Emperor Pedro I of Brazil
Summary
TLDRThis video explores the fascinating history of monarchies in the Americas, focusing on the Empire of Brazil founded by Pedro I. It delves into the background of Brazil's elevation to a kingdom under Portuguese rule, Pedro's defiance against Portuguese colonial status, and his eventual coronation as emperor. The narrative also covers the challenges he faced, including rebellions and political strife, leading to his abdication. Pedro I's legacy includes his efforts for Brazilian independence and his advocacy for the abolition of slavery.
Takeaways
- 🌍 The Americas have a history of monarchies, including the Kingdom of Haiti and the Empire of Brazil.
- 🏰 Brazil was a Portuguese colony that became a kingdom during the 15-year stay of the Portuguese royal family in Rio de Janeiro.
- 👑 Pedro I, the son of King John VI, became the Emperor of Brazil after a series of events including a revolution in Portugal and his defiance against being demoted to governor.
- 🗣️ Pedro I's famous speech ended with the words 'Independence or Death', which became a rallying cry for Brazilian independence.
- 👑 Pedro I was crowned Emperor of Brazil in December 1822, but his control over the country was initially contested by Portuguese loyalists.
- 📜 The first Brazilian constitution was drafted after a period of conflict and political maneuvering, including the dissolution of the Constituent and Legislative General Assembly.
- 🛑 There were attempts to secede from Brazil, such as the Confederation of the Equator and the declaration of independence of Cisplatina, which later became Uruguay.
- 🇵🇹 Portugal recognized Brazilian independence in 1825, but internal and external challenges continued for Pedro I.
- 👨👧 Pedro I faced the dilemma of being both Emperor of Brazil and King of Portugal after his father's death, leading to his eventual abdication of the Portuguese throne.
- 🚢 Pedro I abdicated the Brazilian throne in 1831 and left for Europe, where he fought for his daughter's rights in Portugal and advocated for the abolition of slavery.
Q & A
What was the status of Brazil under Portuguese rule before the arrival of the Portuguese royal family?
-Before the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazil was a wealthy and important colony claimed by the Portuguese crown since 1500.
Why did the Portuguese royal family decide to move to Brazil in 1807?
-The Portuguese royal family moved to Brazil in 1807 because the Portuguese mainland was occupied by Napoleon's forces, and they sought to escape to a safer location.
How did Brazil's status change during the 15-year stay of the Portuguese royal family?
-During the 15-year stay of the Portuguese royal family in Brazil, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom and enjoyed a large degree of autonomy.
What event led to Dom Pedro becoming the regent of Brazil?
-Dom Pedro became the regent of Brazil when his father, King John VI, sailed for Portugal in 1821, leaving him in charge.
What was the reaction of Brazilians to the news that Brazil would revert to being a colony under Portuguese rule?
-Brazilians, who had grown accustomed to self-rule, did not intend to let go of it easily and opposed the idea of reverting Brazil to a colony.
How did Dom Pedro respond to the orders to return to Portugal?
-Dom Pedro decided to defy the orders to return to Portugal, emboldened by the growing Brazilian opposition.
What significant event occurred on Dom Pedro's 24th birthday?
-On his 24th birthday, Dom Pedro was proclaimed Emperor of Brazil.
What was the outcome of the conflict between Brazil and the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata?
-The conflict ended with the independence of Brazil's southernmost province, Cisplatina, which became the Republic of Uruguay.
Why did Dom Pedro decide to abdicate the throne of Portugal?
-Dom Pedro decided to abdicate the throne of Portugal because a reunion of the two countries would have been unacceptable to the Brazilians.
What was the main reason for Dom Pedro's decision to abdicate the Brazilian throne?
-Dom Pedro decided to abdicate the Brazilian throne due to a growing desire to leave the tedious life of a constitutional monarch behind and to fight for his daughter's rights in Portugal.
What was Dom Pedro's final request regarding his remains after his death?
-Dom Pedro requested that his heart be placed in a church in Porto and his body be interred in the Pantheon of the House of Braganza.
Outlines
👑 The Rise of the Brazilian Empire
This paragraph delves into the historical context leading to the establishment of the Empire of Brazil. It begins by noting the Americas' unexpected association with monarchies, despite the continent's more commonly recognized democratic systems. The narrative then focuses on Brazil's transformation from a Portuguese colony to a kingdom, under the rule of the Portuguese royal family who fled to Brazil during Napoleon's invasion of Portugal. The story of Dom Pedro I, who would become the first emperor of Brazil, unfolds as he faces the challenge of maintaining autonomy for Brazil against the wishes of Portuguese revolutionaries. The paragraph culminates in Pedro's bold declaration of independence for Brazil, his subsequent coronation, and the early struggles of his reign, including quelling mutinies and establishing a constitution amidst internal and external conflicts.
