Cervical Spine Trauma - Everything You Need To Know - Dr. Nabil Ebraheim
Summary
TLDRこのビデオスクリプトは、首の脊椎(C-spine)外傷について詳述しています。特に、C1とC2の安定性を提供する横靭帯や、アトラス骨折(ジェファーソン骨折)、Hangman骨折、側頭頸椎脱臼、そして後頭頸椎脱臼など、脊椎のさまざまな外傷の診断と治療について触れています。外傷の重症度に応じた非手術的治療や手術的介入、MRIやCTスキャンの役割、固定具(ハローなど)の使用に関する注意点も説明されており、高齢患者へのハローの使用の危険性にも言及しています。神経学的損傷や、特定の骨折に対する手術の適応が詳細に解説されています。
Takeaways
- 🦴 頸椎損傷では、最初に考えるのは靭帯の位置と機能。
- 🔗 環軸靭帯はC1とC2の安定性を保ち、異常な動きを防ぐ。
- 💀 Jefferson骨折(C1または環椎骨折)は、横靭帯損傷を伴う可能性がある。
- 📏 ラテラルマスのオーバーハングが6.9mm以下なら安定した骨折だが、それ以上の場合は不安定。
- 🩻 横靭帯損傷の判断にはCTスキャンが推奨され、X線では見逃されやすい。
- 🧑⚕️ 高齢者にはHalo装具は禁忌。肺炎などでリスクが高まるため。
- 🔩 C1とC2の動きが重要であり、若年者では可能な限りC1とC2の動きを維持する手術が推奨される。
- ⚙️ Hangman骨折(C2椎骨の椎弓根骨折)は、種類によって異なる治療法が必要。
- 🧠 椎間板ヘルニアが伴う可能性があるため、手術前にMRIで確認が必要。
- 👀 頸椎脱臼や破裂骨折などの深刻な損傷は、早期手術や固定が必要。
Q & A
質問1: 横靭帯はどのような役割を果たしていますか?
-横靭帯はC1とC2の安定性を提供し、C1とC2の間で異常な動きを防ぎます。
質問2: 横靭帯が損傷した場合、どのような影響がありますか?
-横靭帯が損傷すると、C1とC2が自由に動き、ADI(アトランタ歯突起間距離)が増加し、不安定な状態になります。
質問3: ジェファーソン骨折とは何ですか?
-ジェファーソン骨折はC1(アトラス)の破裂骨折で、通常は安定した骨折で非手術的な治療が行われますが、横靭帯が損傷している場合は手術が必要です。
質問4: 横靭帯の損傷を診断するための主な画像診断法は何ですか?
-CTスキャンが主な診断法です。オープンマウスX線でも確認できますが、CTスキャンが他の骨折も見つけるのに役立ちます。
質問5: 高齢者にハロベストを使用してはならない理由は何ですか?
-高齢者にハロベストを使用すると、肺炎のリスクが高くなるため、使用は推奨されません。
質問6: ペグ骨折の治療法はどのように異なりますか?
-若年患者ではハロベストが使用されますが、骨片の変位が5mm以上の場合や非癒合のリスクが高い場合は手術が行われます。高齢者ではC1とC2の融合手術が一般的です。
質問7: ハングマン骨折とは何ですか?
-ハングマン骨折はC2の椎弓根に関与する骨折で、通常は脊髄損傷のリスクが低いとされています。タイプごとに異なる治療法があり、軽度の場合はハロベストが使用されます。
質問8: 頚椎の側面関節脱臼の治療法は何ですか?
-頚椎の側面関節脱臼は、閉鎖整復と手術的固定が必要です。患者が意識混濁状態にある場合は、まずMRIを行います。
質問9: 涙滴骨折とは何ですか?
-涙滴骨折は頚椎の最も重篤で不安定な骨折で、通常は屈曲と圧迫によって生じ、脊髄損傷を伴うことが多いため、手術が必要です。
質問10: 後頭頚椎脱臼の治療法は何ですか?
