EPQ - Harvard Referencing

Summary

This presentation focuses on the importance and practice of Harvard referencing in academic writing, emphasizing its necessity for avoiding plagiarism and supporting arguments with credible sources. It discusses when to reference, including direct quotes, paraphrasing, and summarizing, and when not to, such as for common knowledge. The speaker advises on proper citation formats and the construction of a reference list, also touching on tools like Microsoft Word for assistance and the value of consulting with supervisors for specific referencing styles.

Takeaways

• 😀 **Harvard Referencing is Common:** It's the most frequently used style in Extended Project Qualifications (EPQs), but always verify with your supervisor for specific requirements.
• 🔍 **Check Specific Styles:** Different fields may require different styles (e.g., Law uses OSCOLA), so it's crucial to know the style applicable to your discipline.
• 🚴 **Practice Makes Perfect:** Like riding a bike, the more you practice referencing, the better you become at it.
• 📚 **Showcase Learning:** Referencing demonstrates your understanding of existing literature, ideas, and knowledge in your subject area.
• 🔑 **Mark Scheme Insights:** Referencing helps highlight the range of sources you've used and shows your ability to identify and use relevant sources.
• 🔎 **Traceability:** Proper referencing allows readers to trace back to the original sources, which is essential for academic integrity and research.
• 🚫 **Avoid Plagiarism:** Correct referencing practices are vital to prevent plagiarism, a critical issue in academic and professional writing.
• ✏️ **When to Reference:** You should reference information, ideas, direct quotes, paraphrases, and summaries of authors' ideas.
• 📈 **Support Your Arguments:** Use referencing to strengthen your arguments by providing evidence from your research.
• 📝 **Direct Quoting:** Direct quotes should be used sparingly and only when necessary for preserving the original meaning or when it significantly supports your argument.

Q & A

What is the most common referencing style used in Extended Project Qualifications?

The most common referencing style used in Extended Project Qualifications is Harvard Referencing.

Why is it important to check with your supervisor about the referencing style?

It's important to check with your supervisor about the referencing style because different subjects or institutions may require different styles, such as OSCOLA for Law students.

What is the analogy used in the script to describe the process of learning to reference?

The process of learning to reference is compared to learning to ride a bike, emphasizing that practice makes it easier over time.

Why do we need to reference in academic writing?

In academic writing, referencing is needed to show what you have learned from existing literature, ideas, and knowledge in your subject area, and to support the ideas and arguments in your work.

What are the practical reasons for referencing in academic work?

Practical reasons for referencing include helping readers trace the sources used, allowing them to access original papers if interested, and helping the writer avoid plagiarism.

When do you need to reference in your work?

You need to reference when you use information or ideas from other sources, take direct quotes, or explain other authors' ideas in your own words (paraphrasing).

What is the significance of directly quoting a text in academic writing?

Directly quoting a text shows the ability to copy a quote accurately, but it should be used only when the meaning will be lost through paraphrasing or when it is crucial for the development of an argument.

How should you reference a source when paraphrasing in Harvard style?

When paraphrasing, you should reference by writing the author's surname and the date of publication in brackets, followed by the page number if available.

What is secondary referencing and how should it be handled in a reference list?

Secondary referencing is when you refer to an original idea that has been discussed by another author. In the reference list, you should provide the bibliographic information for the source you read it from, not the original work.

How should you reference sources with multiple authors in Harvard style?

For sources with two authors, both names should be stated. For three or more authors, the first author's name should be followed by 'et al.' However, in the reference list, all authors' names and initials must be mentioned.

Where should the reference list be placed in an assignment and how should it be organized?

The reference list should be placed at the end of an assignment, before any appendices, and should be in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author or the organization's name.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Referencing

This paragraph introduces the importance of referencing in academic writing, specifically focusing on the Harvard Referencing style. It emphasizes the need to confirm with supervisors which referencing style to use, as different fields may require different styles, such as OSCOLA in Law. The analogy of learning to ride a bike is used to illustrate that the more one practices referencing, the better they become at it. The paragraph outlines the rationale behind referencing, which includes demonstrating knowledge of existing literature, supporting arguments, and avoiding plagiarism. It also touches on the practical reasons for referencing, such as helping readers trace sources and the author's own ability to retrace them.

