Constitutional 3 pptx
Summary
TLDRThe transcript covers the restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, focusing on Charles II's reign, known for its leniency and his love of theater, earning him the nickname 'The Merry Monarch.' It delves into religious tensions, the Test Act, and the eventual succession crisis with Charles’ brother, James II, a Catholic. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 followed, leading to William and Mary's rule and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. The long-term political impacts, such as the rise of modern political parties and lasting religious divisions, are also discussed.
Takeaways
- 😀 The English Restoration began in 1660, with Charles II returning as the 'Merry Monarch' after the Cromwell-led Commonwealth period.
- 🎄 The public was eager for the monarchy's return, partly due to a desire for the return of holidays and enjoyment, including Christmas.
- ⚖️ Charles II restored stability and avoided revenge, only punishing those who signed his father's death warrant.
- 😇 Religious tensions remained high, leading to the Test Act of 1661, which barred Catholics and Puritans from holding public office.
- 📜 The Titus Oates conspiracy, known as the Popish Plot, reflected the paranoia about Catholics, even though it was largely fabricated.
- 👑 Charles II had no legitimate children, making his Catholic brother James the heir, leading to the Exclusion Crisis of 1679.
- 🚩 The political division during this time led to the emergence of two factions: the Tories (pro-monarchy) and the Whigs (pro-parliament).
- 🤝 The Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in James II's abdication and the ascension of William of Orange and Mary, marking a shift toward constitutional monarchy.
- 📜 The English Bill of Rights established parliamentary supremacy, guaranteeing Parliament’s rights to regular meetings, free elections, and control over taxation.
- 🔒 The standing army could only exist with parliamentary consent, a practice that continues in Britain today.
Q & A
What was the significance of the restoration of the monarchy in 1660?
-The restoration of the monarchy in 1660 marked the end of the Commonwealth and Cromwell's strict Puritan rule. It brought Charles II to power, a period known for restoring Christmas and more festive, relaxed public life, earning Charles the nickname 'the merry monarch.'
What was the Test Act of 1661, and why was it introduced?
-The Test Act of 1661 was introduced to exclude Catholics and Puritans from holding public office by requiring individuals to take Anglican communion. It reflected the strong religious tensions of the time and the Anglican desire to prevent non-Anglicans from gaining power.
What was the 'Popeish Plot,' and how did it relate to religious paranoia in England?
-The 'Popeish Plot' was a conspiracy theory that falsely claimed Catholics were planning to take over the government. Although unfounded, it highlighted the intense religious paranoia of the time, particularly against Catholics.
Why did Charles II refuse to divorce Queen Catherine, despite pressure to do so?
-Although Charles II had no legitimate children with Queen Catherine, he refused to divorce her, remaining loyal in this one respect despite his many affairs. His refusal prevented the royal line from continuing through him, leaving his Catholic brother James as his successor.
Who were the Tories and Whigs, and how did they form?
-The Tories were supporters of a strong monarchy and tradition, while the Whigs opposed absolutism and favored parliamentary control. These factions formed during the exclusion crisis over whether James, a Catholic, should succeed Charles II, eventually evolving into modern political parties.
Why was James II’s Catholicism a major issue for the English public?
-James II's Catholicism was problematic because England had not had a Catholic monarch since Queen Mary I. His promotion of Catholics to high positions and fears of a Catholic dynasty sparked widespread opposition, contributing to the Glorious Revolution.
What was the significance of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
-The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw the overthrow of James II and the ascension of William and Mary to the throne. It marked a shift to constitutional monarchy, limiting royal power and establishing Parliament’s authority, which was codified in the Bill of Rights.
What is the historical importance of the Bill of Rights enacted after the Glorious Revolution?
-The Bill of Rights, enacted after the Glorious Revolution, established Parliament’s rights in relation to the monarchy, including regular meetings, free speech, and control over taxes. It laid the foundation for modern constitutional monarchy in England.
How did the battle of the Boyne in 1690 impact James II’s chances of reclaiming the throne?
