Religion in Colonial America
Summary
TLDRThis lecture explores the religious landscape of Colonial America, highlighting the Great Awakening's role in fostering religious diversity and unity among the colonies. It discusses the emergence of denominations like Anglicanism, Presbyterianism, and Lutheranism, and the shift from state-supported to disestablished religions. The video also connects the Awakening to the Enlightenment, showing how both movements influenced the American Revolution by promoting ideas of individual rights and self-governance.
Takeaways
- 🏛️ The video discusses the impact of religion on Colonial America, highlighting the distinctions between Catholicism, Christianity, and Protestantism, and the emergence of various Protestant sects post-Reformation.
- ⚛️ The Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s led to significant religious diversity in the American colonies, challenging the established religious norms and leading to the formation of new religious movements.
- 🌐 Before the Great Awakening, the main religions in the colonies were Puritanism in New England, which evolved into Congregationalism, and Anglicanism in the middle and southern colonies.
- 🏛️ Established religions were those that received tax support and were the official religion of a colony, with examples including Anglican faith in some colonies and Congregational faith in New England, except Rhode Island.
- 🏫 Early American colleges were founded to train ministers for specific religious denominations, such as Harvard for the Puritan faith and the College of William and Mary for the Anglican faith.
- 🔄 The Great Awakening was a religious revival that spanned all 13 colonies, marking the first major unifying event for the colonies and leading to the establishment of new churches and colleges.
- 📜 The script emphasizes the shift from traditional religious authority to a more personal and individual approach to faith, with people believing in their ability to interpret religious texts without intermediaries.
- 🌱 The Awakening contributed to the birth of new religious movements like Baptism and Methodism, which emphasized personal salvation and good works, contrasting with the predestination beliefs of Calvinism.
- 🔗 The Great Awakening prepared the ground for the American Revolution by fostering a spirit of independence from religious and political authorities, encouraging the belief in self-governance and natural rights.
- 💡 The Enlightenment, with its emphasis on reason, science, and individual rights, influenced the American colonies, leading to a surge in literacy, the establishment of schools, and the promotion of ideas that would shape the American Revolution.
Q & A
What are the three major sects of the Christian church mentioned in the script?
-The three major sects of the Christian church mentioned are Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestantism.
What was the primary religion in New England during the early establishments of the colonies?
-In New England, the primary religion during the early establishments of the colonies was Puritanism, which later became known as Congregationalism.
What significant religious event occurred in the 1730s and 1740s that increased religious diversity in the American colonies?
-The Great Awakening, which occurred in the 1730s and 1740s, was a significant religious event that increased religious diversity in the American colonies.
What is the term for a religion that is officially supported by a colony, receiving tax support from the colony's residents?
-An established religion is a religion that is officially supported by a colony and receives tax support from the colony's residents.
Which colonies had an established religion, and which ones did not?
-Colonies like Georgia, North Carolina, and others had established religions, while Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania never had an established religion.
What was the purpose of the first colleges established in the American colonies?
-The first colleges established in the American colonies, such as Harvard and Yale, were created to train ministers in their respective religions.
How did the Great Awakening contribute to the unification of the American colonies?
-The Great Awakening contributed to the unification of the American colonies by being the first event to span all 13 colonies, promoting a sense of shared religious experience and awakening.
What was the main message of George Whitfield, one of the key preachers of the Great Awakening?
-George Whitfield's main message was that good works and godly lives would bring salvation, contrasting with the Calvinist belief in predestination.
What new religious movements emerged as a direct result of the Great Awakening?
-New religious movements that emerged as a result of the Great Awakening include Baptists and Methodists.
How did the Great Awakening influence the American Revolution?
-The Great Awakening influenced the American Revolution by promoting ideas of equality, the right to challenge authority, and the belief in self-governance, which later translated into the colonists' willingness to break away from British rule.
What is Deism, and how did it relate to the Enlightenment and the American Revolution?
-Deism is the belief in the existence of a god who created the world and then left it to run by natural laws without further intervention. It relates to the Enlightenment through its emphasis on reason and science over traditional religious authority, and it influenced the American Revolution by advocating for natural rights and self-governance.