05:04

🔍 Understanding When to Reference

This section delves into the specifics of when referencing is necessary, such as when using information or ideas from other sources, direct quotes, paraphrasing, and summarizing multiple authors' ideas. It clarifies that original ideas or common knowledge statements do not require referencing. The paragraph also discusses the importance of showing a broad understanding of the topic by referencing literature, which provides evidence for one's viewpoints. The correct method for in-text citation is provided, including the use of the author's surname, publication date, and page number where applicable.

10:09

📝 Direct Quoting and Paraphrasing

The paragraph discusses the nuances of direct quoting and paraphrasing, advising that direct quotes should only be used when the meaning cannot be effectively conveyed through paraphrasing or when it is crucial for the argument's development. It warns against overusing quotes, which can detract from the originality of the work. The paragraph provides examples of how to cite sources both at the end of a quote and at the beginning, and it explains the formatting for long quotes that require indentation. The importance of clarity in distinguishing one's own words from those of the original author is also highlighted.

15:10

📈 Strengthening Arguments with Referencing

This section focuses on how referencing can be used to bolster academic arguments. It provides examples of how to integrate references into writing to enhance the flow and credibility of the text. The paragraph also mentions the use of secondary referencing, where an original idea is cited through another author's work, and stresses the importance of accurately recording the source of the information read, not the original work itself, unless it has been directly consulted. The paragraph advises checking with an EPQ supervisor for any disciplinary-specific referencing practices.

20:15

📖 Organizing the Reference List

The final paragraph addresses the organization of the reference list, which should be placed at the end of an assignment before any appendices and in alphabetical order. It explains that all sources referenced in the text must be listed, and that while 'et al.' can be used for multiple authors in subsequent citations, all authors' names must be included in the reference list. Examples of referencing various sources such as books, journal articles, web pages, TV programs, and social media are mentioned, and the paragraph concludes with a recommendation to use tools like Microsoft Word for assistance and to consult supervisors and resource banks for further guidance.

Keywords

💡Referencing

Referencing is the academic practice of acknowledging sources of information used in a piece of work. In the video, referencing is likened to learning to ride a bike, emphasizing that it becomes easier with practice and is crucial for demonstrating understanding and avoiding plagiarism. The video discusses various referencing styles, such as Harvard and OSCOLA, and stresses the importance of consistency and rigor in academic writing.

💡Harvard Referencing

Harvard referencing is a widely used citation style where sources are acknowledged in the text with the author's name and year of publication, and full details are listed in a reference list. The video highlights that while Harvard is common, it's essential to confirm the required style with a supervisor, as different disciplines may prefer different styles like OSCOLA for law.

💡Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the act of using someone else's work without proper attribution and presenting it as one's own. The video underscores the importance of referencing to avoid plagiarism, which is a serious academic offense. Proper referencing credits the original authors and helps maintain academic integrity.

💡Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is the act of restating someone else's work in one's own words. The video explains that when paraphrasing, it's still necessary to reference the original author to acknowledge the source of the ideas. This practice is more academically rigorous than direct quoting and demonstrates a deeper understanding of the material.

💡Direct Quoting

Direct quoting involves using the exact words from a source. The video advises that direct quotes should be used sparingly and only when the original wording is irreplaceable. Proper referencing of direct quotes includes the author's name, year of publication, and page number in the text, and full details in the reference list.

💡Academic Writing

Academic writing is a formal style of writing used in scholarly work, characterized by objectivity, evidence-based arguments, and clear referencing. The video emphasizes that academic writing requires the use of referencing to support arguments and to demonstrate engagement with existing literature in the field.

💡Literature

In the context of the video, 'literature' refers to any published work in the subject area being studied. Referencing literature is essential to show the breadth of sources consulted and to provide evidence for the points made in academic work.

💡Reference List

A reference list is a comprehensive alphabetical list of all the sources cited in an academic work. The video explains that it should be placed at the end of an assignment, before any appendices, and includes full bibliographic details of each source, facilitating others to locate and verify the information.

💡Secondary Referencing

Secondary referencing occurs when a source is cited indirectly through another author's work. The video advises that when secondary referencing, one should reference the work as it appears in the source read, not the original work, unless the original work has been directly consulted.

💡Citing Multiple Authors

When a source has two authors, both names are cited; for three or more authors, the first author's name is followed by 'et al.' The video clarifies that in the reference list, all authors' names must be listed, and 'et al.' is not used. This ensures proper attribution and allows readers to locate the original source.

Highlights

Harvard Referencing is the most common style used in Extended Project Qualifications.

Different fields may use different referencing styles, such as OSCOLA in Law.

Referencing is akin to learning to ride a bike, improving with practice.