-The Battle of the Boyne in 1690 saw William III defeat James II's forces, effectively ending James’s hopes of regaining the English throne. It solidified Protestant rule and is still remembered today, especially in Northern Ireland, where it fuels ongoing religious tensions.
What was the Act of Union in 1707, and why did it occur?
-The Act of Union in 1707 united Scotland and England into a single entity, the United Kingdom of Great Britain. It was largely motivated by Scotland’s financial difficulties, with the English agreeing to pay off Scottish debts in exchange for political union.
Outlines
👑 The Restoration of the English Monarchy
After the rigid control of Cromwell and the Commonwealth, England was ready for change. The monarchy was restored in 1660 with Charles II, son of Charles I, being welcomed back. Known as the 'Merry Monarch,' Charles II avoided harsh revenge, allowed many of his father's executioners to flee, and enjoyed a period of relative peace. However, religious tensions remained, leading to the Test Act of 1661, which excluded Catholics and Puritans from public office.
⚔️ Emergence of Political Factions: Tories and Whigs
The exclusion crisis of 1679 highlighted the division into two political factions: Tories and Whigs. Tories, who supported a strong monarchy and traditional values, accepted James II despite his Catholicism. Whigs, descendants of the parliamentary power movement, wanted to exclude James from succession and curtail monarchical power. These factions eventually evolved into modern political parties.
👶 The Birth of James and the Glorious Revolution
James II's ascension in 1685 led to increasing unrest due to his Catholicism and the promotion of Catholics to high offices. The crisis peaked when his second wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son in 1688, raising fears of a Catholic dynasty. This led to the Glorious Revolution, where William of Orange and Mary were invited to invade, resulting in James II fleeing to France and the establishment of William and Mary as co-monarchs.
📜 The Bill of Rights and Constitutional Monarchy
The Glorious Revolution led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in 1688. The Bill of Rights ensured parliamentary supremacy, regular elections, and limits on royal power. This document, part of England's unwritten constitution, emphasized the rights of Parliament and laid the foundation for modern British governance, echoing principles later adopted in the American Bill of Rights.
📝 Philosophical Legacy and Future Implications
The period of the Glorious Revolution and the Bill of Rights influenced philosophers like John Locke, whose ideas on government power and revolution were positive and inspirational. Locke's writings would later significantly influence the American revolutionaries. The discussion sets the stage for exploring these philosophers and their impact on modern political thought.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Restoration
💡Test Act
💡Tories
💡Whigs
💡Exclusion Crisis
💡Glorious Revolution
💡Constitutional Monarchy
💡Bill of Rights (1689)
💡William of Orange
💡Jacobites
Highlights
The restoration of the monarchy in England occurred in 1660 when Charles II, son of Charles I, returned to power, marking the end of Cromwell's Commonwealth.
Charles II, known as the 'Merry Monarch,' avoided harsh revenge against those who had signed his father's death warrant, with only a few being pursued.
The Test Act of 1661 was enacted, requiring all officeholders to take communion in an Anglican Church, effectively excluding Catholics and Puritans from public office.
The Titus Oates conspiracy, known as the Popish Plot, heightened tensions in England by alleging Catholic plots to overthrow the government.
Charles II's refusal to divorce his wife, Catherine of Braganza, despite pressure to secure an heir, led to his Catholic brother, James, becoming his successor.
James II’s Catholic faith sparked the Exclusion Crisis, dividing English political factions into Tories, who supported his succession, and Whigs, who opposed it.
The rise of political parties in England began with the Tories supporting traditional monarchy and the Whigs advocating parliamentary power.
Mary, James II’s Protestant daughter, was married to William of Orange, setting the stage for their eventual succession to the throne.
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw William of Orange and Mary invited to take the throne, leading to James II’s exile and the establishment of a Protestant monarchy.
The Glorious Revolution firmly established England as a constitutional monarchy, where royal power was limited by Parliament.
The Bill of Rights of 1689 was a key document solidifying Parliament's rights, such as the right to regular sessions, free speech, and control over taxes.
The fear of a standing army without parliamentary consent was a major concern, leading to yearly parliamentary approval for the military’s existence.