-後頭頚椎脱臼は非常に稀で致命的な損傷ですが、治療には後頭頚椎の融合手術が行われます。
Outlines
💀 頸椎外傷と横靭帯の役割
第1段落では、頸椎外傷における横靭帯の役割について説明しています。横靭帯はC1とC2の安定性を保ち、異常な動きを防ぎます。靭帯損傷があると、C1とC2が自由に動き、ABIの増加を引き起こします。横靭帯の損傷は稀ですが、C1のジェファーソン骨折やその他の骨折と関連する場合があります。CTスキャンが治療において推奨され、靭帯損傷が確認された場合、外科的治療が必要となることが述べられています。
👵 高齢者におけるハロのリスクと治療方法
第2段落では、頸椎骨折の治療方法について触れ、高齢者にハロを使用することのリスクに言及しています。特に、高齢者では肺炎のリスクが高まるため、慎重な判断が求められます。また、非結合率が高い場合や転位がある場合には手術が推奨され、若年者にはC1とC2の運動機能を保つためにワイヤーやスクリューを使用することが推奨されます。
🦴 頸椎脱臼と外科的処置の必要性
第3段落では、頸椎の脱臼や椎間板ヘルニアの治療に関する詳細が述べられています。まず、MRIでヘルニアの有無を確認し、その後に外科的処置が検討されます。また、靭帯損傷がある場合、自然治癒は期待できず、手術が必要です。手術前には患者の意識レベルに応じて、閉鎖的整復術やMRI検査が行われることが推奨されています。
🧠 中枢神経損傷と頸椎脱臼の手術適応
第4段落では、中央脊髄症候群や頸椎の重度の骨折について説明されています。特に、屈曲型のティアドロップ骨折は不安定であり、脊髄損傷を伴うことが多く、外科的処置が必要です。また、後頭骨と頸椎の脱臼や骨折も非常に重篤で、通常は手術が必要であることが強調されています。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡C1・C2の安定性
💡横靭帯
💡ADI(環軸関節不安定性)
💡ジェファーソン骨折
💡オープンマウスX線
💡ハロー固定
💡ハングマン骨折
💡屈曲・回旋型損傷
💡側面塊
💡頸椎脱臼
💡MRI(磁気共鳴画像)
Highlights
The transverse ligament provides stability between C1 and C2, preventing abnormal movement and protecting the spinal cord.
Traumatic injury to the transverse ligament is rare, but it is critical in conditions like Jefferson fractures (C1 or atlas fractures).
C1 and C2 control 50% of neck rotation, and fractures involving these structures can vary in stability.
Disruption of the transverse ligament can be assessed by overhang on open-mouth X-rays and ADI (atlanto-dens interval) on lateral views.
CT scans are often necessary to detect fractures at the occipital cervical junction that may be missed on X-rays.
The use of halos for treatment should be avoided in elderly patients, as it increases the risk of pneumonia.
Odontoid fractures (C2 fractures) have a high non-union rate, particularly in elderly patients or those with more than 5mm displacement.
Type II odontoid fractures require surgery if non-union risk factors are present, with the goal of preserving C1-C2 motion in younger patients.
Hangman fractures involve the C2 pedicles and can be classified into three types, with treatments ranging from immobilization to surgery depending on severity.
Facet dislocations often involve the cervical spine, and the presence of herniated discs must be considered before attempting reductions.
Unilateral facet dislocations may cause nerve root involvement, while bilateral dislocations present a higher risk of spinal cord injury.
MRI is required before reduction in cases of facet dislocation when patients are not alert or cooperative to check for disc herniation.
Flexion distraction injuries can lead to ligamentous disruptions, requiring surgical intervention if severe angulation or translation is present.
Teardrop fractures are the most severe form of unstable cervical fractures and often result from flexion and compression forces.
Occipital-cervical dislocation is a rare but fatal injury that typically requires occipital-cervical fusion for treatment.