Consistent and rigorous referencing is essential for academic integrity.

Referencing shows understanding of existing literature and ideas in the subject area.

It is crucial to reference a range of sources to highlight research depth.

Referencing helps readers trace and verify the sources used in academic work.

Avoiding plagiarism is a key reason for proper referencing.

Maintain a list of sources and access dates for easy referencing.

Direct quotes and paraphrased ideas from others require referencing the original author.

Common knowledge and personal ideas do not need to be referenced.

Literature provides evidence to support viewpoints in academic writing.

Direct quotes should be used sparingly and only when necessary for meaning preservation.

Paraphrasing is more academically rigorous than direct quoting.

Ensure clarity on which words are your own and which belong to the referenced author.

Referencing strengthens arguments by showing extensive support from literature.

Secondary referencing involves citing an original idea discussed by another author.

For sources with multiple authors, list all authors initially, then use 'et al.' for subsequent references.

The reference list should be in alphabetical order and include all sources cited in the work.

Tools in Microsoft Word can assist with referencing, but it's important to know how to do it manually.

Transcripts

This is the presentation all about referencing.

We have focused on Harvard Referencing within this, which is the most common one

used within Extended Project Qualifications,

but it's worthwhile checking with your supervisor that that's the way

that you will do things. So for example my students within Law, we use OSCOLA

and things, so there are different

referencing styles, but if you haven't been given any other direction

stick with Harvard you won't go too far wrong. Okay so the

first thing to remember about referencing is that it's like

learning to ride a bike, the more you practice it, and the more

you do it the easier it will be to do.

With referencing there are right and wrong answers,

and once you understand the conventions that you need to to know then

you can reference. Like when pedalling it's important that you adopt a

consistent and rigorous approach to when you refer to

literature, as well. And when we talk about

literature we're kind of referring to any published

work in the subject that you are studying.

So why do we reference? In academic writing you need to be able

to show that you know

what you have learnt about existing literature,

ideas and knowledge in your subject area. And being able to reference helps you to

be able to do that. So if we go back to that mark scheme

that we looked at in some of the previous videos

from AQA, this is where you highlight that you have used a range of sources.

So I use 'show me your sources' so much as a comment,

not only to my students also to my mother, who gets a lot of her

news from her Facebook Newsfeed, or is a big fan of a

'they say' like referencing is all about who are they?

Like where have you got this from? Sort of

showing your sources.

We also need to understand why we reference?

So there's a number of reasons why we do so, for academic reasons,

as Kristina was saying it shows the variety of sources that you've used,

and it also shows that you've been able to

identify and use relevant sources, as well.

And crucially we use it to be able to support the ideas and arguments that you

discuss in your work. There's also practical

reasons, so historically

if I wanted to read a paper I would need to find out who had said

that, and who had given the information. So it helps the reader to be able to

trace the sources that you have used, because when they're

reading your piece of work, they may think oh that's really

interesting I'd like to read the original paper that the idea is

from. And so they'll be able to look at the reference

list at the back of your assignment, and they'll be able to then go to the

original source. And it also helps you to be able to

retrace the sources that you've used in the past

as well, and it also makes sure that you avoid plagiarising

as well. Which is really really important,

both in your EPQ, and also at university as well.

Okay so looking at those practical reasons and if you go back

to some of the other videos about getting started with research you'll

start to see why we're so keen for you to keep a list

of the hyperlinks if you're doing research online and the dates that

you've visited them, so that you can then trace back as you

continue, and so that your readers can trace

back where you have accessed the information,

and you can also see if it's changed.

It's also important to know when you need to reference,

and when perhaps you don't need to reference.

So you do need to reference the information or ideas that you've

read, seen or heard in other sources, or when

you take a direct quote from something that you've read.

You also need to reference when you explain

other authors ideas in your own words, this is what's called paraphrasing, but

you need to be able to fight the original author,

because although you're using your words, they're actually

their ideas initially, and then also when you summarise the ideas

of several authors in your own words, so you may have seen in your reading

there's a particular point mentioned and then

there could be kind of 5 6 7 8 9 10 authors

then cited after that it's because they're all writing

about a similar idea or topic but you need to acknowledge

that they are also their ideas. We don't need to reference

when we're presenting something that is perhaps our own idea,

argument or analysis, but that's often unlikely

at this stage and also in undergraduate

research as well, because your ideas will generally come from reading. It's not to

say that there won't be any originality from

yourself, but often the reading does inform your ideas at

this level and undergraduate level. There are also some common sense,

common knowledge statements that we have within society, and they don't

need to be referenced. So for example you may or may not know that

UEA's motto is Do Different we all know within the university that that is

the motto, so it's kind of a common statement.

