Cervical Spine Trauma - Everything You Need To Know - Dr. Nabil Ebraheim

nabil ebraheim
3 Mar 201716:36

Summary

TLDRこのビデオスクリプトは、首の脊椎(C-spine)外傷について詳述しています。特に、C1とC2の安定性を提供する横靭帯や、アトラス骨折(ジェファーソン骨折)、Hangman骨折、側頭頸椎脱臼、そして後頭頸椎脱臼など、脊椎のさまざまな外傷の診断と治療について触れています。外傷の重症度に応じた非手術的治療や手術的介入、MRIやCTスキャンの役割、固定具(ハローなど)の使用に関する注意点も説明されており、高齢患者へのハローの使用の危険性にも言及しています。神経学的損傷や、特定の骨折に対する手術の適応が詳細に解説されています。

Takeaways

  • 🦴 頸椎損傷では、最初に考えるのは靭帯の位置と機能。
  • 🔗 環軸靭帯はC1とC2の安定性を保ち、異常な動きを防ぐ。
  • 💀 Jefferson骨折(C1または環椎骨折)は、横靭帯損傷を伴う可能性がある。
  • 📏 ラテラルマスのオーバーハングが6.9mm以下なら安定した骨折だが、それ以上の場合は不安定。
  • 🩻 横靭帯損傷の判断にはCTスキャンが推奨され、X線では見逃されやすい。
  • 🧑‍⚕️ 高齢者にはHalo装具は禁忌。肺炎などでリスクが高まるため。
  • 🔩 C1とC2の動きが重要であり、若年者では可能な限りC1とC2の動きを維持する手術が推奨される。
  • ⚙️ Hangman骨折(C2椎骨の椎弓根骨折)は、種類によって異なる治療法が必要。
  • 🧠 椎間板ヘルニアが伴う可能性があるため、手術前にMRIで確認が必要。
  • 👀 頸椎脱臼や破裂骨折などの深刻な損傷は、早期手術や固定が必要。

Q & A

  • 質問1: 横靭帯はどのような役割を果たしていますか?

    -横靭帯はC1とC2の安定性を提供し、C1とC2の間で異常な動きを防ぎます。

  • 質問2: 横靭帯が損傷した場合、どのような影響がありますか?

    -横靭帯が損傷すると、C1とC2が自由に動き、ADI(アトランタ歯突起間距離)が増加し、不安定な状態になります。

  • 質問3: ジェファーソン骨折とは何ですか?

    -ジェファーソン骨折はC1(アトラス)の破裂骨折で、通常は安定した骨折で非手術的な治療が行われますが、横靭帯が損傷している場合は手術が必要です。

  • 質問4: 横靭帯の損傷を診断するための主な画像診断法は何ですか?

    -CTスキャンが主な診断法です。オープンマウスX線でも確認できますが、CTスキャンが他の骨折も見つけるのに役立ちます。

  • 質問5: 高齢者にハロベストを使用してはならない理由は何ですか?

    -高齢者にハロベストを使用すると、肺炎のリスクが高くなるため、使用は推奨されません。

  • 質問6: ペグ骨折の治療法はどのように異なりますか?

    -若年患者ではハロベストが使用されますが、骨片の変位が5mm以上の場合や非癒合のリスクが高い場合は手術が行われます。高齢者ではC1とC2の融合手術が一般的です。

  • 質問7: ハングマン骨折とは何ですか?

    -ハングマン骨折はC2の椎弓根に関与する骨折で、通常は脊髄損傷のリスクが低いとされています。タイプごとに異なる治療法があり、軽度の場合はハロベストが使用されます。

  • 質問8: 頚椎の側面関節脱臼の治療法は何ですか?

    -頚椎の側面関節脱臼は、閉鎖整復と手術的固定が必要です。患者が意識混濁状態にある場合は、まずMRIを行います。

  • 質問9: 涙滴骨折とは何ですか?

    -涙滴骨折は頚椎の最も重篤で不安定な骨折で、通常は屈曲と圧迫によって生じ、脊髄損傷を伴うことが多いため、手術が必要です。

  • 質問10: 後頭頚椎脱臼の治療法は何ですか?

