#controlandcoordination full chapter | cbse Class 10th Biology | NCERT class 10 science chapter 7

Summary

This educational script delves into the intricate mechanisms of response and coordination in living organisms. It explains how organisms, including plants and animals, react to stimuli through their nervous and endocrine systems. The script covers the roles of neurons, receptors, and synapses in nerve conduction, as well as the function of sensory and motor neurons. It also explores the reflex arc and the division between the central and peripheral nervous systems. The script further discusses the importance of hormones in animals, detailing their impact on growth, metabolism, and response to stimuli, and highlights the significance of iodine in the diet for thyroid hormone production. Finally, it touches on plant responses to stimuli, such as tropisms, and the role of phytohormones in these processes.

Takeaways

• 🧠 The nervous system and hormonal systems are crucial for organisms to produce responses to stimuli for self-protection.
• 🌱 Neurons, including specialized receptors in sensory organs, are key in detecting stimuli and converting them into electrical impulses.
• 👃 Olfactory receptors in the nose detect smells, while gustatory receptors on the tongue help in detecting taste.
• 🚀 Nerve conduction is the process by which neurons carry information to different parts of the nervous system.
• 🔄 The synapse is a junction where electrical impulses are converted to chemical signals and back to electrical signals between neurons.
• 🔍 Sensory neurons transmit information from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord, while motor neurons carry information to muscles or glands.
• 🔁 There are two pathways for stimulus response: a long pathway involving the brain and a short reflex pathway involving the spinal cord.
• 🏃‍♂️ Reflex actions are quick responses to stimuli, executed through a reflex arc involving receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons, and effectors.
• 🦴 The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes the nerves.
• 🧠 The brain is the main coordinating center of the body, responsible for thinking, decision-making, storing information, producing emotions, and controlling body functions.
• 🌿 Plants also respond to stimuli like sunlight, water, soil, and touch, often through growth or changes in cell shape, without a nervous or muscular system.
• 🌳 Tropic movements in plants, such as phototropism, gravitropism, hydrotropism, and thigmotropism, are directional responses to environmental stimuli and are caused by phytohormones.
• 💊 Hormones in animals, secreted by endocrine glands, control functions like growth, repair, and reproduction, and are distributed through the blood circulatory system to target tissues or organs.
• 🏥 Conditions like dwarfism and gigantism are related to the production levels of growth hormone, which is secreted by the pituitary gland and is essential for body growth.
• 🚨 Adrenaline, secreted by adrenal glands, helps in the 'fight or flight' response by increasing oxygen and glucose supply to skeletal muscles.
• 🍽️ Iodine is important for the production of thyroxine, a hormone that regulates metabolism, and its deficiency can lead to goiter.
• 🚫 Diabetes is a condition where insufficient insulin production leads to high blood sugar levels, which can be managed by controlling sugar and starchy food intake.

Q & A

What are neurons and what role do they play in the nervous system?

Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are the fundamental units of the nervous system that detect stimuli and conduct nerve impulses. They consist of parts like the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, and nerve endings. Neurons play a crucial role in transmitting information between different parts of the nervous system.

What are receptors and where are they located?

Receptors are specialized tips present in neurons located in sense organs. They detect stimuli and convert them into electrical impulses. For example, olfactory receptors in the nose detect smell, and gustatory receptors in the tongue detect taste.

What is the function of sensory neurons and motor neurons?

Sensory neurons carry information from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord, while motor neurons carry information from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands, facilitating responses to stimuli.

What is a synapse and how does it function?

A synapse is the gap or junction between the nerve endings of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron. At the synapse, the electrical impulse is converted into a chemical signal, which crosses the gap and is then converted back into an electrical signal in the receiving neuron.

What are reflex actions and what is the reflex arc?

Reflex actions are quick, involuntary responses to stimuli that help protect the body from danger. The pathway by which a reflex action is executed is called the reflex arc, which involves receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons, and effectors.

What are the main parts of the brain and their primary functions?

