The effect of trauma on the brain and how it affects behaviors | John Rigg | TEDxAugusta
Summary
TLDRThis script delves into the human response to stress, particularly hyper arousal and anger, and how it's rooted in our primitive 'animal brain.' It contrasts this with the 'human brain' responsible for personality and decision-making. The speaker, a physician specializing in traumatic brain injury, uses examples from military personnel to illustrate how stress can hijack memory and behavior. He advocates for addressing the root causes of stress through physical therapy, meditation, and exercise rather than relying on medication.
Takeaways
- 🧠 The human brain is divided into two parts: the cortex (human brain) responsible for personality, decision-making, and individuality, and the subcortical (animal brain) responsible for basic functions and instincts.
- 🔥 Stress is a significant factor that can trigger overreactions and hyper arousal, particularly affecting the subcortical brain which governs our primal instincts.
- ❤️🔥 The amygdala, a part of the subcortical brain, is hyperactivated by stress and triggers the fight-or-flight response, which can lead to aggressive or defensive behaviors.
- 🏋️♂️ Physical symptoms like headaches and muscle tension are often a result of stress-induced muscle tightening and are not necessarily due to brain abnormalities.
- 🎯 The fight-or-flight response is an ancient survival mechanism that has been present for over 300 million years, ensuring quick reactions to threats.
- 👨👩👧👦 In relationships, misunderstandings can occur when one person's stressed or aggressive behavior triggers a primitive response in another, leading to arguments.
- 🧘♂️ Techniques such as meditation, yoga, and physical exercise are effective in reducing stress and calming the hyperactive animal brain.
- 💊 The speaker advocates for addressing the root causes of stress and hyper arousal through holistic approaches rather than relying solely on medication.
- 🎵 The speaker concludes with a musical tribute to the military, highlighting the importance of recognizing and supporting those who have served and sacrificed.
- 🤔 The script encourages individuals to be aware of how their primitive animal brain reacts to situations and to consider non-pharmaceutical alternatives for managing stress.
Q & A
What are the two brains mentioned in the script that contribute to our behaviors?
-The two brains mentioned are the cortex, referred to as the human or intelligent brain, and the subcortical brain, also known as the primitive or animal brain.
How does stress influence behaviors according to the script?
-Stress influences behaviors by activating the primitive animal brain, which can lead to overreactions such as anger, hostility, and hyper arousal.
What is the role of the cortex in human behavior as described in the script?
-The cortex, or human brain, is responsible for personality, individuality, decision-making, and processing sensory information. It is the largest part of the human brain and is central to our thinking and actions.
What are some of the automatic functions controlled by the primitive animal brain?
-The primitive animal brain controls automatic functions such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure.
How does the script explain the reaction to an attractive person passing by during a conversation?
-The script explains that the reaction is due to the primitive sexual instinct programmed in the animal brain, which is an automatic response to sexual attraction.
What is the fight-or-flight response, and how does it relate to the primitive animal brain?
-The fight-or-flight response is a powerful instinct for survival that is programmed in the primitive animal brain. It prepares the body to either confront or escape from a threat.
How does the script illustrate the difference in reaction time between the cortex and the primitive animal brain?
-The script uses the example of a soldier reacting to fireworks as if they were an explosion, showing that the primitive animal brain reacts faster than the cortex, which processes and understands the situation more slowly.
What is the role of the amygdala in the context of the script?
-The amygdala is a structure in the subcortical brain that becomes hyperactivated, particularly in response to threats, and triggers the fight-or-flight response.
How does the script suggest treating stress-related issues in soldiers?
-The script suggests treating stress-related issues through physical therapy, relaxation techniques, meditation, yoga classes, and exercise, rather than relying solely on pharmaceutical products.
What is the significance of the musician background of the speaker in the script?
-The speaker's background as a musician is significant as it adds a personal touch to his message and allows him to connect with his audience, particularly military personnel, through music.
What does the script suggest about the control we have over our reactions to stress?
-The script suggests that while the primitive animal brain reacts automatically to stress, we can use our cortex to consciously control our reactions and choose alternative responses to reduce stress.
Outlines
🧠 The Impact of Stress on Human Behavior
The speaker begins by inviting the audience to recall an intense argument, particularly with a loved one, and to ponder the factors that led to an overreaction. The discussion then shifts to stress as a key factor influencing behavior. The human brain is described as having two distinct parts: the cortex, or 'human brain,' which is responsible for personality and decision-making, and the subcortical brain, or 'animal brain,' which governs instinctive reactions. Stress is highlighted as a significant influence on the subcortical brain, affecting behaviors like anger and hostility.