You also need to be able to show that you've read around the topic

in focus okay by drawing on the literature,

to show that you understand the major ideas

in your field of study, and to support the points that you're making.

The literature really provides the evidence

for your viewpoint so that's another key reason

why we need to reference.

So when quoting the text directly you must ensure that you do reference

the author, and the way in which you would do that

is to write the surname of the author, and the date that it was

written or published, and the page number if

there is one in brackets. So for example this was

Bloggs 2010, and this was taken from a web page so

there wasn't a page number but we'll come

on to web pages later on. And then the author's initials and the details of

their study go into the references section at the

end of your assignment.

So it's important to think about when you should quote

directly, and what you're showing your reader,

your marker, when you're quoting directly. Because if you directly

quote it shows that you're able to directly

copy a quote, but is it actually showing your

level of understanding. So only quote directly

if the meaning of the text will be lost through paraphrasing,

or there's no better way of putting it.

When it is appropriate for the development of your argument and it will

not interfere with the flow of your writing.

We see this quite a lot in particularly first and second year

work, the work that tends to score not as highly as some of the students

would have hoped that it would have are students that have used excessive

amounts of quotes from other people, and sort of like,

they've used the linking words that we talked about in the previous

video all about sort of structuring paragraphs

but most of the work is someone else's, so they have just

tied together long paragraphs of quotes.

So here we have an example from a piece of work,

you can see that the name, date and page number

come after the quotation, and this would have either been a direct

quote or a paraphrase. But what we can also do

is have the reference at the beginning of the direct quote or the paraphrasing

so for example rather than putting it at

the end we can say as Vygotsky 1978 and then that would be page number

102 claimed "in play a child always behaves

beyond his average age above his early behavior in play it is

as though he were a head taller than himself."

This also helps us to to highlight the point that if a quote is more

than two lines long it also needs to be indented as well to show that it

is a quote that long and we would remove the

quote marks from that.

You can also use referencing when reporting,

so to be able to introduce the study or the literature that you're looking at

you would cite the author's name and then the data was written in

brackets.

The name may not appear in the sentence, but you can then put both the name and

the date in the brackets. So for example we have a

an example here "academic writing is vital for student

success at university as it is inextricably linked to learning

and knowledge construction". Okay so that was an idea

from Somerville and Creme, 2005.

But rather than say as Somerville and Creme

2005 state I've actually put it at the end of the sentence so

that it didn't disrupt the flow of my writing that came before that.

We can also cite web pages, and it's the same method, but there may

not be a page number as I was talking about earlier, so

instead we have the author's surname,

or it may be the organisation, particularly in a web page,

and then the the date of the publication. You can often find the date if you

scroll down to the bottom of the webpage and it will tell you the

the copyright there and then the the title of the

article or the website and the date that you

accessed it need to go in the references section,

again that's at the end of the assignment.

So going back to paraphrasing, it might be when you've read someone

else's words in a book/ article/website/research study, but then

you want to express those words as your own,

and as we were saying before this is more academic

than directly quoting because it means that you're able to show your tutor

or the marker that you understand what's being said

rather than just being able to copy words.

It goes back to the idea, I think, about what academic writing is all about

and often students think it is about being able to copy big words and

we often see pages of just quote strung together,

but that doesn't actually tell us anything, so when you are

looking through your work, and your drafts, do have a look

to check that you haven't overly directly quoted,

and see if you can add some paraphrasing in there instead.

okay so here's an example we have um Waller 2005 states "A contemporary view

acknowledges that childhood is not fixed and it is not

universal, it is 'mobile and shifting' " and that's Walkerdine 2004.

But actually what we can say instead is drawing on Walkerdine 2004

Waller 2005 illustrates how childhood is not a fixed state but constantly

changing.

When you are using your own words though it's important to remember

that you need to be really clear about which words are yours,

and which ones belong to the author that you're referring to.

So whenever you're making notes and you're reading

make sure that you do have the exact quote and the page number, and all of the

information you need so that you can be 100% sure what are your words and what

are the author's words. Also be unbiased and indirect as well

try and avoid using subjective words to begin

the introduction to the quotes, and using your own words, and also

make sure that you're discussing the viewpoints of others in relation to your

own, as well.

Okay so referencing can also be used to support your academic writing, and here's

some examples here from K Sambell and her colleagues.