The brain has three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain is responsible for thought processes, sensory information analysis, and voluntary muscle control. The midbrain controls visual and auditory reflexes and eye movements. The hindbrain, which includes the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum, controls involuntary functions such as sleep, wake cycles, breathing, heart rate, and maintaining posture and balance.

How do plants respond to stimuli and what are phytohormones?

Plants respond to stimuli like sunlight, water, soil, and touch through movements. These movements are often caused by growth or changes in cell shape and are directed by phytohormones. Phytohormones are special chemical compounds that regulate these movements and growth in plants.

What are the major phytohormones and their functions?

The five major phytohormones are auxins (stimulate cell growth and tropic movements), gibberellins (help in stem and root elongation), cytokinins (promote cell division), abscisic acid (acts as a growth inhibitor and helps in wilting of leaves), and ethylene (stimulates fruit ripening).

What is the endocrine system and what are its primary functions?

The endocrine system is comprised of various glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis, and ovaries, which secrete hormones. Hormones help control many body functions such as growth, repair, and reproduction. They are released into the bloodstream and act on specific target tissues or organs.

How does adrenaline help in 'fight or flight' situations?

Adrenaline, secreted by the adrenal glands during dangerous situations, helps prepare the body for 'fight or flight.' It increases the supply of oxygen and glucose to the skeletal muscles, increases heart rate, diverts blood to muscles by reducing flow to the digestive system and skin, and increases breathing rate.

Why is iodine important in our diet and what condition can result from iodine deficiency?

Iodine is essential for the production of thyroxine, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls metabolism. Iodine deficiency can lead to low production of thyroxine, resulting in a condition called goiter, characterized by a swollen neck.

Outlines

00:00

🧠 Nervous System and Hormonal Responses in Living Organisms

This paragraph discusses how living organisms, including humans, produce responses to stimuli through their nervous and hormonal systems. It explains the role of nerve cells, or neurons, and their various parts such as cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, and nerve endings. Specialized neurons in the sense organs, known as receptors, convert stimuli into electrical impulses. The paragraph also differentiates between sensory neurons, which carry information from the senses to the brain or spinal cord, and motor neurons, which transmit signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands. It outlines the two pathways for producing responses to stimuli: a long pathway involving the brain and a quicker reflex arc for immediate responses. The structure and function of the brain, including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, are also covered, along with the protective mechanisms for the brain such as the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.

05:01

🌱 Plant Responses to Stimuli and Tropic Movements

The second paragraph explores how plants respond to various stimuli like sunlight, water, soil, touch, and chemicals, primarily through growth or changes in cell shape since they lack a nervous and muscular system. The paragraph describes tropic movements, such as phototropism (towards light), geotropism (towards soil), hydrotropism (towards water), thigmotropism (towards touch), and chemotropism (towards a chemical stimulus). It also introduces phytohormones, like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, which are responsible for different aspects of plant growth and movement.

10:03

🏃‍♂️ Hormonal Control and Coordination in Animals

This section delves into the endocrine system's role in animal control and coordination. It describes how various endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis, and ovaries, secrete hormones that regulate body functions like growth, repair, and reproduction. Hormones are transported through the blood circulatory system to target tissues or organs. The example of adrenaline's role in the fight or flight response during a dangerous situation is provided, highlighting its effects on the heart, blood vessels, and muscles. The importance of iodized salt in the diet, its connection to the thyroid gland, and the production of thyroxine hormone are also discussed, along with the consequences of iodine deficiency and thyroid gland function on metabolism.

15:04

💪 Hormonal Influences on Growth, Metabolism, and Disease

The final paragraph focuses on specific hormones and their effects on growth, metabolism, and disease in the human body. It explains the role of the growth hormone from the pituitary gland in regulating the growth of skeletal muscles and bones, and how deficiencies can lead to dwarfism, while overproduction can cause gigantism. Testosterone and estrogen are identified as male and female sex hormones, respectively, influencing the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The paragraph also addresses diabetes, a condition resulting from insufficient insulin production, leading to high blood sugar levels and potential complications. The importance of managing blood sugar levels, especially in diabetics, is emphasized, along with the general advice for a healthy diet.

