PSPA BLOK V - 09 Farmakoterapi Kanker

Summary

This video provides an in-depth look at chemotherapy as a treatment for cancer, discussing its mechanisms, regimens, and side effects. It explains the types of chemotherapy (adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and palliative), the rationale behind combination therapies, and the importance of consistent treatment. The script also covers how chemotherapy doses are calculated using Body Surface Area (BSA) and the Calvert formula. Side effects such as nausea, hair loss, and long-term complications like infertility and heart damage are explored. The content is aimed at educating healthcare professionals on chemotherapy's practical application in cancer treatment.

Takeaways

• 😀 Chemotherapy is a critical cancer treatment method that uses cytostatic drugs to halt the uncontrolled growth of cancer cells.
• 😀 Cancer is a disease where cells grow abnormally and spread to other organs, with key characteristics like rapid growth, metastasis, and mutations.
• 😀 There are different cancer treatment modalities: local treatments (surgery, radiation) and systemic treatments (chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy).
• 😀 Chemotherapy can be categorized into adjuvant (post-surgery), neoadjuvant (pre-surgery), and palliative (symptom-relieving) therapies.
• 😀 Chemotherapy's effectiveness varies: it can cure, control, or provide palliation, depending on the cancer type and stage.
• 😀 Chemotherapy works by targeting the phases of cell division (mitosis) to disrupt cancer cell growth, particularly during rapid division.
• 😀 Chemotherapy regimens can be either single-drug or combination therapies. Combination therapies are typically more effective with reduced side effects.
• 😀 Chemotherapy doses are calculated based on body surface area (BSA) using specific formulas, like the BSA formula or Calvert's formula for certain drugs.
• 😀 Side effects of chemotherapy include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and more severe long-term effects like infertility and secondary cancers.
• 😀 Patient adherence to chemotherapy is a challenge, as side effects may lead patients to stop treatment prematurely, impacting the treatment outcome.

Q & A

What is cancer, and how does it affect the body?

Cancer is a condition in which cells in the body grow abnormally and uncontrollably. These cancerous cells can spread to other parts of the body (metastasize), affecting nearby organs and tissues.

What are the key characteristics of cancer cells?

Cancer cells have three key characteristics: rapid growth, the ability to double in size quickly (doubling time), and the potential to damage surrounding organs and metastasize to other areas of the body.

What are the two main types of cancer therapies?

The two main types of cancer therapies are local therapies (e.g., surgery and radiation) and systemic therapies (e.g., chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and immunotherapy).

What is chemotherapy, and how does it work?

Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs (cytostatics) to kill cancer cells. These drugs inhibit the growth of rapidly dividing cells and are administered systemically to target cancer cells throughout the body.

What are the different types of chemotherapy?

The main types of chemotherapy are: adjuvant chemotherapy (after surgery), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (before surgery), and palliative chemotherapy (to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life).

What are the benefits of chemotherapy?

Chemotherapy can provide three primary benefits: it can cure certain cancers, control the disease by extending life, or alleviate symptoms in cases where the cancer is not curable (palliative care).

Why is chemotherapy often given in cycles?

Chemotherapy is given in cycles to match the cancer cell cycle. By spacing out doses, healthy cells have time to recover, and chemotherapy can target cancer cells more effectively during their rapid division phases.

What are some common chemotherapy regimens?

Some common chemotherapy regimens include CHOP (Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, Prednisone) for lymphoma and CAP (Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Cisplatin) for breast cancer.

How is the dosage for chemotherapy calculated?

Chemotherapy dosages are typically calculated based on the patient's body surface area (BSA). The BSA is determined using the formula: BSA = √((Height in cm × Weight in kg) / 3600). Some regimens use alternative calculations based on creatinine clearance for specific drugs.

What are some potential side effects of chemotherapy?

Chemotherapy can cause a wide range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, neutropenia, anemia, organ toxicity (e.g., kidney or liver), and even secondary cancers. The side effects can vary based on the type of drug and the patient's response.