Transcripts
c-spine trauma the first thing we're
going to talk about it depends where a
ligament where it is located
and what is the function of the
transverse ligament it provides the c1
c2 stability the seat is behind dog
employed and it anchor it doesn't tied
to the range of c1 so it prevents an
abnormal movement between c1 and c2
because the spinal cord is behind the
odontoid behind c2
adi in about a 3.5 millimeter so if that
ligament is injured c1 and c2 will be
free to move and you'll have an increase
of the ABI
traumatic injury of the transverse
ligament is probably rare but please
take a condition where the transverse
ligament injury can be a problem
this Jefferson fracture c1 or atlas
fracture two eggs a load
see one is an egg c1c2 control 50% of
rotation of the neck you can have a body
fracture which is fracture of part of
dying or multiple fractures in there
usually that is a stable injury and you
can have the fracture in addition to
disruption of the transverse ligament
mouth vo open mouth x-ray and you find
the lateral mass overhang is less than
6.9 then that fracture is stable and the
treatment is usually non-operative
treatment but if the lateral mass
overhang more than 6.9 then there is
disruption of the transverse ligament
you will see that overhang in the urban
mouth x-rays but if you look at the
lateral view and the ADI is more than
three point five then there is an injury
to the transverse ligament and if it is
more than five then there is an injury
to the apical and Eylure ligament in
addition to the transverse ligament
you
ct-scan nearly in the treatment of
choice because this fracture can be
missed due to inadequate x-rays of the
occipital cervical Junction also this
fracture is associated with other
fractures so the CT scan would help us
in finding other fractions discretion
opens the canal so the risk of
neurological deficit is not that high
to decide if that fracture has
transverse ligament disruption or not
completed by a hard cervical or closes
or by a halo never a halo and elderly
I think halo will be good for transverse
ligament avulsion fractures will you see
body avulsion on the CT scan use a halo
did observe the patient if you don't
want to do c1 and c2 fusion
however if there is injury to the
transverse ligament you would do c1 c2
fusion because that injury is unstable
just remember to reactivate patients
with the spinal cord injury for upper
c-spine fractures will have an increased
mortality and halo is contraindicated in
the geriatric population
you put a halo watch out the summer
orbital and sobra trochlear nerve root
injury
you
another one is a Detroit fracture tab
one is an avulsion of the tip
you will give the patient orthosis
by two dozen toilet process itself
the non-union rate is high up to 80%
especially if you have more than five
millimeters of displacement or the
patient is older than 50 years
other factors are delay in treatment
posterior displacement of the fracture
and diabetes
do not use halo and elderly they will
die from pneumonia
how do you treat that to fraction in a
young patient you will take it by a halo
it is displaced and there are risk
factors for non-union then you would do
surgery
what kind of surgery you will do you
don't old school and young patient wire
onto the screw because runup reserve c1
and c2 motion because it controls 50% of
the rotation you don't have use that in
somebody younger so somebody is older
then you can use c1 and c2 fusion
so how do you teach I to if the patient
is old or soldiers or you do surgery for
a fusion of c1 and c2 if there is an
indication for surgery and if there is a
clearance for surgery
how about peyote fracture where it goes
into the body you tainted by agent
orthosis or halo
hangman fracture the fracture that
involved the pedicles of c2 so the
spinal canal is wider and there will be
low risk for spinal cord injury
types one of them is the non-displaced
which is type 1 the fracture is vertical
and no angulation and no translation and
you did that by cervical or process
type to the some angulation and
translation so you will treat it by
traction and extension and put the
patient in a halo for about three months
type that's bad bye - a witch will have
severe angulation with letter
translation because the ligament the
posterior longitudinal ligament is
disrupted you cannot eat that by
traction because you will pull the
spinal cord apart so you would eat it by
extension tenth halo in compression for
about six to twelve weeks and you may
need to fuse
five three this is a surgical time this
is a fraction of the Perkins in addition
to facet dislocation it has some
neurological deficit Association and the
treatment is surgery carbon reduction
and posterior spine fusion
facet dislocations the association of a
naked - and facet involvement is very