🐘 The Primitive Brain and Survival Instincts
The speaker delves into the concept of the primitive brain, explaining how it controls basic functions and instincts, such as eating, sexual attraction, and the fight-or-flight response. Using examples from everyday life and advertising, the speaker illustrates how these instincts can unconsciously influence behavior. The discussion then turns to the powerful instinct of survival, which is deeply ingrained in the primitive brain and can significantly impact an individual's actions, especially in high-stress situations like war.
🎭 The Reaction of the Animal Brain to Trauma
Drawing from personal experience as a physician working with military personnel, the speaker discusses how traumatic experiences, such as those faced by soldiers in combat, can hyperactivate the fight-or-flight response in the primitive brain. This hyperactivation can lead to instinctive reactions that are appropriate in a combat zone but can be maladaptive in civilian life. The speaker shares a personal anecdote about a soldier's reaction to fireworks, demonstrating how the animal brain's response can override the thinking brain's understanding of the situation.
🤯 The Consequences of Hyper Arousal and Stress
The speaker explores how the hyper arousal of the primitive brain due to stress can lead to irritability and overreactions in everyday situations. Using a domestic scenario involving a couple, the speaker explains how stress and the resulting activation of the animal brain can trigger arguments and negative behaviors. The discussion emphasizes the importance of recognizing the role of the primitive brain in our reactions and the need to manage stress to prevent such incidents.
🛑 Addressing Stress-Related Issues Holistically
The speaker advocates for addressing the root causes of stress-related issues rather than relying solely on medication. By using examples from military personnel, the speaker suggests alternative approaches such as physical therapy, relaxation techniques, meditation, and exercise to reduce stress and improve overall well-being. The speaker concludes with a personal demonstration of music as a form of relaxation and a tribute to military personnel, highlighting the importance of holistic solutions in managing stress.
🎸 The Power of Music and Tribute to Military Service
In the final part of the script, the speaker transitions from the discussion on stress management to a musical performance. As a former professional musician and current physician, the speaker plays a heartfelt tribute on the guitar to honor veterans, active-duty soldiers, and those involved with the military. The performance is a gesture of gratitude for the freedoms enjoyed and a celebration of the diverse life experiences made possible by the service and sacrifices of military personnel.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Hyper arousal
💡Stress
💡Fight-or-flight response
💡Cortex
💡Primitive animal brain
💡Amygdala
💡Irritability
💡Memory
💡Meditation
💡Holistic treatment
Highlights
The discussion explores the factors contributing to overreactions and hyper arousal, particularly in the context of anger and hostility.
Stress is identified as a significant factor influencing behaviors, affecting one of the 'two brains' that contribute to our actions.
The human brain, or cortex, is distinguished from the primitive animal brain, which is responsible for instinctual reactions.
The cortex is responsible for personality, individuality, and decision-making, processing sensory information.
The primitive animal brain controls vital functions like heartbeat, breathing, and digestion, and reacts to the environment without thinking.
Sexual attraction is cited as an example of an animal instinct that can influence human behavior.
Survival instincts, particularly the fight-or-flight response, are hardwired into the primitive animal brain and are crucial for survival.
The impact of traumatic experiences, such as war, on the brain and subsequent behaviors is examined through the lens of military personnel.
The amygdala, a part of the primitive brain, is highlighted as the trigger for the fight-or-flight response, which can become hyperactivated.
Sensory information is processed by both the cortex and the primitive animal brain, with the latter reacting more quickly.
The primitive animal brain's faster response can lead to reactions that the cortex, or thinking brain, might not endorse.
Irritability and overreactions can stem from the primitive brain's response to stress and sensory input, even in non-threatening situations.
Stress hormones can hijack memories and concentration, leading to difficulties in attention and memory recall.
Physical symptoms like headaches and muscle tension are often the result of stress and the activation of the primitive animal brain.
Alternatives to pharmaceuticals for managing stress and its symptoms are suggested, including physical therapy, relaxation techniques, and exercise.
The importance of using the cortex, or thinking brain, to control reactions and make conscious decisions is emphasized.
A tribute to military personnel is made through a musical performance, showcasing the speaker's unique blend of professional musician and physician.