    -後頭頚椎脱臼は非常に稀で致命的な損傷ですが、治療には後頭頚椎の融合手術が行われます。

Outlines

00:00

💀 頸椎外傷と横靭帯の役割

第1段落では、頸椎外傷における横靭帯の役割について説明しています。横靭帯はC1とC2の安定性を保ち、異常な動きを防ぎます。靭帯損傷があると、C1とC2が自由に動き、ABIの増加を引き起こします。横靭帯の損傷は稀ですが、C1のジェファーソン骨折やその他の骨折と関連する場合があります。CTスキャンが治療において推奨され、靭帯損傷が確認された場合、外科的治療が必要となることが述べられています。

05:07

👵 高齢者におけるハロのリスクと治療方法

第2段落では、頸椎骨折の治療方法について触れ、高齢者にハロを使用することのリスクに言及しています。特に、高齢者では肺炎のリスクが高まるため、慎重な判断が求められます。また、非結合率が高い場合や転位がある場合には手術が推奨され、若年者にはC1とC2の運動機能を保つためにワイヤーやスクリューを使用することが推奨されます。

10:07

🦴 頸椎脱臼と外科的処置の必要性

第3段落では、頸椎の脱臼や椎間板ヘルニアの治療に関する詳細が述べられています。まず、MRIでヘルニアの有無を確認し、その後に外科的処置が検討されます。また、靭帯損傷がある場合、自然治癒は期待できず、手術が必要です。手術前には患者の意識レベルに応じて、閉鎖的整復術やMRI検査が行われることが推奨されています。

15:08

🧠 中枢神経損傷と頸椎脱臼の手術適応

第4段落では、中央脊髄症候群や頸椎の重度の骨折について説明されています。特に、屈曲型のティアドロップ骨折は不安定であり、脊髄損傷を伴うことが多く、外科的処置が必要です。また、後頭骨と頸椎の脱臼や骨折も非常に重篤で、通常は手術が必要であることが強調されています。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡C1・C2の安定性

C1(環椎)とC2(軸椎)は首の最上部に位置する椎骨で、首の回転に重要な役割を果たします。これらの安定性は、脊髄を守るために非常に重要です。特に横靭帯がC1とC2の間の異常な動きを防ぎ、損傷すると過度の動きが発生し、脊髄への圧力がかかる可能性があります。

💡横靭帯

横靭帯はC1とC2の間に位置し、両者の安定性を提供します。横靭帯が損傷すると、C1とC2が自由に動くようになり、脊髄への圧力が増加する可能性があります。スクリプトでは、横靭帯の損傷が比較的稀なものの、重要な脊椎の安定性に関わると説明されています。

💡ADI(環軸関節不安定性)

ADIとは、C1とC2の間の異常な動きを指し、通常は3.5mm以下であるべきとされています。ADIが増加すると、横靭帯や他の靭帯が損傷している可能性があります。動画では、ADIが5mmを超えると、横靭帯だけでなく、他の靭帯にも損傷が及んでいる可能性があると説明されています。

💡ジェファーソン骨折

ジェファーソン骨折はC1(環椎)の骨折で、通常は圧縮力によって引き起こされます。この骨折が横靭帯の損傷を伴う場合、不安定な状態になり、脊髄への影響が懸念されます。スクリプトでは、この骨折が非手術的に治療されることが多いものの、靭帯損傷がある場合には手術が必要となることが説明されています。

💡オープンマウスX線

オープンマウスX線は、C1とC2の構造を詳細に観察するために使用される画像診断法です。この検査では、横靭帯の損傷や骨折の有無を確認することができます。スクリプトでは、横靭帯損傷の兆候として、オープンマウスX線で6.9mm以上の外側塊のずれが見られる場合があると説明されています。

💡ハロー固定

ハロー固定は、首や頭部の骨折や靭帯損傷の治療に使用される外固定装置です。特にC1、C2の損傷に対して有効ですが、高齢者には使用が推奨されていません。スクリプトでは、ハロー固定が横靭帯損傷や脱臼に対する治療として使用されることが説明されている一方で、高齢者には肺炎のリスクがあるため避けられるべきとされています。

