Clinical Anatomy - Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
Summary
TLDRThis video delves into the clinical anatomy of the nasal cavity, highlighting the sinuses. It explains the nasal cavity's structure, including the hard and soft palates, and the pharynx's three parts. Key sinuses like the frontal and sphenoid are discussed, along with the eustachian tube's connection to the ear. The video also covers the turbinates' role in warming and moistening air, and the olfactory segment's function in smell. It concludes with potential sinusitis complications, such as infection spreading to the eye or brain.
Takeaways
- 👃 The nasal cavity is bordered by the palate, which includes a hard bony palate anteriorly and a soft palate posteriorly.
- 🗣️ The pharynx, or throat, is divided into three parts: the nasal pharynx, oral pharynx, and laryngopharynx.
- 🧠 The brain sits in the cranial cavity, with a small hole in the skull leading to the frontal sinus.
- 🕳️ The sphenoid sinus is located posterior and superior to the nasal cavity.
- 👂 The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity, allowing for potential ear infections from upper respiratory infections.
- 🌬️ Turbinates, or nasal conchae, warm and moisturize the air passing through the nose.
- 💧 The nasal meatus is where sinuses drain, indicating a connection between the sinuses and the nasal cavity.
- 🍃 The nasal cavity has a respiratory segment for air exchange and an olfactory segment for smell, lined with specialized cells.
- 🧠 The olfactory nerve, cranial nerve number one, carries smell signals from the olfactory segment to the brain.
- 🏔️ The sella turcica is the pituitary fossa where the pituitary gland is encased.
- 🤧 Rhinitis, or inflammation of the nasal mucosa, can lead to sinusitis, inflammation of the sinuses.
- 🔥 Complications of sinusitis can include blindness, optic neuritis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and brain abscesses, although these are rare.
Q & A
What are the primary structures bordering the nasal cavity?
-The nasal cavity is bordered by the palate, which consists of a hard bony palate anteriorly and a soft palate posteriorly, the oral cavity, the pharynx, and the nasal pharynx.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
-The epiglottis acts as a gateway to the trachea, connecting the lungs, and closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea.
What is the clinical significance of the Eustachian tube?
-The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity, allowing for equalization of air pressure. An upper respiratory tract infection can travel through this tube and cause a middle ear infection.
What are the turbinates and their function?
-The turbinates, also known as nasal conchae, are structures within the nasal cavity that help warm and moisturize the air as it passes through the nose.
How do the sinuses drain into the nasal cavity?
-The sinuses drain into the nasal cavity through the nasal meati. For example, the sphenoid sinus drains into the superior meatus, and the frontal sinus drains into the middle meatus.
What is the olfactory segment of the nasal cavity responsible for?
-The olfactory segment is responsible for the sense of smell. It is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing receptors for smell.
What is the sella turcica and its relation to the pituitary gland?
-The sella turcica, or 'Turkish saddle', is the pituitary fossa where the pituitary gland is located. The gland is encased by the sella turcica but does not sit directly on it.
What is rhinitis and how can it lead to sinusitis?
-Rhinitis is the inflammation of the mucosal membranes in the nose. Since the nose and sinuses are connected, rhinitis can spread to the sinuses, causing sinusitis.
What are the potential complications of sinusitis?
-Complications of sinusitis can include the spread of infection to the eye, causing blindness or optic neuritis, and in severe cases, osteomyelitis of the frontal sinus or meningitis.
How does a coronal section of the nasal cavity provide a different view of the sinuses?
-A coronal section of the nasal cavity provides a view from the front, showing the relationship between the nasal cavity, sinuses, and other structures such as the orbit and maxillary sinus.
What is the difference between rhinitis and sinusitis?
-Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal mucosal membranes, while sinusitis is inflammation of the sinuses. Rhinitis can lead to sinusitis due to the connected nature of the nasal and sinus cavities.
