SS.912.A.3.2 Causes of the Second Industrial Revolution
Summary
TLDRThe video discusses the causes of the Second Industrial Revolution, highlighting its expansion from the first revolution. Key drivers included abundant natural resources like iron, technological advancements such as the Bessemer process and assembly line, and improved communication and energy methods. The influx of immigrants provided labor for factories and railroads, and the growth of railroads furthered industrialization. Finally, new business practices like public stock offerings and strategies by industrial leaders like Rockefeller and Carnegie helped fuel the economic rise of the U.S. by the early 1900s.
Takeaways
- 🔧 The Second Industrial Revolution occurred from the late 1800s to the early 1900s, following the first industrial revolution, which began in the late 1700s.
- ⚙️ It expanded on the first industrial revolution by introducing new technologies in transportation, engineering, and communication, connecting the country more efficiently.
- 🌍 The abundance of natural resources, such as iron ore in areas like Western Pennsylvania, was crucial for the development of steel production in the U.S.
- 🔥 Henry Bessemer's development of the Bessemer process revolutionized the production of steel, making it faster and more efficient.
- 🚗 The assembly line, perfected by Henry Ford, enabled the mass production of industrial goods like automobiles.
- 📞 Advancements in communication, such as the telegraph, and the use of electricity by Thomas Edison, increased productivity.
- 👷 A large influx of immigrants from Europe and Asia during the late 1800s contributed to the U.S. labor force and helped build factories and railroads.
- 🚂 Railroads were vital to the industrial revolution, connecting resources to factories and facilitating the movement of goods and people.
- 📈 New business strategies like selling stock to the public helped corporations raise funds quickly, allowing businesses to expand.
- 💼 Business leaders like John D. Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Andrew Carnegie used tactics like vertical and horizontal integration to dominate industries like oil, railroads, and steel.
Q & A
What was the first industrial revolution and when did it occur?
-The first industrial revolution occurred during the late 1700s and early 1800s, marking a major shift in production methods, where machinery in factories replaced handmade products, and new forms of energy like coal and steam were used.
When did the second industrial revolution take place?
-The second industrial revolution took place shortly after the Civil War, lasting from the late 1800s to the early 1900s.
What was the primary difference between the first and second industrial revolutions?
-The second industrial revolution was an expansion of the first, with new technologies for transportation, engineering, and communication connecting the country like never before.
What were the five main causes of the second industrial revolution?
-The five main causes were the availability of natural resources, immigration, new technology, the expansion of railroads, and new business practices.
Why was the availability of natural resources a key cause of the second industrial revolution?
-The United States had large deposits of iron, which was essential for steel production. Steel was crucial for building railroads, machines, and cities, fueling industrial growth.
What was the Bessemer process and why was it important?
-The Bessemer process, developed by Henry Bessemer, was a new, faster way to process iron into steel. This innovation allowed for large-scale steel production, supporting industrialization.
How did immigration contribute to the second industrial revolution?
-A large number of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe, as well as Asia, filled jobs in factories, built railroads, and contributed significantly to the growth of the U.S. economy.
What role did railroads play in the second industrial revolution?
-Railroads were vital as they connected resources to factories, transported goods, and allowed for mass movement of people and products. The rail system grew dramatically during this period, helping industrialization.
How did new business practices, like selling stock, influence the second industrial revolution?
-Businesses began selling shares of their companies as stock, enabling them to raise money quickly for financing new projects. Publicly owned corporations grew as more people invested, leading to business expansion.
Who were some of the prominent business leaders during the second industrial revolution and what industries did they dominate?
-Prominent business leaders included John D. Rockefeller, who dominated the oil industry; Cornelius Vanderbilt, who controlled railroads; and Andrew Carnegie, who led the steel industry. They used strategies like vertical and horizontal integration to grow their power and wealth.
Outlines
📜 Introduction to the Second Industrial Revolution
The speaker introduces the Second Industrial Revolution, emphasizing how it followed the First Industrial Revolution, which occurred during the late 1700s and early 1800s. The First Revolution revolutionized production through factory machinery and new energy sources like coal and steam. The Second Industrial Revolution, beginning after the Civil War and lasting into the early 1900s, built upon the foundations of the first, expanding technology and infrastructure, particularly in transportation, engineering, and communication, which helped connect the country like never before.
🌎 Five Key Causes of the Second Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution was driven by five major causes: abundant natural resources, immigration, new technology, the expansion of railroads, and innovative business practices. The first cause was the large deposits of iron in the U.S., particularly in Western Pennsylvania. Iron was vital for steel production, and steel, in turn, was essential for building railroads, machinery, and cities.
🔥 The Bessemer Process and Technological Advancements
Technological innovations played a crucial role in the Second Industrial Revolution. The Bessemer Process, developed by Henry Bessemer, significantly improved the speed and efficiency of steel production. Additionally, Henry Ford’s assembly line revolutionized mass production, particularly for automobiles, while inventions like the telegraph and the widespread use of electricity, pioneered by Thomas Edison, further enhanced productivity and communication.
👨👩👧👦 Immigration and Labor in the Industrial Age
A key factor in the industrial boom was the influx of immigrants in the late 1800s from Eastern and Southern Europe, as well as Asia. These immigrants filled vital roles in factories and railroads, contributing to the economic growth of the U.S. The availability of labor allowed the country to fully harness its natural resources and embrace new technologies.
🚂 The Expansion of Railroads
The expansion of the railroad network was a cornerstone of the Second Industrial Revolution. Railroads were crucial in connecting resources with factories and facilitating the movement of goods and people across the country. This growing rail system played a critical role in industrialization, helping to fuel the American economy and expansion.