The phrase 'no cruel or unusual punishments' first appeared in the English Bill of Rights, addressing abuses under earlier monarchs.
The Battle of the Boyne in 1690 ended James II's hopes of regaining the throne, with his defeat by William III solidifying Protestant dominance in England and Ireland.
The Act of Union in 1707 unified England and Scotland, creating the United Kingdom and marking a significant shift in British governance.
Transcripts
welcome back to AP Euro and that welcome
back will be appropriate for our story
here because England's about to welcome
back the monarchy after the years of the
appearance in Commonwealth the rigid
control or the Puritan Lieutenant
generals cromwell's Iron Fist on the the
throat of the country as some people
would describe it the people were ready
for a change they wanted Christmas back
they wanted partying back they want to
enjoy their lives again so after the
death of Cromwell and his son's kind of
failure to control things many leaders
in the country turned to the stewards
again and to restoring the monarchy in
1660 Charles the son of Charles the
first was welcome back to the country
with open arms by most people and we've
seen the monarchy restored the
restoration happens in 1660. Charles
will come in and generally be pretty
well lacking in Revenge he'll only
basically go after people who had signed
his father's death warrant even there he
wasn't super like intense about it and
more than a few were allowed flee the
country but Charles will always be kind
of an easy going happy guy I love the
theater he loved to party and because
that will be known as the merry monarch
under him most of the issues that had
blown up under his father will calm back
down but they're not going to completely
go away
Charles himself was pretty easy going on
religion himself was not very religious
but he was surrounded by people who were
still pretty riled up over religious
issues we maybe past the wars of
religion but we're just past the words
of religion so religion's still a really
big issue here
for anglicans who've been kind of
Knocked around during this time period
they were all about excluding both
Catholics and calvinist Puritan types
from any sort of public office again
they look back at the rule of Lieutenant
generals they wanted nothing to do with
that so they got the king to go along
with the thing called the test act in
1661 and literally to hold any office in
the government any office at all you had
to take communion in an Anglican Church
they knew that Catholics and Puritans
wouldn't do it so that would exclude
them from public office it's a sign of
the paranoia of the times another sign
was the famous Titus Oates conspiracy
known as the popeish plot where there
was this sort of conspiracy theory that
blew up that was really far-fetched
about evil Catholics in the government
and so forth I just decided how tense
people were over the religious issue it
went nowhere but was wrapped up in the
issue of the test Act
do note this won't be repealed until
1828 showing how long these religious
bigotries are going to hang around well
into the 19th or even 20th centuries in
some ways even to the 21st
Charles gently got along pretty well as
Monarch things went pretty smoothly for
the most part well at least in terms of
government power this is not super
smooth at one point the whole city of
London burned down they had a big
outbreak of the plague so yeah there
were some problems but there was no more
Civil Wars the big problem for Charles
was the issue of the succession
Charles and his wife Queen Catherine of
baganza was from Portugal didn't have
any children now Charles had children
many children by many Mistresses so it
was clear that he was pretty fertile and
so people said Charles you need to get
rid of Catherine and get a new Queen and
have some kids so you have the proper
royal succession but Charles who cheat
on his wife constantly and this one way
was loyal to her he refused to set her
aside or divorce her like Henry VII had
done to you know his wives and so forth
so Charles refused to do that to her and
that meant that Charles's Heir was going
to be his brother James oh Catherine's
also notable for another thing coming
from Portugal she brought with her a
thing that had become big in Portugal
which was drinking tea especially in a
ritualized kind of way she's the one
introduces tea drinking to Britain and
it becomes of course the big fashion
there
so Charles having no legitimate children
of his own his brother James was his
successor that was a problem because
during his time in Exile James had
become a Catholic for the passing the
test act he actually resigned as admiral
of the Navy because he couldn't hold
that office well this led to a big issue
Catholic Monarch we haven't had that
since Queen Mary the first way back in
Tudor days people were like oh no so
this led to the exclusion crisis of 1679
should James be excluded from the
succession this led to a division into
two factions that are going to be
important for the future really what's
important in this Slaughter not the
exclusion crisis is what evolved from it