Outlines
🏛 Religion in Colonial America
This paragraph discusses the religious landscape of colonial America, highlighting the distinctions between Catholicism, Christianity, and Protestantism. It explains the emergence of the Protestant Reformation, which led to the creation of new religious sects such as Anglican, Calvinist, Lutheran, and Anabaptist. The Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s is introduced as a significant period that increased religious diversity in the colonies. Before this, New England was dominated by Puritanism, which evolved into Congregationalism, while Anglicanism was prevalent in the middle and southern colonies. The paragraph also covers the concept of established religions, where taxes funded both the state and the church, and notes the shift towards disestablishment as the colonies sought greater separation of church and state.
📚 Higher Education and the First Great Awakening
The focus of this paragraph is on the establishment of early American colleges, such as Harvard and the College of William and Mary, which were founded to train ministers in their respective religious faiths. It then delves into the First Great Awakening, a religious revival that swept through the American colonies and represented the first major unifying force among them. The paragraph discusses the reasons for the Great Awakening, including a decline in religious observance and the diminishing authority of Puritan ministers. It also touches on the role of personal interpretation of the Bible and the rise of individualism in religion, which challenged the traditional religious hierarchy.
🌟 The Great Awakening and Evangelical Preachers
This paragraph details the impact of the Great Awakening on American religious life, emphasizing the rise of evangelical preachers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. It contrasts Edwards' fear-based sermons with Whitefield's focus on good works and godly living as a path to salvation. The paragraph also discusses the movement's appeal to the economically poor and the backcountry populations, who were drawn to the promise of a personal relationship with God and the potential for salvation through Christian doctrine. The Great Awakening is portrayed as a period of significant religious and social change, with new denominations emerging and a shift towards personal faith over traditional religious authority.
🔄 The Outcomes of the Great Awakening
The paragraph discusses the outcomes of the Great Awakening, including the split within established religions like Anglicanism and Congregationalism, leading to the formation of new sects such as Baptists and Methodists. It highlights the establishment of new colleges with religious affiliations, reflecting the movement's influence on education. The Great Awakening is also credited with promoting equality and challenging traditional authority, which laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment's ideas to gain traction in America. The paragraph suggests that the Great Awakening played a crucial role in preparing the colonies for the American Revolution by fostering a spirit of independence and self-governance.
🏛 The Rise of Deism and Enlightenment
This paragraph explores the emergence of Deism and the Enlightenment in the context of the American colonies. Deism, characterized by belief in a non-interventionist God, gained traction alongside the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and scientific inquiry. The paragraph introduces key Enlightenment thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Voltaire, and Montesquieu, whose ideas on natural rights, separation of powers, and government by social contract would influence the American Revolution. The paragraph also notes the increased literacy rate and the proliferation of newspapers and schools as indicators of the Enlightenment's impact on colonial America.
📈 Enlightenment's Impact on Colonial America
The final paragraph summarizes the Enlightenment's impact on colonial America, noting the surge in literacy, the establishment of schools, and the rise of Deism among notable figures like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. It connects the Enlightenment's emphasis on natural rights and the social contract to the growing sentiment of self-governance that would eventually lead to the American Revolution. The paragraph suggests that the Enlightenment reinforced early American ideas about governance and laid the intellectual foundation for the revolution against British rule.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Religion in Colonial America
💡Great Awakening
💡Puritanism
💡Congregationalism
💡Anglicanism
💡Established Religion
💡Protestant Reformation
💡Deism
💡Enlightenment
💡Higher Education and Religion
Highlights
Three major sects of the Christian church: Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestantism.
The Protestant Reformation led to the creation of new religions such as Anglican, Calvinist, Lutheran, and Anabaptist.
Before the 1730s, New England was dominated by Puritanism, which later became Congregationalism.
Anglicanism was the main religion in middle and southern colonies before the Great Awakening.
The Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s led to significant religious diversity in the colonies.
By 1775, religious diversity was evident, with Congregationalists, Anglicans, and Presbyterians being the most prominent.
Presbyterianism and Lutheranism emerged from the Protestant Reformation in Scotland and Germany, respectively.
Established religions were official religions of colonies, with taxpayers supporting both the state and the church.
