?
-Le relais doit être en série avec la lampe et non en parallèle pour éviter de court-circuiter les fils vivants.
Quel est le rôle du diode de décharge (freewheeling diode) dans le circuit?
-Le diode de décharge permet de protéger les transistors contre les surtensions générées lorsque le relais est coupé et que l'inductance continue de pousser le courant à travers.
Comment le circuit ZBS est-il connecté aux relais et aux lampes?
-Le circuit ZBS est connecté aux relais en utilisant un MOSFET qui permet de contrôler l'activation et la désactivation des lampes.
Quel est le but des composants L1 et C1 dans le circuit ZBS?
-L1 et C1 ont une fréquence de résonance spécifique qui permet au circuit d'osciller à cette fréquence, créant ainsi une haute tension et un courant réactifs.
Quels sont les effets des bobines L2 et L3 sur la fréquence de résonance et la filtration?
-L2 et L3 ont une inductance beaucoup plus grande que L1, ce qui leur fait avoir peu d'effet sur la fréquence de résonance mais permet de filtrer d'énormes tensions et courants alternatifs du secteur.
Quelle est la différence entre la consommation de courant du secteur et celle des composants de résonance?
-La consommation de courant du secteur est très faible (environ 80 mA DC plus ou moins 200 mA AC), tandis que les composants de résonance gèrent jusqu'à 30 A avec une tension de 37 volts.
Quels sont les défis rencontrés lors de la construction de l'héateur par induction?
-Les défis rencontrés incluent la gestion de la chaleur générée par les bobines, l'utilisation de conducteurs suffisamment résistants et la nécessité d'ajouter des protections pour éviter des dysfonctionnements ou des accidents.
Outlines
🔌 Conception d'un circuit de pilotage de bobine ZBS
Le script introduit le concept de base d'un circuit appelé ZBS (Zero Voltage Switching) pour piloter une bobine à haute puissance. Le narrateur explique que ce circuit est simple et peut être la base de circuits plus complexes tels qu'un chauffage par induction ou un générateur de haute tension. Il décrit le fonctionnement du circuit à base de deux transistors, qui sont arrangés de manière à simuler un oscillateur stable A, permettant de basculer périodiquement entre deux états. Des LEDs sont ajoutées pour montrer le basculement et un relais est utilisé pour démontrer la capacité à commutateur un courant alternatif, bien que des erreurs initiales soient faites dans la connexion. Après correction, le circuit fonctionne comme prévu. Le narrateur mentionne également les Raycon everyday e25 earbuds, soulignant leur qualité sonore et leur rapport qualité-prix avant de revenir à la théorie du circuit bi-stable et de son amélioration avec des condensateurs et des résisteurs pour une transition d'état plus fluide.
🤖 Amélioration et test du circuit ZVS
Dans ce paragraphe, le concept de ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching) est approfondi avec l'ajout de relais et d'un bobinage supplémentaire au circuit pour créer un oscillateur à fréquence de résonance. Le narrateur explique que les composants L1 et C1 ont une fréquence de résonance spécifique, tandis que L2 et L3 sont dimensionnés pour filtrer des courants et des tensions AC importants sans affecter cette fréquence. Il mentionne également l'importance d'un diode de décharge (ou diode de retour) pour protéger les transistors des surtensions dues à l'inductance du relais. Le narrateur montre comment le circuit peut être testé et ajusté, et comment l'ajout d'un diode résout le problème de surtension. Il insiste sur l'efficacité du circuit, montrant que peu de courant est nécessaire du secteur pour maintenir une oscillation à haute tension et forte intensité de courant, ce qui démontre la puissance de la résonance.
🛠️ Résultats et applications du circuit d'induction
Le script se termine par la présentation finale du circuit d'induction assemblé et testé par le narrateur. Il décrit les améliorations apportées au circuit, notamment l'utilisation d'un câble plus épais pour gérer les courants élevés. Les mesures de tension et de courant sont présentées, montrant que le circuit génère une onde sinusoïdale à 37 volts de pic et une fréquence d'environ 26 kHz. Le narrateur aborde également les défis liés à la dissipation de la chaleur, en particulier pour l'inducteur qui chauffe considérablement à cause des pertes par courants de Foucault et de frottement magnétique. Il mentionne également les avantages d'utiliser des matériaux à faible résistance et non ferromagnétiques pour réduire ces pertes. Enfin, il conclut en recommandant les écouteurs Raycon everyday e25 pour leur qualité sonore et leur fonctionnalité, offrant un lien de commande avec une réduction spéciale pour les téléspectateurs.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Zéro Voltage Switching (ZVS)
💡Bobine
💡Transistor
💡Multivibrateur stable A
💡Relay
💡N-Channel MOSFET
💡Bi-stable Circuit
💡Capacitor
💡Resonance
💡Inductance
💡Diode de décharge (Flyback Diode)
💡Simulation SPICE
Highlights
Introduction of an exciting circuit called ZBS or Zero Voltage Switching driver.