on the one hand you had those who held
up the idea that James should succeed
because well the stewards of the ruling
Dynasty divine right and all that these
people became known as the Tories Tories
supported the idea of a strong monarchy
they were also interestingly supporters
of high church and located there were no
fans of Catholicism but for the most
part they wanted to go with tradition
they were like say fairly conservative
and they're going to be around a long
time as it turns out Tories by the way
was originally a nickname for Bandits up
in northern England somewhere so it was
originally a slur but they took it on as
a badge of honor
on the other side were the wigs wigs
were those who wanted to reign in the
monarchy they didn't like Catholicism
but they also didn't like a strong
monarchy and they saw this as a chance
to basically keep the Kings under
control the Whigs were kind of
descendants of the idea of parliament
being very strong so the wigs are led by
Nobles but they're all about
parliamentary power and they want to
exclude James from the succession these
will revolve eventually into the first
two modern political parties in The Next
Century the Tories are still around as
the conservative party of England which
is the oldest political party in the
world so kind of a big deal here comes
modern politics For Better or Worse
in the end the reason why many Tories
are willing to accept James despite his
Catholicism was not because they were
sympathetic with Catholicism but because
of James's own complicated family
James's first wife was Anne Hyde this
was back when James was a Protestant and
she was a Protestant that marriage had
produced two daughters Mary and Anne
they were both Protestants Mary was
currently over in the Netherlands she
was married to a guy named William of
Orange descended from William the silent
leader of the Protestant cause fighting
against Louis XIV on the continent so
Mary was at this point James's Heir and
they were okay with that so we put up
with James for a few years and then
we'll get Mary a strong a Protestant
it's all going to be okay
and this shows Mary the daughter with
William Prince of orange who was also
himself by the way a descendant of the
stewards he was Mary's first cousin yeah
another one of those first cousin
marriages anyway because William was so
strong in fighting Louis XIV such a
strong champion of protestantism the
Assumption was these two would come to
the throne and everything was going to
be okay after James so that's what
people were thinking
and James does come to the throne in
1685 the death of Charles II who appears
to by the way have sneakily become a
Catholic on his deathbed there's some
debate about that anyway James now
becomes the last Catholic monarch of
England in 1685. it's not going to go
well he doesn't die in 1688 as we're
about to see
James will probably proved to be the
most stubborn and inept at the stewards
and that is saying something he merely
began to play on everybody's worst fears
he began to promote Catholics to high
office Catholic Nobles and Catholic
clergy even foreign clergy men were put
in positions of importance in James's
government this appalled the English who
weren't Catholic the great majority of
all Stripes Tories and Whigs are both
upset at the behavior of James and for
the most part they're going along with
it but increasing resistance is building
then comes the most important crisis of
all
now when James was away in France and
Exile he had remarried because anheit
had died he married Miriam Modena a
Catholic they had no children the
Assumption was she was infertile so at
the very least we put up with James for
a while still hopefully all this will
blow over then comes word in 1688 the
Miriam of Modena is pregnant people are
like what they've been married for years
no children where did this come from
conspiracy theories flew all over the
place the great question would be what
happens when the baby is born if you
know anything about how the royal
succession used to work in England until
very recently yes the oldest child
succeeds and it can be a girl but not if
there's a boy in the line of succession
boys always moved ahead of girls in the
line of succession right now we have two
daughters Mary and Ian the line of
succession that the baby's a daughter
she be third in the line we're okay but
if it's a boy oh no and guess what it's
a boy also named James because they're
so original anyway James was born in
1688 and now we have a real mess here's
the potential for a long Catholic
Dynasty building because James
who's ahead of his half-sisters
soon right away really conspiracy
theories flew that this baby wasn't
really legitimate there was a theory
that the baby had been smuggled into the
palace in a warming pan Which you would
use with the coals to warm up your bed
before you went to bed
all this is not true Witnesses make it
clear the baby was her baby and was born
to her but anyway this conspiracy became
a useful way to justify not seeing this
James as the heir to the throne the 68
then sees a giant blow up of the ruling