🛑 Pedro I's Abdication and Legacy
The second paragraph continues the story of Dom Pedro I, detailing the challenges he faced as emperor of Brazil while also being concerned with his daughter's claim to the Portuguese throne. It describes the political turmoil in Portugal, where Pedro's brother Miguel usurped the throne, leading to Pedro's decision to abdicate the Brazilian throne in favor of his young son. The paragraph outlines Pedro's return to Europe, his efforts to rally support for his daughter's cause, and his eventual involvement in the Portuguese civil war. It concludes with Pedro's death from tuberculosis, his final plea for the abolition of slavery in Brazil, and the poignant detail of his heart being enshrined in Porto, symbolizing his enduring connection to the country he helped free.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Monarchy
💡Kingdom of Haiti
💡Empire of Brazil
💡Pedro the First
💡Portuguese Crown
💡Liberal Revolution
💡Constitutional Monarchy
💡Independence or Death
💡Constitutional Assembly
💡Secession
💡Abdication
Highlights
The Americas have a history with monarchies, including the Kingdom of Haiti and the Empire of Brazil.
Brazil was a wealthy Portuguese colony until the royal family fled to Brazil due to Napoleon's occupation of Portugal in 1807.
During the royal family's stay, Brazil was elevated to a kingdom with autonomy.
After the French left Portugal, a revolution demanded the royal family's return and Brazil's demotion to a colony.
Prince Pedro, left as regent, defied orders to return to Portugal, supported by Brazilians who wanted to maintain self-rule.
Portuguese troops in Rio de Janeiro mutinied but were defeated by militias and civilians supporting Pedro.
Pedro declared independence from Portugal with the famous words 'Independence or Death'.
Pedro was proclaimed Emperor of Brazil on his 24th birthday, and was crowned in December 1822.
Despite being emperor, Pedro faced challenges from Portuguese loyalist troops stationed across Brazil.
The Constituent and Legislative General Assembly was elected to draft Brazil's constitution.
Pedro dissolved the Assembly in 1823 due to claims of a Portuguese conspiracy against Brazil.
A new constitution was drafted and approved by town councils, despite objections from some provinces.
Rebellions in the provinces of Cisplatina and others led to the short-lived Confederation of the Equator.
Brazil declared war on the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata over the independence of Cisplatina, which became Uruguay.
Portugal recognized Brazilian independence in 1825, but internal and international challenges persisted for Pedro.
Pedro's father's death made him King of Portugal, but he chose to abdicate in favor of his daughter Maria II.
Pedro faced political opposition and a coup in Portugal, leading to his decision to abdicate the Brazilian throne.
Pedro's abdication in 1831 was followed by his return to Europe to support his daughter's claim to the Portuguese throne.
Pedro's health declined, and he wrote an open letter to Brazilians advocating for the gradual abolition of slavery.
Pedro died in 1834, leaving a legacy of advocating for independence and the abolition of slavery.
Transcripts
when you think of the americas i'm
guessing the first thing that comes into
your mind is not the word monarchy
but actually the continents have been
home to a couple of them
not counting the pre-columbian ones
there was the kingdom of haiti during
the 1810s
and mexico was an empire on two
different occasions during the 19th
century
there was also the short-lived kingdom
of aricania and patagonia proclaimed by
a french lawyer
and finally there was the empire of
brazil lasting from 1822 till 1889
and founded by pedro the first which is
whom this video is about
but before we get to him we need a bit
of backstory
what is today brazil had been claimed by
the portuguese crown in the year 1500
and grew to become the wealthiest and
most important colony in their empire
and so when the portuguese mainland was
occupied by napoleon's forces in 1807
the royal family decided to escape to
brazil and set up a court in rio de
janeiro
during their 15-year stay there the
colony of brazil was elevated to the
rank of
kingdom and enjoyed a large degree of
autonomy
by 1820 however the french troops had
long since left the portuguese mainland
and a liberal revolution broke out there
demanding the return of the royal
family to europe and the establishment
of a constitutional monarchy
thus the following year kim jones vi
sailed for portugal
and left his eldest son pedro as regent
of brazil
however the revolutionaries back in
europe soon pushed to return the status
of brazil to being a colony
thereby pedro was in practice demoted to
merely being governor of the rio de
janeiro province
but by then the brazilians have gotten
used to having some degree of self-rule
and did not intend to let go of it so
easily
therefore when orders were sent to
modding pedro's return to portugal
he emboldened by the growing brazilian
opposition decided to defy them
as response to that portuguese troops in
rio de janeiro mutinied
and tried to persuade pedro to leave by
force but with the support of militias
and armed civilians
the troops were outnumbered and their
mutiny was put down
[Music]
by now it had become more and more
apparent that the final rupture with
portugal was inevitable
and so in the following months pedro
tried to uphold the semblance of unity