Rhode Island had religious freedom and a clear separation of church and state, unlike other colonies.
The first colleges in the colonies were created to train ministers in respective religions, such as Harvard and Yale.
The Great Awakening was the first major unifying force for the American colonies, spanning all 13 colonies.
Religious revivalism during the Great Awakening brought people back to spiritual life and a greater intimacy with God.
The Great Awakening led to the formation of new religions like Baptists and Methodists, and the establishment of new colleges.
Deism, an offshoot of the Great Awakening, posits that God created the world and then left it to run by natural laws.
The Enlightenment, with its emphasis on reason and science, influenced the American Revolution and challenged traditional religious and political authority.
Prominent Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke and Voltaire advocated for natural rights and freedoms that influenced the American Revolution.
The Great Awakening and Enlightenment led to a surge in literacy, increased publication of newspapers and books, and the establishment of schools.
Transcripts
all right today we are going to talk
about religion and colonial america
um and this is just to kind of show you
the splits in the catholic church so a
lot of times people get confused when i
talk about catholicism versus
christianity versus protestantism and so
here you see that there are three major
sects
that's
s-e-c-t-s
of our divisions of the christian church
so the eastern orthodox is going to be
found primarily in eastern europe and
russia
roman catholic
is
what most of europe was first
essentially and then from roman catholic
because of the protestant reformation
which you've already learned about
they protested
the roman catholic religion and they
created new religions and so you kind of
see
different religions shooting off from
protestants so anglican calvinists
lutheran anabaptists and then things
like methodist quaker
episcopal presbyterian all of those are
also protestant religions
all right before the
1730s so we're going to start we're
going to talk about the great awakening
which happened in the 1730s and the
1740s before that time
and from the early establishments of the
colonies there were two major religions
in new england it was puritanism which
eventually became known as
congregationalism so puritanism and
congregationalism are essentially
the same thing
in the middle colonies like new york and
the southern colonies like virginia
anglicanism tended to be the main
religion there
yet by 1775 so this is on the eve of the
american revolution as we move into our
next unit you'll see that there is
significant
religious diversity throughout the
colonies and largely that's because of
the great awakening that happened in the
1730s and the 1740s
here's another image this is another map
really that's showing essentially the
same thing
the amount of religious diversity
by the time of the rebel revolution
and here this particular chart of course
shows the number of people in 1775
that associated themselves with a
particular religion so
congregationalists you can see have the
largest number anglicans as a close
second presbyterians as a close third
and so on and so forth from there
presbyterianism arose as part of the
protestant reformation in scotland
and lutheranism which was actually the
beginning of the protestant reformation
emerged in germany so that's why we see
a lot of
those presbyterians in the frontier
because we know the scots irish live
there and the germans largely in
pennsylvania remember the pennsylvania
dutch or the deutsche mis misconstrued
to be dutch
really germans that had settled in
pennsylvania
all right i want to talk about what an
established religion is
so an established religion is when the
religion is kind of the official
religion of a colony and when the people
of that colony pay taxes
they pay taxes both to the state and
then a portion of that taxes also goes
to the religion so most colonies had
an established religion or a tax
supported religion so you can see here
that the anglican faith was supported in
georgia north carolina and so on and so
forth those colonies and the
congregational faith was supported in
new england with the exception of rhode
island because as you guys know
rhode island had religious freedom and a
clear separation of church and state
so
that's important to note
of those particular
established churches and here is just
another
chart that shows exactly the same thing
it also identifies the year that it was
disestablished so as time went on people
began to advocate for a greater
separation of church and state and for
the most part those religions were
disestablished rhode island new jersey
delaware and pennsylvania never had an
established religion
i want to talk a little bit about higher
education so the first colleges in
what would become the united states in
the colonies
are all created to train ministers in
respective religions so harvard for
example created in 1836
the very first college in the american
colonies was meant to train candidates
for ministry in the puritan or the
congregational faith um seeing that the
anglicans followed several years later
actually about six years later um and
created the college of william and mary
to train ministers in the anglican faith
and then shortly thereafter yale was
created again to change trained
ministers in the congregational faith
and so those are the first three
colleges in the americas all three
created
two trained ministers in those faiths
i want to get into
the
first grade awakening and notice i