💡ハングマン骨折

ハングマン骨折は、C2(軸椎)の椎弓の骨折で、通常は頸椎の過伸展によって発生します。脊髄損傷のリスクは低いものの、治療には牽引や固定が必要です。スクリプトでは、この骨折の分類や、それぞれの治療法について詳しく説明されています。

💡屈曲・回旋型損傷

屈曲・回旋型損傷は、首が急激に前方に屈曲し、同時に回旋することによって発生する損傷です。これにより椎間関節の脱臼や靭帯の損傷が生じることがあります。スクリプトでは、この損傷が特に脊髄損傷を引き起こしやすいと説明されています。

💡側面塊

側面塊はC1の外側部分で、C2と接合して首の安定性を保っています。横靭帯や他の靭帯の損傷により、側面塊がずれたり脱臼することがあります。スクリプトでは、側面塊のずれが6.9mm以上であると、横靭帯が損傷している可能性が高いと説明されています。

💡頸椎脱臼

頸椎脱臼は、椎間関節が正常な位置からずれてしまう状態を指し、通常は外傷によって引き起こされます。片側脱臼の場合は神経根が圧迫されることがありますが、両側脱臼では脊髄損傷のリスクが高くなります。スクリプトでは、脱臼の治療法や、MRIを使用した診断の重要性が説明されています。

💡MRI(磁気共鳴画像)

MRIは、脊髄や靭帯の損傷を詳細に評価するために使用される画像診断法です。特に脱臼や靭帯損傷が疑われる場合には、MRIを用いてディスクの損傷や脊髄の状態を確認することが重要です。スクリプトでは、MRIが脱臼患者の手術前に実施されるべき理由についても説明されています。

Highlights

The transverse ligament provides stability between C1 and C2, preventing abnormal movement and protecting the spinal cord.

Traumatic injury to the transverse ligament is rare, but it is critical in conditions like Jefferson fractures (C1 or atlas fractures).

C1 and C2 control 50% of neck rotation, and fractures involving these structures can vary in stability.

Disruption of the transverse ligament can be assessed by overhang on open-mouth X-rays and ADI (atlanto-dens interval) on lateral views.

CT scans are often necessary to detect fractures at the occipital cervical junction that may be missed on X-rays.

The use of halos for treatment should be avoided in elderly patients, as it increases the risk of pneumonia.

Odontoid fractures (C2 fractures) have a high non-union rate, particularly in elderly patients or those with more than 5mm displacement.

Type II odontoid fractures require surgery if non-union risk factors are present, with the goal of preserving C1-C2 motion in younger patients.

Hangman fractures involve the C2 pedicles and can be classified into three types, with treatments ranging from immobilization to surgery depending on severity.

Facet dislocations often involve the cervical spine, and the presence of herniated discs must be considered before attempting reductions.

Unilateral facet dislocations may cause nerve root involvement, while bilateral dislocations present a higher risk of spinal cord injury.

MRI is required before reduction in cases of facet dislocation when patients are not alert or cooperative to check for disc herniation.

Flexion distraction injuries can lead to ligamentous disruptions, requiring surgical intervention if severe angulation or translation is present.

Teardrop fractures are the most severe form of unstable cervical fractures and often result from flexion and compression forces.

Occipital-cervical dislocation is a rare but fatal injury that typically requires occipital-cervical fusion for treatment.

Transcripts

play00:06

c-spine trauma the first thing we're

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going to talk about it depends where a

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ligament where it is located

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and what is the function of the

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transverse ligament it provides the c1

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c2 stability the seat is behind dog

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employed and it anchor it doesn't tied

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to the range of c1 so it prevents an

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abnormal movement between c1 and c2

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because the spinal cord is behind the

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odontoid behind c2

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adi in about a 3.5 millimeter so if that

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ligament is injured c1 and c2 will be

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free to move and you'll have an increase

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of the ABI

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traumatic injury of the transverse

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ligament is probably rare but please

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take a condition where the transverse

