O PRIMEIRO REINADO NO BRASIL | Resumo de História do Brasil para o Enem

Summary

The video explores the turbulent first reign of Dom Pedro I in Brazil (1822-1831), focusing on the country's struggle for independence and the challenges Dom Pedro faced. His reign was marked by internal resistance from provinces, financial instability, and political unrest. The 1824 Constitution granted Dom Pedro significant powers, leading to discontent and revolts, such as the Confederation of the Equator. Internationally, Brazil struggled with recognition and debts, especially to England and Portugal. Amid increasing opposition and a deteriorating political environment, Dom Pedro I was forced to abdicate in 1831, leaving the throne to his young son, Dom Pedro II.

Takeaways

• 😀 Dom Pedro I's reign (1822-1831) focused on establishing Brazilian independence both internally and externally, navigating political and military challenges.
• 😀 Internally, some Brazilian provinces, including Maranhão and Piauí, contested Dom Pedro's authority, leading to military repression and the appointment of trusted leaders.
• 😀 International recognition of Brazil's independence began with the United States in 1824, followed by Portugal, which required Brazil to pay a financial indemnity, further increasing Brazil's debt.
• 😀 Portugal's recognition of Brazil's independence was facilitated by a financial transaction involving a loan from England, demonstrating the complex economic relations at play.
• 😀 The 1824 Constitution was authoritarian, granted extensive powers to Dom Pedro I, including the creation of a 'moderating power' that allowed him to intervene in legislative and judicial matters.
• 😀 The Brazilian Constitution of 1824 was centralist, with little autonomy given to provinces, and it also maintained a close relationship between the state and the Catholic Church.
• 😀 The Constitution was criticized for its elitism and authoritarianism, as only property-owning citizens (with sufficient income) could vote, limiting democratic participation.
• 😀 In 1824, the Pernambuco revolt, known as the Confederation of the Equator, was suppressed violently, highlighting the tension between Dom Pedro's centralized government and regional elites.
• 😀 Dom Pedro I faced both economic crises, including rising debt and costly military engagements (such as the Sisplatina War), and political crises due to his authoritarian policies.
• 😀 The final blow to Dom Pedro I's reign came in 1831, after a failed attempt to reconcile with political elites and the assassination of his main opponent, leading to his abdication in favor of his young son, Dom Pedro II.

Q & A

What was the primary challenge for Dom Pedro I during the first years of his reign?

One of Dom Pedro I's primary challenges was gaining both internal and external recognition of Brazil's independence. Internally, several provinces contested his authority, and externally, he had to secure recognition from other countries, including the United States and Portugal.

Which countries recognized Brazil's independence in the early years, and what were their motivations?

The United States recognized Brazil's independence first, driven by the Monroe Doctrine, which sought to protect the Americas from European influence. Portugal, after some negotiations, also recognized Brazil's independence, though it involved Brazil paying a large indemnity.

How did the British influence Brazil's independence recognition and policies?

Britain played a significant role in both the military and economic aspects of Brazil's independence. They provided military support to Dom Pedro, helped broker the recognition of Brazil’s independence by Portugal, and influenced economic agreements, such as the renewal of the Commercial and Navigation Treaty in 1827, which favored British products.

What was the 'Constitution of the Manioc' proposed during Dom Pedro's reign?

The 'Constitution of the Manioc' was a proposed project that advocated for a censitary vote based on income, using 'alqueiros of manioc' as a unit of measurement. It also supported the idea of autonomy for the legislative power, which conflicted with Dom Pedro’s desire to maintain an absolutist regime.

What was Dom Pedro’s reaction to the proposals of the Assembly that called for constitutional reform?

Dom Pedro I disagreed with the proposals from the Assembly, especially the calls for limiting his power. In response, he dissolved the Assembly by military intervention, leading to the so-called 'Night of Agony.'

What were the key characteristics of Brazil's first constitution in 1824?

Brazil's first constitution in 1824 had five key characteristics: it was authoritarian, granting significant powers to the Emperor; it established a unitary state with limited provincial autonomy; it implemented a censitary vote; it established a relationship between the state and the Catholic Church; and it gave the Emperor the exclusive 'moderator power' to override decisions from the legislative and judicial branches.

What was the Confederação do Equador, and how did it challenge Dom Pedro I's authority?

The Confederação do Equador was a rebellion in 1824 led by leaders in Pernambuco and other provinces, including Cipriano Barata and Frei Caneca. It sought greater autonomy for provinces and challenged Dom Pedro I’s centralized authority. The rebellion was violently suppressed by imperial forces with British naval support.

What were the major economic challenges faced by Dom Pedro I's government?

Dom Pedro I's government faced significant economic challenges, including high national debt, primarily due to loans from Britain for indemnities paid to Portugal, and the cost of military campaigns such as the Cisplatine War, which led to further economic strain.

How did the death of Dom João VI in Portugal in 1826 affect Dom Pedro I’s political situation?

The death of Dom João VI in 1826 led to a succession crisis in Portugal, with Dom Pedro I being the rightful heir. However, due to political tension and a lack of support in Portugal, Dom Pedro I had to appoint his daughter, Dona Maria da Glória, as the successor to the throne, which further strained his resources and leadership.

What led to Dom Pedro I's abdication in 1831?

Dom Pedro I’s abdication was the result of a combination of political, economic, and social crises, including dissatisfaction with his authoritarian rule, widespread opposition from elites, and a growing civil war. His inability to maintain control over the political situation and his loss of support ultimately led to his abdication in favor of his young son, Dom Pedro II.