Explanation of the ZBS circuit's functionality and its potential applications like an induction heater or high voltage generator.
Description of the A-stable multivibrator circuit and its unstable nature for switching on and off devices.
Demonstration of the A-stable oscillator with LEDs blinking to show the circuit's operation.
Attempt to integrate a relay with the circuit to switch AC lamps and the initial failure due to incorrect wiring.
Promotion of Raycon E25 earbuds for their premium sound quality and value for money.
Explanation of the N-channel MOSFET operation and its role in the bi-stable circuit.
Successful demonstration of the bi-stable circuit with relays and lamps after correcting the initial mistake.
Introduction of modifications to the circuit with capacitors and resistors for improved switching.
Misstep of killing a MOSFET due to voltage spike when the transistor turns off, and the solution with a freewheeling diode.
Successful operation of the modified circuit with lamps and AC power after adding the diode.
Introduction to the ZVS circuit with inductors and capacitors for resonance frequency and filtering.
Explanation of the ZVS circuit's operation with MOSFETs and diodes for gate control.
Use of SPICE simulation software to learn and analyze electronic circuits without physical components.
Observation of half sine waves on the MOSFET drain and the high voltage peak in the SPICE simulation.
Analysis of the current through inductors and capacitors in the resonance circuit and power supply.
Assembly and testing of the ZVS circuit with improvements and challenges faced.
Demonstration of the induction heater's capability with different metal objects and the heat generated.
Discussion on the circuit's limitations and the need for thicker wire to handle the high current.
Promotion of Raycon's earbuds again, emphasizing their features and offering a discount for viewers.
Transcripts
hi today i'd like to put an exciting
circuit together
called zbs or zero voltage switching
uh driver i don't know why they call it
that maybe because the circuit changes
the state when a voltage passes zero
it doesn't matter this is one of the
simplest high power
coil drivers that can be the basis of
many exciting circuits like an
induction heater that i'm gonna make
today or a super high voltage generator
or well one video at a time let's see if
i can figure
this one first one search over the web
and you find this circuit
the way it works is there are two
transistors and
i oh why did they dry it like this
here i drew it in a more familiar
arrangement for you does it look
familiar now
no fine here you might be more familiar
with this one
it is called an a stable multivibrator
vibrator what just call it an a
stable oscillator grow up you little
child
basically the circuit is unstable and
these transistors switch on enough
periodically
non-stop so you can switch things on and
off with it here i added two leds to the
circuit to switch and
if i power it up oh and this
is a battery operated variable power
supply
i got to use with my breadboard pretty
convenient
power it up and there leds start
blinking
now i can't even add a relay to the
circuit and switch ac with it like lamps
okay i put the lamp and circuit together
and if i plug it in
initially the lights will be off
or on i guess if i turn on the circuit
it
did i misconnect something
well yeah the relay must be in series
with the lamp
not parallel with the lamp otherwise it
will
short the live wires isn't it obvious
check your connections
well this failed but something that
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okay let's go back a bit this is an n
channel mosfet transistor
if the gate source voltage rises above a
threshold
the drain source terminals that were
opened before will almost short circuit
like a switch
now this simple circuit is a bi-stable
circuit meaning that it has two stable
states
imagine we just turned the power supply
on initially both transistors are off
and the resistor voltages
rise with the supply even between
similar components there are minor
differences
so one of these transistors turns on
earlier than the other one
say q1 closes like a switch pulling this
voltage down which is also the gate
voltage of
q2 which keeps q2 off so this voltage
stays high keeping q1 on the circuit is
a stable in this state and won't change
unless an external force like a switch
pulls this voltage down
turning q1 off so now the drain of q1
rises
turning q2 on now even if i let go of
the switch the circuit is
stuck in this new state unless i add
another switch here
to change the state back i put the
bi-stable circuit with my relays and
lamps together let's turn it on
oh geez
my bar for a functioning circuit is
pretty low let's press the switch
no it's working
now let's make some changes to the
circuit the drain voltage of each
transistor goes through a capacitor to
the gate of the other transistor
which is also connected to a resistor
divider
if you're using a bjt transistor instead
you don't need these pull down resistors
because it already acts like a pull down
here
again when we turn on the power supply
one of these transistors turns on
earlier than the other one
say q1 and its drain voltage drops
rapidly
and we know capacitors are like short
circuit against rapid voltage changes so
the voltage on this side
also drops turning q2 off with q2 off
this voltage and that voltage are high
keeping q1 on
but now this capacitor will be
charging through this resistor divider
and so this voltage
starts going up this voltage will
eventually rise above the threshold
voltage of q2 turning it on
and so its drain voltage will rapidly
drop and through the capacitor this
voltage drops turning q1
off and of course now through the
resistor divider the capacitor
charges raising the voltage here which
eventually will turn q1 on
and q2 off and this is an a stable
vibrate
vibrator oscillator whatever here i
simply add the relay coil between my
