EGRAD BEDU 202154 FISIOLOGIA GERAL E DO MOVIMENTO PARTE 1

Summary

Professor Felipe introduces the course on human physiology, emphasizing the importance of reading, studying, and clearing doubts. The lecture focuses on the reasons behind food consumption, which are categorized into four main functions: body construction, internal maintenance, energy storage, and providing extra energy for additional activities. The daily energy expenditure is divided into basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, physical activity, and growth. The macronutrients—carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—are the primary sources of energy, with each gram providing a specific amount of kilocalories. Carbohydrates are the base of our diet, providing 4 kilocalories per gram, while fats offer more than double that amount. Proteins, composed of amino acids, serve as another source of energy and are crucial for body functions. Micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals, also play a significant role in health. The ultimate goal of these nutrients is to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the body's immediate energy source, which powers various activities such as muscle contraction and blood circulation.

Takeaways

• 📚 The class is about human physiology, requiring effort in reading, studying, and clearing doubts to understand the subject better.
• 🍲 We consume food for four main reasons: construction of the body, maintenance of internal balance, energy storage, and providing extra energy for physical activities.
• 🏃‍♂️ The daily energy expenditure is divided into four parts: Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), thermic effect of food, physical activity, and growth.
• 🔥 Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the energy required to maintain life without any physical activity and is influenced by factors like genetics, sex, age, body composition, and hormone levels.
• 🍛 The thermic effect of food is the energy spent on processing the food we eat, including digestion, absorption, and storage.
• 💪 Physical activity is a variable component of daily energy expenditure and can range from low, such as sitting in front of a computer, to high, like running or playing soccer.
• 👶 Growth energy expenditure is significant during infancy and adolescence, but it ceases to exist in adulthood.
• 🌾 Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the three main sources of energy. Carbohydrates are the base of our diet and provide 4 kilocalories per gram.
• 🥑 Fats are the most energy-dense macronutrient, providing 9 kilocalories per gram, and include essential fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol.
• 🥩 Proteins are made up of amino acids, with 9 of them being essential and must be obtained from the diet. Proteins can be obtained from food and from the body's own protein renewal.
• 🥦 Micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, are also important for health despite being present in small quantities in the body.
• 💡 All energy substrates ultimately serve to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the immediate source of energy for the body to perform all activities.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the first unit of the course?

The first unit focuses on understanding elements involved with energy expenditure, different types of energy substrates, and the concept of high-energy phosphate, specifically ATP.

Why do we consume food according to Felipe?

We consume food to perform four specific actions in the human body: construction of the body, maintaining internal balance, storing energy for periods of fasting, and providing additional energy for extra activities.

What is the term used to describe the daily energy expenditure of the body?

The term used is 'daily energy expenditure', which includes the energy consumed to maintain the body for 24 hours.

What are the four components of daily energy expenditure?

The four components are basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, physical activity, and growth (which is significant mainly in childhood and adolescence).

How is the basal metabolic rate influenced?

The basal metabolic rate is influenced by factors such as genetics, sex (generally higher in men), age (higher in younger individuals), body composition (higher in individuals with more lean mass), and hormone levels.

What is the role of physical activity in relation to daily energy expenditure?

Physical activity is a variable component of daily energy expenditure that can significantly impact energy use; it includes both routine daily activities and intentional exercises.

What are the three macronutrients that provide energy to the body?

The three macronutrients that provide energy are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

What is the energy yield per gram of carbohydrates and fats?

Each gram of carbohydrates yields 4 kilocalories, while each gram of fats yields 9 kilocalories.

What are the primary functions of cholesterol in the body?

Cholesterol is essential for maintaining proper body function, it is a precursor for the synthesis of cell membranes and steroid hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, and progesterone.

How many essential amino acids are there that must be obtained through diet?

There are nine essential amino acids that must be obtained through diet: phenylalanine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

What is the immediate source of energy for the body and what is it composed of?

The immediate source of energy for the body is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is composed of a five-carbon sugar (ribose), a nitrogenous base (adenine), and three phosphate groups.