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ligament injury can be a problem

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this Jefferson fracture c1 or atlas

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fracture two eggs a load

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see one is an egg c1c2 control 50% of

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rotation of the neck you can have a body

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fracture which is fracture of part of

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dying or multiple fractures in there

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usually that is a stable injury and you

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can have the fracture in addition to

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disruption of the transverse ligament

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mouth vo open mouth x-ray and you find

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the lateral mass overhang is less than

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6.9 then that fracture is stable and the

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treatment is usually non-operative

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treatment but if the lateral mass

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overhang more than 6.9 then there is

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disruption of the transverse ligament

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you will see that overhang in the urban

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mouth x-rays but if you look at the

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lateral view and the ADI is more than

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three point five then there is an injury

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to the transverse ligament and if it is

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more than five then there is an injury

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to the apical and Eylure ligament in

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addition to the transverse ligament

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you

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ct-scan nearly in the treatment of

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choice because this fracture can be

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missed due to inadequate x-rays of the

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occipital cervical Junction also this

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fracture is associated with other

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fractures so the CT scan would help us

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in finding other fractions discretion

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opens the canal so the risk of

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neurological deficit is not that high

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to decide if that fracture has

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transverse ligament disruption or not

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completed by a hard cervical or closes

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or by a halo never a halo and elderly

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I think halo will be good for transverse

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ligament avulsion fractures will you see

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body avulsion on the CT scan use a halo

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did observe the patient if you don't

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want to do c1 and c2 fusion

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however if there is injury to the

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transverse ligament you would do c1 c2

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fusion because that injury is unstable

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just remember to reactivate patients

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with the spinal cord injury for upper

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c-spine fractures will have an increased

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mortality and halo is contraindicated in

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the geriatric population

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you put a halo watch out the summer

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orbital and sobra trochlear nerve root

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injury

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you

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another one is a Detroit fracture tab

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one is an avulsion of the tip

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you will give the patient orthosis

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by two dozen toilet process itself

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the non-union rate is high up to 80%

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especially if you have more than five

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millimeters of displacement or the

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patient is older than 50 years

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other factors are delay in treatment

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posterior displacement of the fracture

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and diabetes

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do not use halo and elderly they will

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die from pneumonia

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how do you treat that to fraction in a

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young patient you will take it by a halo

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it is displaced and there are risk

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factors for non-union then you would do

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surgery

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what kind of surgery you will do you

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don't old school and young patient wire

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onto the screw because runup reserve c1

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and c2 motion because it controls 50% of

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the rotation you don't have use that in

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somebody younger so somebody is older

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then you can use c1 and c2 fusion

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so how do you teach I to if the patient

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is old or soldiers or you do surgery for

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a fusion of c1 and c2 if there is an

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indication for surgery and if there is a

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clearance for surgery

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how about peyote fracture where it goes

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into the body you tainted by agent

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orthosis or halo

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hangman fracture the fracture that

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involved the pedicles of c2 so the

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spinal canal is wider and there will be

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low risk for spinal cord injury

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types one of them is the non-displaced

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which is type 1 the fracture is vertical

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and no angulation and no translation and

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you did that by cervical or process

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type to the some angulation and

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translation so you will treat it by

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traction and extension and put the

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patient in a halo for about three months

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type that's bad bye - a witch will have

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severe angulation with letter

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translation because the ligament the

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posterior longitudinal ligament is

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disrupted you cannot eat that by

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traction because you will pull the

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spinal cord apart so you would eat it by

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extension tenth halo in compression for

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about six to twelve weeks and you may

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need to fuse

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five three this is a surgical time this

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is a fraction of the Perkins in addition

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to facet dislocation it has some

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neurological deficit Association and the

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treatment is surgery carbon reduction

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and posterior spine fusion

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facet dislocations the association of a

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naked - and facet involvement is very

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high watch out that you don't have a

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herniated disc in addition to the bony

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injury that's double trouble so when you

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have unilateral facet dislocation

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usually there is less than 50%

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translation on x-rays and it may affect

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a nerve root

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if you are bilateral facet dislocation