with the mainland for as long as
possible
while also going on a tour in the
provinces to garner support
on his way back from sao paulo the
prince received news that the portuguese
parliament would not accept any
self-governance for brazil
and that anyone who disobeyed their
orders were to be punished
after reading the letter the prince
mounted his horse and before his
entourage held a speech
ending with the words independence or
death
on his 24th birthday pedro was
proclaimed emperor of brazil
and two months later in december of 1822
he was crowned in the old cathedral in
rio de janeiro
but just because he now enjoyed the
title of emperor didn't mean that
actually had control over brazil
all over the country troops loyal to the
portuguese crown were still stationed
and it would take an additional two
years of fighting until the loss of them
surrendered
meanwhile the constituent and
legislative general assembly had been
elected for the purpose of drafting a
constitution for the empire
but as one of its members started
claiming the existence of a portuguese
conspiracy against brazilian interests
and that citizens of portuguese birth
including the emperor were involved in
it
pedro the first had ordered its
dissolution in 1823
he then put the newly established
council of state in charge of composing
a new constitutional draft which was
sent out to all town councils
where the vast majority voted in favor
of it
there were however still those who
objected against the centralized nature
of the new constitution
and together rebels in the provinces of
kiara pariba and tarnambuco
attempted to secede from brazil and form
the confederation of the equator
but by the end of 1824 that rebellion
had been put down
the country wouldn't be able to enjoy
peace for long though as
just a few months later a small band of
rebels backed by the united provinces of
the rio de la plata
later known as argentina declared
brazil's southernmost province of
cisplatina to be independent
in reality the united provinces expected
to be able to annex his platina
and so in response brazil declared war
on them in 1825 in the ensuing conflict
no one would gain the upper hand and it
would end after a couple of years with
the independence of cisplatina
as the republic of uruguay
but back in 1825 there had been some
good developments as well as portugal
finally decided to recognize brasilian
independence
however a few months after that pedro
received word that his father king john
vi
had died thus making him the new king of
portugal
but since a reunion of the two countries
would have been unacceptable
he soon announced his abdication of the
portuguese clown in pharaoh's eldest
daughter who would become
queen maria ii despite the application
though
pedro the first would in many ways
continue to act as absentee king of
portugal
and interfere in the country's
diplomatic and internal affairs
however having to maintain his position
as emperor of brazil
while simultaneously protecting his
daughter's interest in portugal
would prove a huge challenge for him
in 1828 two years into maria's reign the
throne was seized by pedro's brother
miguel
a reinstated absolute monarchy this
along with scandals and political
opposition in brazil added to pedro's
growing will to leave the tedious life
of a constitutional monarch behind and
instead go to portugal
where he could fight for his daughter's
rights champion the oppressed uphold
liberty
and live a life of freedom and action
that it seemed to have been better
suited for
he would finally make the decision to
abdicate after an incident in april of
1831.
unrest had recently broken out in the
capital following the harassment of
portuguese communities by street gangs
they had been incited by radicals within
the liberal party
and on the 11th of march that year the
portuguese had retaliated
the incapacity of the government to
restore order had prompted pedro to fire
the liberal cabinet
but upon doing that a large crowd also
incited by the radicals gathered in rio
de janeiro
and demanded the immediate restoration
of the cabinet
sometime after nightfall on the 6th of
april army troops including his royal
guard deserted the emperor and joined
the protesters
realizing how detached from brazilian
affairs had become pedro announced his
application a couple of hours later
he then sailed for europe and left his
five-year-old son also named pedro
as the new emperor of brazil the
following months
pedro traveled back and forth between
france and great britain in a failed
attempt to gain their support
while in paris hid however befriended
and received the full moral support of
the now aging marcus of lafayette
who famously fought in the american
revolutionary war
in january of 1832 he left paris for the
asuras the last portuguese territory
loyal to his daughter
from there he along with other prominent
portuguese liberals embarked for the
mainland
two years later he had successfully
restored his torture to the throne
but the war had taken its toll on pedro
and was now dying of tuberculosis
during his illness he wrote an open
letter to the brazilians
begging that they would adopt the
gradual abolition of slavery much like
he had done with this estate in santa
cruz
pedro died on the 24th of september 1834
and according to his request his heart
was placed in a church in porto
and his body was interred in the
pantheon of the house of braganza
[Music]
you
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