high watch out that you don't have a
herniated disc in addition to the bony
injury that's double trouble so when you
have unilateral facet dislocation
usually there is less than 50%
translation on x-rays and it may affect
a nerve root
if you are bilateral facet dislocation
will be more than 50% translation and
probably spinal cord injury ligament
injury don't heal it means to be fused
it needs surgery
so the treatment of facet dislocation is
immediate closed reduction didn't get
them I didn't do the surgery but if the
patient has a mental status change then
you will do the MRI first and
immediately followed by urban reduction
and surgical fixation so when Diego and
tearily
will go and Tilly if there is a disc
herniation the incidence is about 10 to
30 percent in cervical facet dislocation
so if you try to do a reduction the disc
fragment may stay in the canal causing
spinal cord injury
so when do you go for serially if
reduction of the rustication failed and
there is no discrimination when do you
do combined and clearly and posteriorly
we got to go and Tilly to remove a desk
and we got to go for silly because the
dislocation cannot be reduced by a
closed method or by an open anterior
technique
three important points for facet
dislocations number one get the mi
before surgery make sure you don't have
a disk herniation number two ligament
injury don't heal it needs fusion it
will need surgery number three know the
arrangement of the fact that the
superior facet and inferior facet in the
normal and in the block or dislocated
facets because they will confuse you
especially in the exam know the naked
facet or the empty facet train yourself
to see that because you'll have an arrow
at one of them and they ask you which
facet at the the superior the inferior
visit the level above or the level below
what is a naked fraction it is the city
appearance of an uncovered vertebral
particular fashion when the facet joint
is dislocated to usually indicate
flexion distraction injury with CBA
ligamentous disruption and spinal
instability
now would need to talk about the MRI if
the patient is awake you will do close
reduction before you get the mi because
if something bad happened like
deterioration of the neurological status
we will know about it by conversing with
the elect awake patient and then you can
leave the castien if it happened so you
use the spine and then you get the mi
in what situation you get MRI first
before you do close reduction if the
patient is not alert not awake drunk not
cooperating or if you can do that close
reduction then before you take the
patient to surgery you need to get the
MRI you need to see the second problem
so now we got the MRI after the close
reduction or before the close reduction
then we're going to take the patient to
surgery
probably doing closed reduction and the
patient is alert awake cooperative then
you get neurological deficit then you
need two legs the reduction get an MI
and you're going to go to service
then you can have the facet fracture
usually the superior fashion this
classic injuries usually Oh care from
flexion distraction force plus minus
rotation
another entity is the ligamentous injury
of the spine which will demonstrate by
an mi or by flexion extension views
we'll show you a translation more than
3.5 or angulation more than 11 degree
then you need to do surgery
have the barest fracture of the lower
c-spine from axial compression usually
they have neurological deficit and the
treatment is usually until decompression
and fusion unless you have posterior
ligamentous injury then we will fix that
also
then the extension injuries that can
happen in elderly will give you central
cord syndrome
then you have the tear drop fracture the
teardrop fracture is the most severe
unstable fracture of the c-spine its
usual care from flexion and compression
which is different from the extension
teardrop fracture which usually will
care at c2 which is usually a stable
injury both fracture types involved
anterior inferior aspect of the
vertebral body
deflection type injury is usually
associated with a spinal cord injury the
posterior part of the vertebral body
will be displaced into the spinal canal
the posterior ligaments will be
disrupted and will allow separation of
the spinous processes the flexion pipe
fracture is usually unstable and it will
need surgery
then you have the occipital cervical
dislocation which is a fatal injury but
rare and usually treated by occipital
cervical fusion occipital condyles
fracture
it is rare injury it's usually
incidental finding seen on a head CT
scan one third of occipital condylar
fracture of cares would
atlanto-occipital dislocation treatment
occipital cervical fusion based on
legend extension x-rays
much I hope that was helpful
you
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