Keywords

💡Nervous System

The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells, known as neurons, that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It plays a crucial role in the video's theme as it is responsible for producing responses to stimuli, which is essential for an organism's survival. In the script, it is mentioned that the nervous system, along with the hormonal system, helps organisms to produce responses to stimuli, and it is further divided into the central nervous system (comprising the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (comprising nerves).

💡Neurons

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses. They are the fundamental units of the nervous system and are composed of a cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, and nerve endings. In the video, neurons are highlighted as key in detecting stimuli and converting them into electrical impulses, which are then carried to different parts of the nervous system. An example from the script is that sensory neurons carry information from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord.

💡Receptors

Receptors are specialized tips present in sensory neurons that detect stimuli and convert them into electrical impulses. They are vital for the sensory perception process. The video script mentions olfactory receptors in the nose that detect smell and gustatory receptors on the tongue that detect taste. These receptors are integral to the body's response to stimuli and are a key concept in understanding how organisms interact with their environment.

💡Synapse

A synapse is a junction between two neurons where an electrical impulse is converted into a chemical signal, which then crosses the gap and reaches the dendrites of another neuron. It is a critical part of nerve conduction, as it allows for the transmission of information between neurons. The script explains that the nerve endings of one neuron and the dendrites of another are not directly attached, and this gap is what constitutes the synapse.

💡Sensory Neurons

Sensory neurons are a type of neuron that carries information from the sense organs to the brain or spinal cord. They are essential for the process of sensing stimuli and initiating a response. In the context of the video, sensory neurons are mentioned as playing a crucial role in detecting stimuli and initiating the process of nerve conduction, which is vital for an organism's ability to respond to its environment.

💡Motor Neurons

Motor neurons are responsible for carrying information from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands. They are key in the execution of movements and other responses to stimuli. The video script discusses how motor neurons are involved in the second pathway of response to stimuli, where information is processed in the spinal cord and used to produce quick responses, such as reflex actions.

💡Reflex Actions

Reflex actions are immediate, involuntary movements that occur in response to a stimulus without the need for brain processing. They are a quick response mechanism that helps organisms protect themselves from harm. The script explains that reflex actions are produced through a short pathway involving the spinal cord and are executed by a reflex arc, which includes receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons, and effectors.

💡Phytohormones

Phytohormones are chemical compounds found in plants that regulate growth and influence various physiological processes. The video script identifies five major phytohormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, each with specific functions like promoting cell elongation, cell division, and fruit ripening. Phytohormones are essential in understanding how plants respond to stimuli without a nervous system.

💡Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various body functions. It plays a significant role in the video's theme as it is the second way of control and coordination in animals. The script mentions various endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis, and ovaries, which are responsible for secreting hormones that control growth, repair, reproduction, and other vital processes.

💡Hormones

Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and travel through the bloodstream to target tissues or organs. They are essential for controlling many body functions, including growth, repair, and reproduction. In the video, hormones are discussed in the context of how they help the body respond to stimuli, with examples like adrenaline's role in the fight or flight response and insulin's function in regulating blood sugar levels.

💡Iodized Salt

Iodized salt is table salt that has had iodine added to it. Iodine is an essential mineral for the production of thyroid hormones, which are critical for metabolism and overall health. The video script emphasizes the importance of iodized salt in the diet to prevent goiter, a condition that results from insufficient iodine intake and can lead to an enlarged thyroid gland. Iodized salt is connected to the endocrine system through its role in thyroid hormone production.

Highlights

Living organisms produce responses to stimuli for self-protection through nervous and hormonal systems.

Nerve cells, or neurons, are key in detecting stimuli and converting them into electrical impulses.

Specialized neuron tips called receptors detect stimuli like smell and taste.

Nerve conduction involves neurons passing impulses through synapses.

Sensory neurons transmit information from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord.

Motor neurons carry information from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.