called it the first great awakening
because there are two
sometimes people view it as four in
general when we talk about a great
awakening we're talking about when the
american public
awoke to
religion and so we have this trend that
happens throughout american history
where we are very religious and then
over the next century that religiosity
wanes
and then there's a great awakening and
then america becomes very religious
again and then over the next century it
wanes and so on and so forth so we've
seen this happen several times
throughout american history
one of the most significant things about
talking about the great awakening is not
only to talk about the religious
contributions to american society but
the fact that this was
in a sense the first major unifying
force for the american colonies so we've
gotten done talking about the colonies
and we know that they are varied and
they are extremely different from one
another new york is not
the same as pennsylvania is not the same
as massachusetts is not the same as
georgia or south carolina and so
the great awakening is significant
because this is the first event that is
actually going to span all 13
of the colonies
so
why does it happen well for one people
began to feel that religion was dry dull
and distant so
when we look at um why
you know plymouth the separatists were
established in 1620 and the puritans
massachusetts bay were established in
1630. by the time we get to the 1730s
it's been a 100 it's been 100 years and
people are
becoming less religious
also to add in the puritan faith
the ministers began to lose authority so
the only way
you could be a full member of the church
and therefore a full participating
member in massachusetts bay colony is if
you were considered a visible saint
somebody that
claimed that they were saved or believed
that they had been saved from god
as a result of this the puritan church
began to decline in membership
and so
as time went on they began to accept
members of the church who had taken what
is called the halfway covenant where
their
their family members
that went before them had been visible
saints but they no longer were and so
essentially we see kind of a reduction
in religious
acceptance there
people in new england can read and
interpret the bible on their own was one
of the biggest arguments against needing
church because remember the puritan
ministers were claiming that only they
could read and interpret the bible and
when people started to be able to read
the bible on their own they started to
question
some of the things that the puritan
ministers were teaching that maybe they
were contrary to what the bible actually
said and so this has caused over the
century
waning in religiosity
i think that this is always kind of a
funny yet interesting quote john
winthrop invested his facing faith in
god in his own efforts in the task of
creating a spiritual community his
grandsons invested in connecticut real
estate so again showing how time has
changed since the initial establishment
of a massachusetts bay colony
so
origins of the great awakening there was
no organized state religion as in
england
so anybody could be any religion and
that is going to pave the way to the
opportunity for new religions to emerge
as a result of the great awakening by
1691 no colony had religious laws that
directly affected the political order
religion as private as it could be in
the 18th century western civilization so
that just means that people realize that
there was a private aspect to religion
it didn't all have to be community
everything in north america was very
fractured this
led to a lot of open dialogue regarding
faith and practice
um and i can't read the bottom thing of
faith then overwhelmingly a matter of
personal initiative so it no longer had
to be something that what came from the
government or even passed down through
your lineage you could choose the faith
that you wanted to practice the other
major reason is that large regions
of the colonies were disconnected from
religion altogether namely the back
country and the back country are going
to be the group that is going to
participate in the great awakening
probably the most
people
like that have a need a lot of younger
people that have a need to find a faith
at this time in history people that are
especially economically poor
are going to be ones that like the ideas
that are going to be portrayed by
christian
doctrine as they begin to talk about
these things and so as a result of this
in the 1730s and 1740s there was a huge
religious movement that swept through
north america converting people to a
variety of religions now
the
congregationalists did not want to lose
out on this opportunity and so it
actually begins in massachusetts
with two famous um
evangelical preachers so an evangelical
preacher is somebody that proclaims the
word of god largely by moving from place
to place
and trying to convert people to that
religion
so jonathan edwards and george whitfield
are going to be the two major ones
coming from massachusetts but they had
various different
ways to convert people to religion
jonathan edwards did so
through
largely
using fear and and preaching god if they
don't come to god they're going to go to
hell and really articulating what the
um what hell was like um his most famous
sermon is called sinners in the hand of
an angry god to give you an idea of
the tone he took on the other hand
george woodfield took on more of the
evangelical role touring the colonies
he led a lot of revivals convincing
people to join the religion
countless people to
convert
to the religion and this spurred a lot
of
other evangelical people who are going