Outlines
👃 Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
This paragraph discusses the clinical anatomy of the nasal cavity, focusing on the sinuses. It begins by describing the nasal cavity's structure, including the hard and soft palates, the oral cavity, and the epiglottis. The pharynx is divided into the nasal, oral, and laryngopharynx. The brain's position relative to the nasal cavity is mentioned, along with the presence of sinuses like the frontal and sphenoid sinuses. The paragraph also covers the eustachian tube's connection to the middle ear and the role of turbinates in warming and humidifying air. The nasal meatus and their relationship with sinus drainage are explained. The olfactory segment's role in smell is highlighted, along with the sella turcica's function and the potential complications of rhinitis and sinusitis.
🔍 Exploring Sinusitis and Its Complications
The second paragraph delves into the anatomy of the nasal cavity and sinuses from a coronal section perspective, detailing the positions of the superior, middle, and inferior turbinates, as well as the sinuses. It discusses sinusitis, inflammation of the sinuses, and its symptoms, such as redness and swelling. The potential for ethmoid sinus infection to spread to the eye, causing blindness or optic neuritis, and frontal sinusitis to cause osteomyelitis or meningitis, is also covered. The paragraph emphasizes the rarity but importance of understanding these complications.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Nasal Cavity
💡Sinuses
💡Pharynx
💡Epiglottis
💡Eustachian Tube
💡Turbinate
💡Nasal Meatus
💡Olfactory Segment
💡Sella Turcica
💡Rhinitis
💡Maxillary Sinus
Highlights
Introduction to the clinical anatomy of the nasal cavity and sinuses.
Explanation of the nasal cavity's structure and its borders, including the palate and pharynx.
Description of the epiglottis' role in connecting the trachea and its function during swallowing.
Division of the pharynx into three parts: nasal, oral, and laryngopharynx.
Location and function of the frontal and sphenoid sinuses.
Importance of the eustachian tube connecting the middle ear to the nasal cavity.
Function of the turbinates in warming and moisturizing air.
Role of the nasal meatus in draining sinuses.
Division of the nasal cavity into respiratory and olfactory segments.
Description of the olfactory segment's specialized cell type and its connection to the olfactory nerve.
Explanation of the sella turcica and its relation to the pituitary gland.
Discussion on rhinitis leading to sinusitis.
Recap of the nasal anatomy including the conchae and meatus.
Coronal section view of the nasal cavity and sinuses, including the maxillary sinus.
Pathophysiology of sinusitis and its potential to develop from rhinitis.
Complications of sinusitis, including the risk of blindness and meningitis.
Transcripts
hello in this video we're gonna talk
about the clinical anatomy of the nasal
cavity focusing on the sinuses let's
begin about cutting a cross section or
sagittal section of the nose and look at
the general structure and revise the
anatomy here is the nasal cavity the
nasal cavity is bordered in fear early
by the palate which consists of a hard
bony palate anteriorly and up and under
the back the soft palate which contains
no bone of course you have the oral
cavity here and the tongue here the
epiglottis is a gateway to the trachea
which connects the lungs the esophagus
is the root to the stomach
the epiglottis closes when we swallow
the throat I guess we can call the
pharynx and it can be divided into three
parts the very top is the nasal pharynx
which is in line with the nasal cavity
the middle is a oral pharynx which is in
line with the oral cavity and the bottom
is a laryngopharynx where we have the
larynx essentially your brain sits in
this cavity here at the top
surrounded by bone there's a small hole
in the front of our skull you can say
and this is actually a sinus and this is
called the frontal sinus sitting at the
posterior superior of the nasal cavity
is another sign is called the sphenoid
sinus of course we have actually more
sinuses than this but it's good to know
these two for now there are other
important structures within and
surrounding the nasal cavity let's take
a closer look again so here again we
have the nasal pharynx your hard palate
and your soft palate at the back of the
nasal cavity situated really within the
nasal pharynx is a small opening where
the eustachian tube also known as the
fairing go tympanic tube drains into
this tube literally connects your middle
ear to the nasal cavity so if we were to