Two pathways for stimulus response: a long pathway involving the brain and a short reflex arc.

Reflex actions are quick responses to stimuli, executed through the reflex arc.

The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

The brain is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, housed within the cranial case.

The brain coordinates body functions, including thinking, decision making, and controlling emotions.

Voluntary and involuntary functions are controlled by different parts of the brain.

The forebrain is responsible for thought processes and sensory impulse reception.

The midbrain controls visual and auditory reflexes and eye movement.

The hindbrain, consisting of pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum, controls involuntary functions.

Plants respond to stimuli such as sunlight, water, and touch through movements without a nervous system.

Plant movements are caused by growth or changes in cell shape, termed tropic movements.

Phytohormones like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid regulate plant growth and responses.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones that control body functions such as growth and reproduction.

Hormones are supplied to different body parts through the blood circulatory system and act on specific target tissues.

Adrenaline is an example of a hormone that helps in the fight or flight response during dangerous situations.

Iodine is essential for the production of thyroxine, a hormone that regulates metabolism.

Growth hormone from the pituitary gland is responsible for regular body growth.

Testosterone is the male sex hormone that aids in the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Estrogen is the female sex hormone that helps in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.

Diabetes is a condition where insufficient insulin production leads to high blood sugar levels.

Transcripts

[Music]

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we know that living things produce