🏦 The Rise of Corporations and Business Practices
With a growing industrial economy, American business leaders adopted new strategies to raise capital and organize companies. Corporations began selling stock to the public, allowing people to invest in their success. This made it easier for companies to raise funds for expansion. Business tycoons like John D. Rockefeller (oil), Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads), and Andrew Carnegie (steel) dominated their respective industries by employing strategies such as vertical and horizontal integration, helping to further industrial growth.
🇺🇸 The Impact of the Second Industrial Revolution on the U.S.
In conclusion, multiple factors contributed to the success of the Second Industrial Revolution, all working together to bolster one another. By the early 1900s, the United States had emerged as one of the world’s leading industrial powers, with its economy driven by natural resources, innovation, and corporate growth.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Second Industrial Revolution
💡Natural Resources
💡Henry Bessemer
💡Assembly Line
💡Immigration
💡Railroads
💡Corporations
💡Vertical Integration
💡Horizontal Integration
💡Stock Market
Highlights
The first industrial revolution marked a major change in how goods were produced, transitioning from handmade products to machinery in factories using coal and steam energy.
The second industrial revolution began shortly after the Civil War and lasted from the late 1800s to the early 1900s, expanding on the innovations of the first industrial revolution.
Five principal causes of the second industrial revolution: natural resources, immigration, new technology, railroad expansion, and new business practices.
The U.S. had large deposits of iron, essential for producing steel, which was needed for railroads, machinery, and city development.
Henry Bessemer developed a new process for producing steel, known as the Bessemer process, which revolutionized steel manufacturing.
Henry Ford perfected the assembly line, which accelerated the mass manufacturing of industrial goods, notably automobiles.
Thomas Edison’s mastery of electricity and inventions like the telegraph greatly improved communication and productivity.
Immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe, as well as Asia, provided labor for factories, railroads, and contributed to the U.S. economy during the second industrial revolution.
Railroads were critical to the second industrial revolution, connecting resources to factories, transporting goods, and facilitating the mass movement of people and products.
America’s rail system grew dramatically in the late 1800s, becoming the veins of American industrialization.
Businesses began selling shares of their company to the public, forming publicly owned corporations, which allowed for quicker capital generation.
Corporations' success led to increased stock investments, allowing them to finance new projects and expand further.
Business leaders like John D. Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Andrew Carnegie dominated industries through strategies like vertical and horizontal integration.
Vertical integration involved owning all levels of production within an industry, while horizontal integration meant owning all companies in the same industry.
By the early 1900s, the United States emerged as one of the world’s leading industrial economies due to the convergence of these multiple factors.
Transcripts
hello everyone today we're discussing
the causes of the second industrial
revolution
the first industrial revolution unfolded
during the late 1700s and early 1800s
and was a major change in the way that
goods and foods were produced
machinery in factories replaced handmade
products and new forms of energy to run
these machines such as coal and steam
were used
the second industrial revolution began
shortly after the civil war
and lasted from the late 1800s to the
early 1900s
in many ways the second industrial
revolution was an expansion of the first
as new technologies for transportation
engineering
and communication linked the country
together like never before
there were five principal causes of the
second industrial revolution
the availability of natural resources
immigration
new technology the expansion of
railroads
and new business practices the first
cause was an abundance of natural
resources in the united states
the u.s contained large deposits of iron
an essential mineral in the production
of steel
when heated iron ore can be converted to
steel a flexible and strong metal steel
could only be produced in large
quantities with the availability of a
lot of iron ore
and certain parts of the united states
such as western pennsylvania
near pittsburgh had quite a bit this led
to the development of the steel towns
and industrial centers that produced a
steel for americans railroads
machines and cities new technologies
also supported the second industrial
revolution
an important one was the development of
a new fast way to process iron and steel
using heat this process was developed by
henry bessemer
it was named after him the bessemer
process
other advancements also helped further
the industrial revolution
the assembly line perfected by henry
ford
accelerated the mass manufacturing of
industrial goods
such as the automobile and inventions to
improve communications such as the
telegraph
and the mastering of electricity by
thomas edison
greatly improved productivity the next
major
cause of the second industrial
revolution was a large number of
immigrants that were coming to the
united states in the late 1800s
looking for jobs the immigrants from
eastern and southern europe
as well as asia filled jobs in factories
built railroads and contributed to the
development of the united states economy
with so many natural resources improving
technologies and a growing labor force
america was also able to expand greatly
its network of railroads
railroads were essential to the second
industrial revolution
because they connected resources to
factories transported goods
and allowed for the mass movement of
people and products
america's rail system grew dramatically
in the late 1800s
and became the veins of american
industrialization
finally with all of these in place
america's business leaders began to
develop
new strategies for organizing their
financial efforts
businesses began selling shares of their
company to the public as stock
making it a publicly owned corporation
this meant that the public could buy a
percentage however small
of the businesses and their investment
would grow or shrink depending on the
success of the corporation
in turn this allowed corporations to
raise money quickly as they sold stocks
so they can finance new projects as the
corporation became more profitable
more people were likely to buy the
shares some business leaders also began
to dominate certain industries
john d rockefeller dominated oil
cornelius vanderbilt dominated the
railroads
and andrew carnegie dominated the steel
industry
each use new tactics such as vertical
integration
or the owning of all levels of
production for their industry
and horizontal integration or the owning
of all companies in their industry
to grow their wealth and their power in
the field of business
in short the second industrial
revolution was caused by multiple
factors
that each work together to support the
others by the turn of the century
in the early 1900s the united states had
emerged as one of the world's leading
industrial economies
thanks everyone
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