Elite of England coming together to say
we've had enough of James II we don't
want a Catholic monarchy we don't want
the Catholics in charge I know that's
very bigoted on their part but it's the
way it was and so we see the Glorious
Revolution happen this is a really big
deal in British politics Glorious
Revolution is glorious because hardly
anybody gets killed unlike the English
Civil War instead the elites of England
Tory and a wig all come together to say
this isn't okay and they basically open
up the country to Invasion and ask
William of Orange and his wife Mary to
come in and invade the country and save
them from King James James seeing which
way the wind was blowing got on a little
boat and went off to France
that they gave the parliament then an
excuse to say he'd abandoned the crown
and give the crown to William and Mary
all this was legally dubious but it
showed that public opinion was strongly
behind William and Mary and a change in
the monarchy So Glorious Revolution to
see his last male Steward leave in the
form of James and a new Dynasty come in
with William of Orange and his wife Mary
and here's a lovely couple known to
history as William and Mary they were
pretty devoted to one another and pretty
successful ruling Duo keep in mind Mary
had the stronger claim to the throne but
technically that required the exclusion
of her brother James William came along
with his own claim as a cousin but
really he was falling on his wife's
coattails however because he was such a
staunch champion of protestantism people
were willing to accept that too but what
William and Mary's accession really
means is that the Nobles the leading
clergy the leading Gentry have all
agreed that there are going to be limits
on Royal power and they're not going to
allow any more movements toward
absolutism William and Mary will have to
agree to that to become monarchs and
they will establishing the idea once and
for all that England is a constitutional
monarchy that is the big thing to
remember about the Glorious Revolution
and you should try to remember the year
1688.
Parliament by which I mean the leaders
of the country the land of nobility the
landowning Gentry the clergy the upper
middle class they were determined to
protect their rights under this new
monarchy so they drew up essentially as
a contract between the monarchy and
Parliament known as the Bill of Rights
yes it's where our guys got the name
anyway the Bill of Rights is not quite
the same as the American Bill of Rights
it's not a list of specific individual
rights though some were included what it
primarily is is a contract that says the
Monarch recognizes these rights of
parliament it is one of the most
important documents in the English
government's Unwritten Constitution when
I say Unwritten it's not a single
document but many parts of it are in
fact documents this is one of the most
important but it primarily enumerates
are the rights of parliament to meet
regularly to have free speech to not be
interfered with by the monarchy all
those things that Parliament still holds
today and in fact more than ever are
based here in the Bill of Rights
so first and foremost the Bill of Rights
guaranteed parliament's rights vis-a-vis
the monarchy the right to meet regularly
the right to regular elections
non-interference Etc really the idea
that Parliament would be an independent
almost co-equal branch of government
it'll take a while for Parma to really
assert itself fully and Take Over
Control the government they'll take
about a century but that's the direction
we're headed in
some other important features are that
taxes now are going to be under
parliament's control no more taxing
without the consent of Parliament and
any tax bill would have to begin in the
House of Commons something echoed in our
own Constitution or any tax bill or
finance bill has to begin in the House
of Representatives
also the fear of standing army is now
thoroughly entrenched in British history
of course that had already been there
under the earlier King Charles now we
see it of course really looking back to
the time of the rule of Lieutenant
generals under Cromwell to this day to
this day in Britain the standing army
would have to disband if Parliament
didn't give its consent for it to exist
every year every year the parliament has
to pass a law to allow the Army to
continue to exist that is still true
dating back now several hundred years
the idea of the right to bear arms is
enshrined in there for Protestants only
for their protection against the
Catholic minority so the right to bear
arms First shows up here that whole
phrase in the Bill of Rights but it's
still very much wrapped up in the wars
of religion period it's reminiscent of
the way the huguenots have given the
right to bear arms by the Edict of naam
the phrase no cruel or unusual
punishments also shows up here for the
first time primarily focusing on the
abuse of the courts by King Charles back
in the day with the court of Star
Chamber because they're still pretty
cool and still pretty nasty a lot of
their punishments the death penalty
still was on the books for several