Transcripts
I want to ask you to think back to some
occasion in your life when you might
have gotten in an argument with someone
particularly someone that you loved you
cared for a lot a family member a spouse
a parent and really reacted really react
it got so angry did things you said
things maybe broke stuff said hurtful
things and then later on reflected on
your behavior and wondering what
happened where did that come from I want
to look at some of the factors that
contribute to that type of overreaction
that mechanism that hyper arousal that
occurs hyper arousal anger hostility
where does that come from what generates
it I'm going to talk about stress okay
stress as if as a factor that can
influence behaviors and look at the
anatomy of the human brain is actually
we actually have two brains that are
contributing to our behaviors two brains
contributing to our behaviors and stress
is particularly influential on one of
them stresses noting that we think about
right we don't come up with stress it is
a reaction to the external environment
so let me talk about the two brains I
have a diagram here of this the cortex
of the brain and this structure
underneath the cortex of the brain which
is labeled brain stem in here but I'm
really talking to talk about the
subcortical brain this entire structure
here the cortex of the brain is what I'm
going to call the human brain the
intelligent brain it's where our
personality is our individuality where
we make choices of our mate what we eat
we're kind of music we listen to what
car we drive where we live what type of
life we live we take in sensory
information that's processed in the
cortex and we
take actions based on sensory
information that's where our personality
our individuality it's all centered in
that cortical area note in the human
brain it's actually the the by far the
largest mass of the human brain is
cortex okay we rule the world as humans
why not because we perform animal
functions better than any animals we're
not bigger faster stronger than animals
we think better we have the largest
cortex and we rule the world but we're
animals we eat make waste products and
make babies and that behavior triggered
by our primitive animal brain is
sometimes responsible for triggering
some of the behaviors that were not
particularly fond of so this primitive
animal brain what does it do well the
brain reacts to situations whether we
want it to or not particularly this
animal brain which doesn't think it just
reacts to the environment so if I if I
said to you hey let's all go outside and
race across Broad Street but don't your
heart beat increase could you do it now
you can think to yourself hey I'm going
to stop my heart beat for 10 seconds but
you can't do it the thought exists the
thinking exists in the cortex the human
brain but the animal brain is
controlling your heartbeat and won't let
you do it so you can think all you want
about lowering your blood pressure and
it won't happen that primitive animal
brain is maintaining your heartbeat your
breathing your digestion from the moment
that you're born at any time I mean even
pre pre birth you know as a fetus that
no these structures start operating in
that central nervous system primitive
animal brain is operating non-stop until
it until your death pretty amazing
okay I'm gonna ask you to look at
another way that that this primitive
animal brain reacts the situations okay
so this you know let's let's pick a
picture a bunch of guys hanging out
arguing about who's gonna win the Super
Bowl on Sunday talking about cars
whatever whatever men might want to talk
about when they're involved in a
conversation I'm a man so I look at you
know I only have a male perspective on
things but what you guys are sitting
around talking and all of a sudden there
that conversation this really attractive
looking woman walks by with a
inappropriately short miniskirt and an
inappropriately tight t-shirt what's
gonna happen to that conversation all
right the little Snickers in yon is no
not me man I don't look you know men
will be attracted to that not because
they're out there searching for mates
married men might react that way okay
but because of the fact there's an
animal incident of sexual attraction
why do advertisers put sexually
attractive women in ads to attract
attention to that ads so people go on
buy stuff they don't need okay it's an
animal instinct now I may be distracted
at times but I'm married so I don't go
out and chase the girl you know married
men's committed men or in relationships
might to be attracted might be it might
be like a magnetic boom but back focus
on hey I'm married yeah I think the
Patriots are gonna lose or whatever you
know whatever the conversation happens
you know
but the reaction and I don't know how
women react to men I mean you know
fortunately you you do react those ugly
guys with that's good you know but that
primitive sexual instinct is a really
important behavioral driver of on a day
to day basis you know male elephants are
attracted to female elephants female
frogs mate with male frogs all species
mates sexual attractions basic animal
instinct a more powerful animal instinct
programmed in that primitive animal
brain is survival and how do animals
survive fight or flight okay much more
powerful instinct so the primitive
animal brain to review runs our body
breathing digestion heartbeat blood
maintains blood pressure and this
program for primitive animal instincts