response to stimulus to protect

themselves nervous system and hormonal

systems help the organisms to produce

responses to stimuli

narrow cells play an important role in

detecting the stimuli nerve cells are

also called as neurons each neuron has

different parts like cell body nucleus

dendrites axon and nerve endings

the neurons that are present in the

sense organs have specialized tips

called as receptors these receptors

detect the stimuli and converts it into

electrical impulses

The receptors that are present in the

nose are called olfactory receptors they

detect the smell

The receptors that are present in the

tongue and helps in detecting The Taste

are called gustatory receptors

the neurons carry the information to

different parts of the nervous system

this is called nerve conduction the

neurons collect the nerve impulses by

their dendrites and pass them to other

neurons by their nerve endings

the nerve endings of one neuron and

dendrites of other neuron are not

attached directly to one another there

is some gap between them this Gap or

this Junction is called as synapse at

the end of the nerve terminals the

electrical impulse is converted to a

chemical signal this chemical crosses

the Gap and reaches the dendrites of

another neuron there it again converted

into electrical signal the neurons that

carry the information from sense organs

to brain or spinal cord are called

Sensory neurons

the neurons that carry the information

from brain or spinal cord to muscles or

glands are called motor neurons there

are two Pathways in which responses are

produced to stimuli

in one pathway information about the

stimulus passes to spinal cord spinal

cord to brain now the response is

generated in the brain and it passes

down back to spinal cord and it finally

reaches the muscles this is a long

pathway and takes considerable amount of

time to produce responses

in this short pathway information about

the stimuli passes to spinal cord there

it is processed quickly and the

responses are produced

but in some situations organisms need to

produce very quick responses to protect

themselves from the dangerous stimuli

in such cases they take a short pathway

these responses reach the muscles and

cause immediate movements

this kind of quick responses are called

reflex actions

the pathway by which a reflex action is

executed is called reflex arc

receptors Sensory neurons relay neurons

motor neurons and effectors are the

components of the reflex arc the nervous

system is divided into central nervous

system and peripheral nervous system

central nervous system consists of brain

and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system consists of

nerves

brain is an important and delicate organ

so it has to be protected well

brain is covered by a fluid-filled

balloon-like structure made up of three

layers

these layers are called meninges and the

fluid present in between these layers is

called cerebrospinal fluid

these layers and the fluid they protect

the brain from shocks and injuries

brain along with the meninges is

protected by an outer bony case called

as Cranium Cranium is a hard structure

that is made up of bone

brain is the main coordinating center of

our body

it receives the information from all

parts of the body and integrates it

the main functions of our brain are

thinking decision making storing

information producing emotions and

controlling body functions

our body functions are of two types

voluntary and involuntary

the functions that are under our control

are called voluntary functions

writing talking dancing clapping these

are the examples of voluntary functions

controlled by our brain

the actions that are not under our

control are called involuntary actions

digestion heartbeat sneezing or the some

examples of involuntary actions

controlled by human brain

now let us see which part of the brain

controls which functions

the brain has three main parts namely

the forebrain midbrain and hindbrain

let us see about forebrain

the thought process takes place in the

forebrain

forebrain has regions which receives

sensory impulses from various receptors

the forebrain has different centers for

hearing smell sight Etc the information

from different sense organs is analyzed

and compared with the information

already stored in our brain based on

this analysis the forebrain takes a

decision and sends it to the area of the

brain which controls the movements of

our voluntary muscles for example if we

are playing football our eyes sends the

information about the position of the

ball to the area of which analyzes it

after analysis a decision is taken and

the information is sent to the area of

the brain which executes it

it causes the necessary movements in our

muscles and makes us kick the ball in

right direction with right Force

the sensation of hunger and feeling full

is also controlled by a separate area of

forebrain

next we see midbrain

midbrain controls the visual and

auditory reflexes it also has Center for

controlling the movements of our eye and

eyelids

hindbrain hindbrain has three parts

namely pawns medulla oblongata and

cerebellum these parts control the

involuntary functions of our body pawns

controls our sleep and wake cycle and

breathing

medulla controls heart rate breathing

blood pressure and more involuntary

functions

next cerebellum it is responsible for

precision of olentry reactions and

maintaining posture and balance of the

body walking in a straight line riding a

bicycle drawing an art all these are

possible because of cerebellum these are

the different parts of the brain and

their functions

coordination in plants

do plants respond to stimuli yes plants

respond to stimuli like sunlight water

soil touch chemicals Etc

most of these responses are in the form

of movements

for example stems bending towards

sunlight Roots growing towards soil or

water

tendrils of plants coiling around this

support closing of leaves of touch me

not plant when it is touched

how do plants produce movements

animals produce movements with the help

of nervous system and muscular system

but in Plants both the nervous system

and muscular system are not present

the movements in plants are caused

either by growth or by changing the

shape of this cell which movements in

plants are caused due to growth the

movements in plant parts like stem

moving towards sunlight Roots growing

towards soil tendrils coiling around

some support

pollen tube growing towards the ovule

are caused due to growth in fact these

movements are the responses for

different stimuli the directional

movements that are shown by plants in

response to environmental stimuli are

called Tropic moments the movement of

plant parts towards sunlight is called