So in general conversation we may say something like

'it stands to reason' whereas if we change that to academic writing it could

be 'the evidence would suggest' and again 'everyone would agree'

perhaps we would say there instead that 'there is extensive support for

something' and 'this is supported by the different references'.

And you can see with the other examples as well, that there are different ways to

to change and introduce the references that you've looked at.

This is just another way to strengthen your argument, when I said before

that I challenge people a lot of like what are your sources, where are

your sources? It's much harder to dismiss a viewpoint that's saying

there's extensive support for, and then pointing to that support, than just

making a bold statement of everyone would agree.

Okay so it's just adding that subtle strength

to your argument to show that your piece is well researched,

to show that you really know what you're talking about, even if you're making

those general conversation points from that same basis of research,

you're just making it very obvious and clear like where

like how you came to those those viewpoints.

And here are some other examples as well from The

Academic Phrase Bank at the University of Manchester,

so do go and check those out for ways to link your references

into your work, so that there's a continuous flow. Sometimes students will

just sort of plonk a reference into a sentence and it

it kind of really disrupts what's being said, whereas it's important to make sure

that the reference is introduced properly

and it makes sense within the sentence.

wW can also have what's called secondary referencing,

where you refer to an original idea that has been discussed by

another author, so for example here we can see

that Bruner that was published in 1988 has been cited by Robson

in 2006, and you're reading it in the 2006 version.

Okay, but what you need to do when you're recording the information

is you need to provide the information from the book that you read it in,

rather than suggesting that you've gone to the original source.

So you would provide the bibliographic information

for Robson 2006 in your reference list, because then if I was an interested

person and I wanted to then go to Bruner I could find the

text from Bruner in the Robson book. The only exception to this would be if

you're finding that you are excessively going back to the original work again

and again and again, and you haven't ever read the original

work, it might be worth like cycling back to some research and

being like should I look at that original piece.

This happens in Law quite a lot, it'll be subsequent cases will refer

to a single authority and it's likely that that authority

is stronger because that's where the point of law

was established due to that hierarchies and things. So make sure that

firstly you're not lying, so you are citing the information that you've read,

but if you're doing that again and again and again chances are that you need to

go back and look at the the original work as well.

That will depend on the discipline that you're in,

so if you're at all confused definitely check with your EPQ

supervisor.

You may also come across sources that have more than one author so if you

need to cite the work of two authors, you would state

both the authors in your writing and the reference list.

So for example there would be just the Smith and Bloggs 2010,

whereas then if you cite a piece of research that

has three or more authors, you would often

write the first author and then follow this with

et al. So it it becomes Smith et al. Importantly

the first time you refer to a study or a piece of literature

you should write the surnames of all the authors

and then if you refer to them subsequently

you can then use et al, but it's important that in the reference list

all the authors surnames and initials are mentioned.

You can't use et al in the reference list.

So we keep talking about being able to

record the information, what do you need

to do to be able to do that? So you need to be able to list

all of the sources that you've referred to in your writing

in a reference list. This goes at the end of your assignment, but before

any appendices. It should also be in alphabetical order and if you've used a

variety of sources you do not need to separate them under

different headings. So sometimes we find students want to

separate books from journal articles and web pages and

things like that. You just need to put them in one list in

alphabetical order from the surname.

And on the next couple of slides we have some

examples for you to look at in your own time

for a point of reference that you may need to come back and have a look at how

you reference a book, a journal article, a web page and and different sources.

You may also need to reference TV programs,

this is something that's becoming more common and will

very much depend on your discipline, but you can see there

the ways in which that should be referenced.

And the same for Twitter and other social media

handles as well. You'll see it's very similar

to that of the the usual referencing conventions,

but just make sure that you you have an understanding of this.

Okay that's the end of our slides on referencing, and feel free to obviously

download these and keep going back and forth between them as you're

as you're citing things. I've been doing this for years and I still

often have the quick reference guide up at the back just to check that I'm

writing down the information in the exact way that I'm going to want it

later. There are some tools on Microsoft

Word for example if you're using that, that will help you in putting references

in, but it's always worthwhile as we said

right at the start checking with your supervisor

that Harvard Referencing is the one that you're going to be using.

And then also learning to do it from scratch,

rather than necessarily putting it into a system,

and becoming reliant on that system, just in case you ever need to use any

different software. Hopefully that makes sense and feel free

to go to the Resource Bank as always and have a look through

everything that we've put up there for you.

you