that all animals have eating sexual
attractions seeking safety and shelter
and then that most powerful instinct
survival fight-or-flight the cortex of
the brain is our thinking brain it makes
decisions it takes actions that those
things okay based on sensory information
it thinks it's where our memory is
located all of our processing
now my job on a daily basis is I work
I'm a physician I work I'm the director
of the traumatic brain injury for the
military down here at Fort Gordon
Eisenhower Army Medical Center and I'm
gonna use some examples of what happens
to soldiers when they're taken from the
United States sent over to Iraq and
Afghanistan and experience the traumatic
experience of war and how does that
experience impact their performance how
does that experience impact their
behaviors based on the influence that
that traumatic experience has on their
brain whether they wanted to or not okay
so what they do is they go to a place
like Iraq or Afghanistan what is the
enemy trying to do to them when they're
there kill him
trying to keep the enemies trying to
kill these men and women so their
fight-or-flight the primitive animal
instinct is ramped up and magnified
turned on big time
all the time not for like 20 minutes
here in ten minutes here but non-stop
for 24 24/7 through their entire time of
deployment I was I was with the patient
this morning seven deployments seven
deployments 14 months minimum of those
seven in those seven deployments
hyperactivated fighter flight and when
you're in a place where you know bad
guys are trying to kill you having your
fight-or-flight activated to respond
real quickly is the best thing that
could happen to you and it functions
great when you're in a combat zone
but now let's take that soldier and
return him to the United States so you
get on a plane come back to the US get
off the plane hi I'm back home what part
of the brain is recognizing the
geographic shift back to the United
States the cortex the intelligent human
thinking brain but where was this hyper
aroused fight-or-flight located and the
primitive animal brain the subcortical
brain specifically a structure called
the amygdala which becomes hyper
activated and triggers fight-or-flight
now that was very very powerful and
essential in a combat zone but the
soldier now comes home and he's still
hyperactivated so to give you an example
I had one of my men went to it was home
for a few months he was feeling pretty
good he went to a rock and roll show in
Atlanta hanging out in Atlanta
I was doing ok with the crowds but all
of a sudden boom fireworks go off BAM he
bought he dives to the ground now he
didn't hear the explosion ago that
sounds like a bomb I'd better duck ok he
reacted non-thinking
so now let's look at the anatomy of the
brain cause there's one more super
important point to make in here that's
fascinating sensory information comes in
- you know we see here taste touch and
smell that sensor information comes into
our sense organs is sent to a structure
in the brain except for smell which
bypasses the thalamus but all the rest
are sent to the thalamus which is a
relay station that sends a signal to
both the human intelligent cortical
brain and the primitive animal brain so
in this case of this explosion at a rock
show the explosion gets to the cortex
and the cortex is gonna think about
exploding sounds like a bomb Whitman I'm
in Atlanta oh my gosh the terrorists by
the way the band still playing nobody's
running for cover nobody saw romance
fireworks roof I'm ok and the cortex
could figure that out very quickly
simultaneously that signal went to the
animal brain the animal brain doesn't
understand geography it's hyper
activated
it's hyperactivated particular to
explosions which in war meant what I a
DS rocket-propelled grenades mortars
blood guts death body parts here's the
second key point about this primitive
animal brain number one it doesn't
understand geography number two it's
faster than the thinking brain the
animal brain actually is physiologically
wired to respond faster than the
thinking brain so before the soldier can
take that soldier was fireworks that
explosion was fireworks boom he's on the
ground diving for cover you know about
the time he hits the ground he's going
on like god I feel like a jerk down here
you know because everybody else is up
cheering and he's on the ground ok but
it was a non thinking response you know
non thinking response triggered by the
animal brain which is wired to respond
faster when you think about it from a
survival perspective a survival
perspective the faster we react the more
likely you are to survive so indeed
through an evolutionary period you know
the human species has been around about
300,000 years but for 300 million years
we have had animals have had a
fight-or-flight reaction I don't know
who figures this stuff out but that's
what it says in the biological books 300
million years of a fight-or-flight you
know the faster they react the more
likely they are to survive the animal
brain is not very smart
it's fast it's fast the more the quicker
you respond to dangerous threatening
situations the more likely you ought to
survive a child that grows up in an
abused environment you could take them
out of that home right and put them
somewhere else but if he's experienced
he or she has experienced significant
abuse in that home that abuse is
impacted their arousal system their
primitive animal brain no matter how