draw the inner and middle ear quickly
this is your middle ear where you can
find your auditory ossicles about the
smallest bones in your body and this is
the eustachian tube also known as the
fairing
tympanic achoo the clinical significance
of this is that if you have an upper
respiratory tract infection this can
subsequently cause a middle ear
infection because there's this tube and
it's a gateway to the middle ear on each
side of the nasal cavity we also have
these things called turbinates which are
also known as in nasal conchae or Conca
for one there is the inferior concur
middle concur and superior concur the
function of the Conca conchae are to
help warm and more moisturize air that
is flowing through the nose now behind
each respected conchae you have the
nasal meatus some of the sinuses drain
into the meatus this really tells us
that the sinuses and the nasal cavity
are joined together as well so for
example the sphenoid sinus drains into
the superior meatus behind the superior
Conca the frontal sinus drains into the
middle meatus we can't look at the other
sinuses from this angle because it's too
hard now you can say the nasal cavity
has two segments it has the respiratory
segment which allows air to enter oxygen
and also air to go out so carbon dioxide
and the nasal cavity also has an
olfactory segment which is the area
which allows for smell essentially the
olfactory segment is lined with a
specialized cell type of
pseudostratified columnar epithelium and
these guys contain receptors for the
sense of smell this segment is located
in and beneath the mucosa of the roof of
each nasal cavity these receptors will
make up the olfactory nerve which is a
cranial nerve number one and this will
be carried back into the brain where
smell is perceived finally it's
important to mention the pouch here
which is the sella turcica which
translates to the turkish seat for
turkish saddle and this is essentially
the pituitary fossa with a pituitary
gland sits of course the gland doesn't
actually sit on it but it's rather
pretty
detected or encased by it rhinitis also
known as coryza is irritation and
inflammation of the mucosal membranes in
the nose because the nose and sinuses
are joined as we have learnt Ryan
itis can lead to sinusitis which is
inflammation of the sinuses let's recap
again the anatomy here is a superior
conquer middle conquer inferior conquer
and behind each conquer you have the
meatus
so here you have the superior meatus
middle meatus and inferior Mientus here
is your sphenoid sinus and frontal sinus
this is your nasal pharynx and remember
the faring go tympanic tube drained here
from the middle ear now this is one
angle of looking inside the nasal cavity
but let us cut a coronal section and
look at the nasal cavity and sinuses
from the front to orientate ourselves
this here is the orbit where the eyeball
sits and here is our teeth this is your
superior compa behind it the superior
meatus this is your middle conker behind
it the middle meatus inferior conker
behind it the inferior meters below the
orbit and lateral to the nasal cavity
are your maxillary sinus the maxillary
sinus like the frontal sinus drains into
the middle meatus
here are your frontal sinus which as we
talked about earlier sits essentially
above the orbit and they also drain into
the middle meatus the ethmoid sinus is
the fourth sinus we will talk about and
sits medial to the orbit the ethmoid
sinus drains into the superior and
middle meatus sinusitis or should we
call rhinosinusitis is inflammation of
the sinuses a feature of someone with
sinusitis is essentially redness or
erythema around where the sinuses lie
and so the frontal and maxillary sinus
may appear red and irritated the
pathophysiology of sinusitis as we have
learned can be secondary to rhinitis
rhinitis may spread to the sinuses
producing swelling and inflammation of
the sinus mucosa let's talk about
complications of sinusitis so flloyd
sinusitis is a particular concern
ethmoid sinus infection may break the
fragile medial wall of the orbit
allowing infection to spread to the eye
which can cause blindness or even optic
neuritis similarly frontal sinusitis can
also cause some complications and this
is shared with any sinuses sinusitis is
basically but it can cause osteomyelitis
for the frontal sinus if your infection
here the infection may or can invade the
brain causing meningitis and even form
an abscess in absolutely worst-case
scenarios of course these complications
are rare but it is good to know them
nonetheless
you
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