supply and mosfet and if i turn it on
there we go start switching simple as
the what happened it seems
damn it i killed one of my mosfets
here's the problem
when the transistor turns on there is
current
running through the coil of the relay
and when i turn the transistor off the
inductance still wants to push the
current through
so the voltage across it flips
and at this point the voltage shoots
well above the power supply level
connected to the drain this voltage
doesn't have enough energy to kill my
transistor
but the gate of the transistor is quite
weak so it can
easily die the solution is to add a
diode like this across the coil
called the freewheeling diode or a
flyback diode
here i added diode across the coils and
there you go now we are ready to add
lamps and ac
power okay here's my circuit with the
relays and if i plug it in
okay and the lights are off and if i
turn it on
it's working
it's working now to the zvs circuit
it's basically the same thing just that
there are a bunch of inductors and
capacitors
l1 and c1 has a certain resonance
frequency equal to this equation and the
circuit oscillates at that resonance
l2 and l3 are peaked to be much larger
like over 10 times
larger than l1 so they have little
effect on the resonance frequency
but they filter massive ac voltage and
currents from the supply voltage
and oh boy they are massive the way this
circuit works is
imagine q1 is on because its gate
voltage is high
meaning that the lc circuit voltage is
swinging up and down
on the way down though through this
diode it
pulls the gate voltage of q1 down
turning it off
so now this voltage rises this voltage
going up
raises the gate voltage of q2 and turns
it on
and so now this voltage swings up and
down
and again on the way down through the
diode
it pulls the gate voltage down turning
q2 off and the cycle continues let me
show you
see you don't need a scope and tools and
components to start learning
electronics all you need is what we call
a spice simulation program
you put your components in there and
connect them up and you can probe all
the voltages and currents and learn the
circuit
there are tons of different spice
simulators out there but like many of us
engineers i've been using this free lt
spice software for many years now which
is quite simple and robust
after we run the simulation if we probe
here we see
there is initially these misbehaviors
that are due to
capacitor and these big inductors
resonating that dies away
if i zoom here you can clearly see those
half
sine waves on the drain of the mosfet i
was talking about now if we probe q2
drain
we see the other half of the sine wave i
was talking about and the peak of the
voltage
is 37 volts well above my 12 volt supply
and that's the power of resonance and of
course because these big inductors are
isolating the voltage from the power
supply and this high voltage is why we
have
diodes here to drive the gates this
makes sure that when the voltage here
rises the diode turns off and the gate
voltage is
pulled off by these pull up resistors to
the supply voltage mosfet gates can
handle
16 to 20 volts and because my power
supply is 12 volts
i remove those zener and pull down
resistors from the gates otherwise i
should put them in now let me show you
something even more magnificent
if we look at the current through the
inductor see
it is plus minus 30 amps almost the same
as the capacitor current but the current
through
l2 and l3 is much smaller if we zoom on
those they're just around plus minus 0.8
amps
and this current is mostly not coming
from the power supply as you see
they are mostly pouring it back and
forth into the resonance circuit
if we look at the power supply current
so small it's around 80 milliamp dc
plus minus 200 milliamp ac maintaining
30 amp 37 volts of resonance and
that's the power of resonance this tiny
bit of current from the power supply is
necessary to overcome the resistive and
radiation losses through the components
the massive 30 amp 37 volt peak
oscillation
mostly only creates reactive power which
is not a loss
just oscillation okay i designed the
circuit and ordered the parts
let's put them together
[Music]
do
and done okay turn it on okay
are you afraid me no i'm not ah
are you little
well it's on oh it could blow any time
it won't
what does it sound many days later
well i spent some good time improving
the circuit and now i'm running it off
at 12 volt battery and still there is
like two and a half amps going into the
circuit
because there are more losses into the
actual wires compared to the simulation
my inductor is especially getting hot
because it's handling over 30
amps now if i put a piece of iron inside
the coil
the current goes even higher this is
because of
tons of thermal losses ow
due to huge eddy currents and magnetic
losses through the ferromagnetic metal
but low resistance non-ferromagnetic
metal won't have as much losses
so the current won't rise as much if i
put my stainless steel plier in the coil
the car rises to 17 amps
and it gets quite warm right away here
let's put this
in
wow the power it works
let me show you some waveforms this is
the
gate voltage of the mosfets i don't
really like this low rise time
otherwise it's as expected and here's
the drain voltage of the mosfet
the half sine wave we talked about at
around 26 kilohertz and 37 volt peak
and this is the magnificent sine wave
across the resonance components
at 37 volt peak which means there is
around 37 amp
peak through my inductor here which is
of course at no load when there is load
that current will add to it
no wonder it gets so damn hot oh it's
burning
i need thicker wire and there you have
it i made my own
induction heater with no protection this
is very easy yeah the circuit works but
it's not a product
it can easily die in a fiery doom i
added an article with more details to my
website if you are interested and last
but not the least listen to music using
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