hundred different crimes
so overall we see the development here
of a true constitutional monarchy and
more or less an agreement on that
between the monarchs and Parliament that
has lasted to this day
King James wasn't quite done though he
got his nerve back over in France
bolstered by his cousin Louis XIV and he
came over to Ireland trying to raise the
Irish Catholics in 1690 held by the
French at the battle the Boeing though
his hopes were shot down literally by
William and a British Army that came
over and crushed him this is very
important battle will end any hopes
really James have for taking over the
throne in his lifetime but those who
kept hoping that the male stewards would
somehow take over the throne again in
Britain often Catholics become known as
jacobites it's from the Latin jacobusk
which is Latin for James so the
jacobites will be around for a long time
hoping to put the male stewards on the
throne of Great Britain they're never
going to pull it off though
this time period has long-term important
effects in Ireland where it's still a
very much living kind of issue
especially in Northern Ireland where
most of the Irish Protestants now live
there they still Revere William III and
they celebrate the defeat of the Irish
Catholics and James about the Boyne
every year by marching through Catholic
parts of places like Dublin wearing
orange the color of the Dutch and the
color of William III the orange men then
are Northern Irish Protestants who
celebrate their connection to Britain
and celebrate their defeated the
Catholics all of this causing a lot of
ire among the Catholic Irish majority so
some of these historic events while
they're hundreds of years old still echo
wildly through history
one last kind of PostScript to our
Stuart period is that William and Mary
Had No Children of their own either and
exactly Y is up for some historical
debate I won't go into that so when they
passed away the throne then went to the
last Stuart Monarch Queen Anne she by
the way had children a bunch of children
but she outlived all of them tragically
anyway she'll be the last of the Stuart
monarchs then we'll get the hanoverians
all those Georges that's for the future
anyway under Queen Anne we're going to
see the act of Union past that'll bring
Scotland and England fully together as a
single United Kingdom as literally was
called the United Kingdom is the correct
name for what we call Great Britain
Britain Etc Scotland joined out of
really desperation the Scots have gotten
themselves in debts the English said
will pay off your debts if you come and
join us and so that happened in 1707
what this did is to create a single
Parliament single law code single
currency Etc under the United monarchy
of Queen Anne from now on you can
correctly crawl this area Great Britain
or the United Kingdom
amalgamation of the various Flags will
produce of course the famous Union Jack
which is kind of evolves more even after
this but anyway the United Kingdom of
Great Britain at that point included
Scotland England and Wales later will
include Northern Ireland Ireland in
general which including yet another set
of red bars but uh Great Britain the
United Kingdom created by this time
period too we may in our own lifetimes
see this change in Scotland there's a
strong movement right now to secede from
the United Kingdom and go back to being
an independent land of Scotland to be a
republic this time probably rather than
a kingdom that may happen very well
because it brexit so we'll see you might
very well see the end of the United
Kingdom and the end of the Union Jack as
a flag happening in the near future
so again we see that constant question
of how the Nobles and the monarchs
interact in a country and it's on the
growing royal power in this case the
Nobles not only reign in the monarchy
but eventually in the long run they'll
take over running the country through
Parliament they were supported in that
by the landowning Gentry in particular
who really swung the balance of power
and favored the Nobles in parliament
against the monarchy so here we're going
to see a parliament that has a very
strong role in government eventually has
a total role in government with the
Monarch becoming just a figurehead has
Queen Elizabeth is today
and one last PostScript we're going to
look at some philosophers next week in
terms of government and government power
including Thomas Hobbes another one
we'll look at is John Locke lock lock is
from a later generation in Hobbes he has
very different experiences he comes from
the time of the Glorious Revolution he
was a supporter of the wig Nobles who
overthrew James II who passed a Bill of
Rights that created really a
constitutional monarchy in England for
Locke revolution had been a positive not
a negative so keep those things in mind
when you look at John Locke's writings
next week including the second trees on
government this is also going to be
important because Locke will be one of
the most important figures look back to
by the American revolutionaries not too
far off in the future now
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