phototrophism example stem bending

towards sunlight movement of plant parts

towards the soil is called zeotrophism

example Roots growing towards soil

movement of plant parts towards the

water is called hydrotropism

example Roots growing towards water

movement of plant parts in the direction

of an object that it touches is called

thigmotrophism

example tendrils coiling around the

support movement of plant parts towards

a chemical stimulus is called

chemotropism example pollen tube growing

towards the ovule what causes the Tropic

movements in Plants Tropic movements in

plants are caused due to some special

chemical compounds called as

phytohormones

for example if the plant tip has to bend

towards right the cells in the left side

part of the tip get elongated it makes

the plant Bend towards right

the elongation of cells in the left half

of the plant tip is caused due to a

phytohormone called as oxen name the

major phytohormones and write their

functions the five major phytohormones

are auxins gabriellins cytokinins

ethylene and abscessic acid

auxins

auxins stimulate the cells to grow

longer

they are responsible for the Tropic

moments in Plants they are mostly

concentrated in the Yang shoot and root

tips

gibberellins

gibberellins also helps in the stem and

root elongation in Plants cytokinins

cyto means cell

kinosis means division

this means the cytokinins they promote

cell division

they are concentrated in the fruits and

seeds where rapid cell division takes

place

abscisic acid this hormone acts as a

growth inhibitor this helps in the

wilting of leaves

ethylene this phytohormone stimulates

the ripening of fruits so these are the

five major phytohormones and their

functions

hormones in animals

what is the second way of control and

coordination in animals

in animals

the second way of control and

coordination is done by endocrine system

the endocrine system is comprised of

various endocrine glands like pituitary

gland thyroid gland adrenal glands

pancreas testis and ovaries

these glands secrete some special

chemical compounds called hormones

what are the functions of hormones

and how are they supplied to different

parts of our body

hormones help to control many body

functions such as growth repair and

reproduction

hormones are secreted by glands in very

small quantity

these hormones reach different parts of

our body through blood circulatory

system

once a hormone is released into the

bloodstream it is supplied to all parts

of the body but it acts only on its

Target tissue or organ

how do hormones help our body in

producing a response towards a stimulus

let us understand the functioning of

hormones with an example

if a person is attacked by a dog then he

should either fight with the dog or run

away from the dog here the dog's attack

is the stimulus and man running or

escaping is the response

when we are in such a situation a

hormone called adrenaline is secreted by

adrenal glands

it helps in the fight or flight

situation

in dangerous situation we have to fight

or flight for both the processes our

muscles need large amounts of glucose

and oxygen

the main function of adrenaline is to

increase the supply of oxygen and

glucose to our skeletal muscles

even though adrenaline is supplied to

all parts of the body

only few organs accept it and functions

accordingly

adrenaline mainly affects our eyes blood

vessels heart and muscles

due to the action of adrenaline the

heart beats faster and supplies more

oxygen to our muscles

the blood to the digestive system and

skin is reduced due to contraction of

muscles around small arteries in these

organs

this blood is diverted to skeletal

muscles

adrenaline also increases the breathing

rate by increasing the muscular

movements of diaphragm and Rib muscles

this is how adrenaline helps us to

produce a response during a dangerous or

harmful stimuli

why is it important to have iodized salt

in our diet

how is it connected to our endocrine

system

it is advisor to consume iodized salt in

the place of normal salt because iodine

is an important mineral required for our

body

iodine is essential for making a hormone

called tyroxine in our body

this hormone is produced by thyroid

gland which is present at our neck

region

the main function of thyroxine is to

control the metabolism of carbohydrates

proteins and fats

thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in

regulating metabolism

metabolism is the process by which our

body converts food into energy and

energy into food vice versa an

underactive thyroid can slow down

metabolism leading to weight gain

fatigue and other symptoms on the other

hand an overactive thyroid can speed up

metabolism causing weight loss and other

symptoms

if we do not have sufficient iodine in

our diet it may lead to low production

of thyroxine and causes a disease called

as goiter swollen neck is the main

symptom of goiter which hormone is

responsible for our growth

growth hormone secreted by pituitary

gland is responsible for regular growth

of our body

the growth of skeletal muscles and bone

is under the control of growth hormone

deficiency of growth hormone leads to a

condition called dwarfism where stunted

growth is observed in some people

overproduction of growth hormone leads

to a condition called gigantism in this

case people grow very tall and looks

unusual

which hormone is called as male hormone

and why is it called so testosterone is

called as male sex hormone it is called

so because it helps in the development

of secondary sexual characters like

growth of mustache growth of beard

development of testes and production of

sperms in boys

which hormone is called as female sex

hormone and why it is called so

estrogen is called as female sex hormone

it is called so because it helps in the

development of secondary sexual

characters in females like development

of breasts beginning of menstruation

development of ovaries Etc

why do doctors suggest some people to

eat less sugar and starchy Foods in

their diet doctors suggest some people

to eat less sugar and starchy Foods

because they are suffering from a

disease called as diabetes

our blood contains glucose the normal

level of glucose in our blood is 99

milligrams per 100 ml of blood if our

blood glucose level raises then a

hormone called insulin is secreted by

our pancreas insulin control the raised

blood sugar levels

but in some people due to the mall

functioning of insulin producing cells

of pancreas very less insulin is

produced which leads to high level of

blood sugar such condition is called as

diabetes

high levels of blood sugar causes

harmful effects on our body

diabetic people are more prone to Heart

kidney eye and now diseases

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