to go from place to place to preach
um to try to convince people to
come to religion
one of the most significant things he
preached was that good works and godly
lives would bring you salvation and that
is very different from the standing
belief of the calvinist religions which
advocated
excuse me
and preach for what's called
predestination
that your destiny
is predetermined
before you are even born whether you are
going to go to heaven or hell it doesn't
matter what you do on earth
you will have your destined location
whitfield's going to change that and
he's going to say if you're good a good
person
you do good things if you live a godly
life you can
earn salvation you can earn your way to
heaven
and other evangelical preachers are
going to emerge and you can kind of see
this is actually the movement of
different evangelical preachers
throughout the great awakening moving
from place to place to preach
the
gospel that they were choosing to preach
all right i'm just going to read this to
you and then i'm going to explain it so
the great awakening was a spiritual
renewal that swept the american colonies
particularly new england during the
first half of the 18th century it began
in england before catching fire across
the atlantic
unlike the somber largely puritan
spirituality of the early 1700s the
revival revivalism ushered in by the
awakening brought people back to
spiritual life as they felt a greater
intimacy with god so one of the major
preachings of the great awakening was
that people can have a personal
relationship with god that they don't
need a minister to interpret the bible
and interpret those messages for them
and so as a result of that
lots more people began to join
religion that previously were not part
of it
so in the already established religions
of anglicanism and
congregationalism they actually split
into two separate divisions two separate
sects
um on the one hand
um
some people
embrace a more reformed religion while
others embrace the very traditional
religion um also
new religions formed as part of the
great awakening so you notice the
baptists and the methodist religion
actually emerge as a result of this
great awakening new colleges form so i
had gotten as far as yale
but as you can see after the great
awakening a lot of new colleges are
established again with religious
purposes so princeton was established
for as presbyterian college
kings college or what we call columbia
today was established as an anglican
college a reformed anglican college
brown university baptist rutgers dutch
reform
dartmouth
congregational reformed college so we
see a lot of the what we would consider
ivy league schools
being emerged because of the great
awakening
across class barriers that emphasize
inequality of all which many people
liked especially lower class people and
you're going to find that lower class
people are going to
take on the great awakening much more
than wealthy people because wealthy
people don't want things to change
and so the great awakening suggesting
that
anybody has an opportunity to salvation
especially poor people who were living
kind of a crummy life on earth that idea
that if they came to faith
upon
dying they would go to heaven and go to
the kingdom of god and be wealthy
in
the in his love
that was something that was very
appealing to
lower class people in society
as i mentioned previously unified
americans as a single people because
every single colony embraced the great
awakening
and um it emerged missionaries for both
blacks and indians to convert them to
christian religions at this time
and again here are where some of those
newer
colleges were formed as a result of the
great awakening
outcomes of the great awakening i
already mentioned that it appealed to
the commoners and the poor
the birth of deep religious convictions
in the colonies
baptists and methodists if you guys know
anything we have in our nation what's
called the bible belt so right straight
through our middle latitude we have lots
of
methodists largely baptists in the south
they have strong religious ties and
religious convictions
new churches were built and we already
talked about colleges being formed
um but i want to show you how the great
awakening actually leads to the
acceptance of another
school of thought that being the
enlightenment so because the great
awakening encouraged the ideas of
equality because it encouraged the ideas
of the right to challenge authority that
you didn't need that minister to tell
you what the bible said anymore
that is going to play a role
in a greater acceptance of a new
movement coming from europe a new
movement of thought called the
enlightenment
um the awakening's biggest significance
was the way it prepared america for its
war of independence
because it again was a first start to
uniting the colonies in the decades
before the war revivalism taught people
that they could be bold when confronting
religious authority and that when
churches weren't living up to the
believers expectations the people could
break off and form new ones think about
that related to britain we could become
bold americans could become bold when
confronting british authority and when
they weren't living up to the
expectations of the colonists they could
break away so we see the great awakening
as having major
major
political
consequences and effects as time goes on
through the awakening the colonists
realized that religious power resided in
their own hands rather than in the hands
of the church of england or any other
religious authority after a generation
or two passed with this kind of mindset
the colonists came to realize that