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will be more than 50% translation and

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probably spinal cord injury ligament

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injury don't heal it means to be fused

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it needs surgery

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so the treatment of facet dislocation is

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immediate closed reduction didn't get

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them I didn't do the surgery but if the

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patient has a mental status change then

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you will do the MRI first and

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immediately followed by urban reduction

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and surgical fixation so when Diego and

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tearily

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will go and Tilly if there is a disc

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herniation the incidence is about 10 to

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30 percent in cervical facet dislocation

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so if you try to do a reduction the disc

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fragment may stay in the canal causing

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spinal cord injury

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so when do you go for serially if

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reduction of the rustication failed and

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there is no discrimination when do you

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do combined and clearly and posteriorly

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we got to go and Tilly to remove a desk

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and we got to go for silly because the

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dislocation cannot be reduced by a

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closed method or by an open anterior

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technique

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three important points for facet

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dislocations number one get the mi

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before surgery make sure you don't have

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a disk herniation number two ligament

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injury don't heal it needs fusion it

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will need surgery number three know the

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arrangement of the fact that the

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superior facet and inferior facet in the

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normal and in the block or dislocated

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facets because they will confuse you

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especially in the exam know the naked

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facet or the empty facet train yourself

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to see that because you'll have an arrow

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at one of them and they ask you which

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facet at the the superior the inferior

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visit the level above or the level below

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what is a naked fraction it is the city

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appearance of an uncovered vertebral

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particular fashion when the facet joint

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is dislocated to usually indicate

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flexion distraction injury with CBA

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ligamentous disruption and spinal

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instability

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now would need to talk about the MRI if

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the patient is awake you will do close

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reduction before you get the mi because

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if something bad happened like

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deterioration of the neurological status

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we will know about it by conversing with

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the elect awake patient and then you can

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leave the castien if it happened so you

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use the spine and then you get the mi

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in what situation you get MRI first

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before you do close reduction if the

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patient is not alert not awake drunk not

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cooperating or if you can do that close

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reduction then before you take the

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patient to surgery you need to get the

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MRI you need to see the second problem

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so now we got the MRI after the close

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reduction or before the close reduction

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then we're going to take the patient to

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surgery

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probably doing closed reduction and the

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patient is alert awake cooperative then

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you get neurological deficit then you

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need two legs the reduction get an MI

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and you're going to go to service

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then you can have the facet fracture

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usually the superior fashion this

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classic injuries usually Oh care from

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flexion distraction force plus minus

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rotation

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another entity is the ligamentous injury

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of the spine which will demonstrate by

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an mi or by flexion extension views

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we'll show you a translation more than

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3.5 or angulation more than 11 degree

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then you need to do surgery

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have the barest fracture of the lower

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c-spine from axial compression usually

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they have neurological deficit and the

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treatment is usually until decompression

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and fusion unless you have posterior

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ligamentous injury then we will fix that

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also

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then the extension injuries that can

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happen in elderly will give you central

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cord syndrome

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then you have the tear drop fracture the

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teardrop fracture is the most severe

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unstable fracture of the c-spine its

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usual care from flexion and compression

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which is different from the extension

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teardrop fracture which usually will

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care at c2 which is usually a stable

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injury both fracture types involved

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anterior inferior aspect of the

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vertebral body

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deflection type injury is usually

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associated with a spinal cord injury the

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posterior part of the vertebral body

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will be displaced into the spinal canal

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the posterior ligaments will be

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disrupted and will allow separation of

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the spinous processes the flexion pipe

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fracture is usually unstable and it will

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need surgery

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then you have the occipital cervical

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dislocation which is a fatal injury but

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rare and usually treated by occipital

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cervical fusion occipital condyles

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fracture

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it is rare injury it's usually

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incidental finding seen on a head CT

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scan one third of occipital condylar

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fracture of cares would

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atlanto-occipital dislocation treatment

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occipital cervical fusion based on

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legend extension x-rays

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much I hope that was helpful

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you

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頸椎外傷靭帯損傷骨折治療法X線CTスキャン外科手術安定性脊髄損傷高齢者治療
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