The Philippine in the 19th century as Rizal's context | Charie San Agustin

Summary

This video explores the 19th-century Philippines, focusing on political, economic, and social aspects. It discusses the dual role of the Governor General, the impact of the opening of the Suez Canal, and the leadership of Governor General de la Torre. The economic section covers the Incumbent System and the effects of the Industrial Revolution. Socially, it examines the racial hierarchy, including Peninsulares, Mestizos, and Indios, providing historical context for understanding the era.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ The political setup of the Philippines in the 19th century was overseen by a Governor General, who held both political and ecclesiastical power.
• 👥 The Governor General had dual functions, acting as the chief executive of the colony and the head of the Spanish Supreme Court in the Philippines.
• 📜 The first Governor General under Bourbon mandates arrived in the Philippines in 1778, marking a significant period of Spanish colonization.
• 🌐 The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 facilitated the importation of liberal ideas from Europe and America, contributing to the political awakening in the Philippines.
• 📚 Governor General de la Torre's democratic leadership from 1869 to 1871 saw relaxed media censorship and the beginning of secular education in the Philippines.
• 🛑 Governor General Escuerdo's term, from 1871 to 1873, was marked by harsh policies and laws, in stark contrast to de la Torre's liberal measures.
• 💥 The Cavite Mutiny on January 20, 1872, was a significant event against Spanish rule, leading to the execution of Filipino soldiers and priests.
• 🏭 The Industrial Revolution in Europe had both positive and negative impacts on the Philippine economy, with Rizal noting its advantage for small businesses.
• 🏦 The Incumbent System and the Mandalay System were economic programs of Spain in the Philippines, involving leasehold and monopoly systems respectively.
• 🧬 The racial hierarchy during the colonial period in the Philippines was complex, with Peninsulares at the top, followed by Insulares, Mestizos, Chinese Mestizos, and Indios.

Q & A

What was the political setup of the Philippines during the 19th century?

The political setup of the Philippines during the 19th century was headed by a Governor General, who was equivalent to the president, and provinces were governed by local officials. The Governor General had dual functions: political and ecclesiastical.

What were the dual functions of the Governor General in the Philippines during the 19th century?

The dual functions of the Governor General included political power, where they managed internal affairs of the state and executed laws, and ecclesiastical power, where they were considered the chief representative of the Spanish Supreme Court and the commanding officer of the armed forces.

Who was the first Governor General in the Philippines under Bourbon mandates?

The first Governor General in the Philippines under Bourbon mandates arrived in the Philippines during 1778, but the script does not provide a specific name.

How did the opening of the Suez Canal affect the Philippines during the 19th century?

The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 facilitated the importation of books, magazines, and newspapers with liberal ideas from Europe and America, contributing to the political awakening and expansion of nationalist sentiments among Filipinos.

What were the contributions of Governor General de la Torre to the Philippines?

Governor General de la Torre, who served from 1869 to 1871, was known for his democratic leadership. He relaxed media censorship, began the limited secularization of education, and sent Filipino students to various universities.

What was the significance of the Cavite Mutiny in the 19th-century Philippines?

The Cavite Mutiny on January 20, 1872, was a significant event where Filipino soldiers rebelled against Spanish rule. It resulted in the execution of three Filipino priests, which further fueled the desire for independence among Filipinos.

How did the economic system in the Philippines during the 19th century, known as the Incumbent System, impact the country?

The Incumbent System was a form of economic program where the Spanish monopolized trade, leading to higher costs for raw materials. This system, along with the Industrial Revolution in Europe, had both disadvantages and advantages for the Philippine economy.

What was the role of the friars in the Philippines during the 19th century?

Friars became more influential and powerful during the 19th century due to their role in the colonial administration. They were also responsible for tax collection and were considered part of the principalia class.

What is the term 'Frayocracy' and who coined it?

The term 'Frayocracy' refers to the rule by friars in the Philippines during the 19th century. It was coined by Marcelo H. Del Pilar to highlight the influence and power friars held during that time.

What was the social stratification like in the Philippines during the 19th century?

The social stratification in the Philippines during the 19th century was based on racial hierarchy. It included Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain), Insulares (Filipinos of pure Spanish descent), Mestizos (mixed Spanish and native descent), Chinese Mestizos, and Indios (full-blooded natives).

How did the term 'Filipino' evolve during the 19th century?

The term 'Filipino' was coined by Gom-Bur-Za (Gomez, Burgos, and Zaldua) to refer to people in the Philippines. It originally referred to those of pure Spanish descent born in the Philippines but has since evolved to include all people of the Philippines.