political power did not reside in the
hands of the english monarch but in
their own will for self-governance so
there's a lot of connections between the
great awakening and the ideas that are
going to
promote and move forward
the american revolution
all right and like i mentioned a couple
times throughout here it was the first
event to happen throughout all of them
now i want to talk about a new type of
religion that emerges kind of as an
offshoot of this
and that religion is deism
and so a deist is going to be somebody
that acknowledges the existence of god
but believes that god created the world
and then left the world to run by
natural laws that god does not have a
hand in the day-to-day life of the world
or of human beings rather he lets human
beings have free choice make their own
decisions
and
as a result of that
humans should choose their own morals
ethics and customs that they are going
to
utilize in life and then as time goes on
and they die
god will decide whether those
morals ethics and customs were
appropriate to come into heaven
and a lot of this goes hand in hand with
a new thinking that was emerging from
europe at this time that thinking called
the enlightenment the enlightenment is
also known as the age of reason
and
with kind of the rejection of the
traditional religions came also a
rejection of a lot of different
scientific and political ideals
um that people had previously believed
so up until this point in time largely
the church had been the expert on just
about everything and i'm talking about
largely the catholic church but what the
catholic church said about science about
religion about politics was simply what
everyone took as truth but because of
the great awakening and because of the
enlightenment people began to start to
consider
that there was a more rational and
scientific way to explain and understand
the world around them
and then eventually that's going to be
associated this new way of thinking is
going to be associated with politics
like for example the catholic church at
one point taught at one point taught
that the earth was the center of the
universe and that was debunked and so
people started to question well maybe
there were other things that the church
was wrong about so when the church
anointed a sovereign to rule over the
land and that sovereign was god alike in
a sense
maybe
that wasn't actually true
and so the enlightenment thinkers began
to argue that using science and using
reason
could actually answer a lot of the
questions concerning government itself
so on the previous page we had a picture
of john locke and we'll talk about him
in just a moment but here are some of
the most prominent enlightenment
thinkers whose ideas then
became the forefront of the american
revolution
so thomas hobbs believed in what's
called a social contract the idea that a
government is
established
to
create social order
and in order to have social order people
obey laws and give up some of their
rights and then the government protects
them
in in exchange
so we're going to see how
the
colonial governments and the government
great britain maybe
denies that or breaks that idea of a
social contract
john locke is the guy that advocated
that all people have natural rights to
life liberty and property and that those
rights cannot be arbitrarily taken away
bacaria
advocated for rights of the accused
things like that people should have a
trial by a jury of their peers that
there shouldn't be searches without a
warrant that people should be guaranteed
free trials that there should not be
cruel and unusual punishment just to
name a few
voltaire was a french enlightenment
thinker that advocated for freedom of
religion and freedom of speech
baron de montesquieu
was the french leader um enlightenment
thinker that believed that government
should have a separation of powers that
there shouldn't just be one head rather
there should be an executive legislative
and judicial branches and that those
branches should have checks and balances
within each other barry wilston craft
was an enlightenment thinker that
advocated for women's equality and for
women to have rights in society so i'm
sure by just reading through that list
you can
make some connections
to
some of the ideas that become part of
the american revolution
what happens because of the
enlightenment well number one there's a
great surge of literacy in the colonies
americans actually are the greatest
readership in the world
over 50 percent of americans
are literate at the time of the american
revolution which is the highest
percentage of anywhere in the world
newspapers and book publications
increase
schools become synonymous with new towns
and villages so previously we talked
about how that was primarily in new
england
as we move into the mid-1700s
schools are commonplace throughout all
colonies in the united states
and um
deism becomes more prominent um
[Music]
people like benjamin franklin and thomas
jefferson were deists they believed that
god created earth but
didn't exactly determine how people
acted on it
people began to agree with locke that
people are born with natural rights that
the government has an obligation to
protect those natural rights
and that kings have no right to govern
people
rather people empower the government
think back to the house of burgesses
think back to the mayflower compact so
simply those ideas that emerge early on
are being reinforced by the ideas of the
enlightenment and of course these ideas
then carry over into the american
revolution
all right and we'll continue that
conversation as we get there in history
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