much in their cortical brain they may
want to overcome that they are still
reacting to situations programmed in
that primitive animal brain but you
can't change by thinking any more than
you can change your heartbeat your blood
pressure okay eat and hold your food
your belly for four hours before you
digest it so let me talk a little bit
about irritability okay
so there was a man and wife or at home
and the wife asked her husband
honey can you take out the trash for me
sure maybe no problem I'll take out the
garbage so the man he gets up took out
the garbage did a good job cleaned up
everything a nice came back in the house
that down job done now meanwhile his
wife walked off into another room and
their two little children the two little
children had spilt chocolate milk all
over this beautiful brand-new white sofa
she was angry now she's got this new
sofa with big nasty stains on it she's
not happy okay why they look these kids
to break chocolate milk in here why did
I get a white sofa my relatives are
coming to visit I got this nasty stain
on here boy is she angry she's not mad
at her husband okay but she comes back
to her husband with a me angry look on
her face okay
and now our husbands in a maybe fatigued
stressed-out with you know stuff going
on at work or whatever you know not
particularly a great mood she comes back
to him now and she got a angry look on
her face and she goes did you take off
that trash like I asked you yeah he
starts cursing his way
yelling at her Wow well what happened
well how did she go how did she approach
her husband aggressive hostile angry
what's the fastest part of the brain to
respond to sensory information coming in
his angry face and angry tone of voice
the fastest part of the brain that
respond is what the primitive animal
brain in order for that man to recognize
hey that's my wife talking about the
garbage
he needs his memory in his cortex to
recognize his wife and to recognize the
English language did you take out the
garbage so when he responded he didn't
respond to his wife he responded to the
aggressive tone of voice and the
aggressive face that she presented now
of course when he yells at his wife she
don't like that okay so she barks at him
and he barks back at her and now they're
in a big argument over nonsense over
nonsense
they made a their intelligent thinking
human brains made a decision hey I love
you baby let's get married and live
happily ever after
let's have a wonderful life together
your awesome husband daddy but now in
the heat of the moment that intelligent
decision and the primitive animal brain
is reacted and gotten him into a
situation that they're intelligent
thinking brain never would have never
would have when when the brain is hyper
aroused if it's stressed out you know
certainly this is a situation that I see
in in in military personnel who have
been involved in combat but you know
everybody gets stressed out you know
bills family relations neighbors making
too much noise or whatever okay that
hyper arousal that primitive animal
brain is pumping out stress hormones
interfering with sleep keeping you up it
can hijack a memory because as you're
thinking of all the stress even
unconsciously remember I'm not talking
about the conscious brain where you're
thinking and plotting and using your
cortex and probably a hyper arousal the
animal brain that's been stimulated by
some type of stuff okay could be trauma
could be just day-to-day stuff that's
accumulating and hard to manage but the
stress hormones get released
it activates that part of the brain and
memory becomes difficult because
concentration and attention it's not
that the memory storage and recall is
problematic 'since the attention is
being diverted to all this other stuff
ok the stress factors for example I'll
have a lot of soldiers will tell me they
have memory problems I was talking to a
guy once in my office and we had started
having a sports conversation and we get
up and walking down the hall and I'm
talking about
you know the topic that we had been
speaking about we got to the end that
Holly goes doc and I told you my memory
sucks I don't remember anything he just
said well what happened was when I
opened up the door we retrace our steps
to analyze this so when I opened up the
door he saw other doors in the hallway
and started thinking who's in those
rooms what kind of weapons they got in
there whose footsteps are those coming
down to connect me hauling one of the
guys a grenade what are we gonna do it's
about time we got to the end of the hall
he wasn't he didn't forget what I said
he never heard it because his primitive
animal brain was hyper aroused so what
are we gonna do about it you know I mean
as a neuroscientist I went back to
school later in life I became a
physician and I have been fascinated
being a brain mechanic that's kind of
what I consider myself to be I'm not a
behavioral health psychiatrist or
anybody that deals with move depression
and all this kind of stuff but what I
love is the way the brain operates is a
machine the most complex machine in the
entire universe and what is really
amazing to me is we got this part of the
brain it's reacting before we think and
triggering hormonal releases and
consequently behaviors that really take
us in situations that we don't
necessarily want when we look back well
why did I do that during the day the
brain is constantly generating ideas
constantly generating thoughts it goes
back to that you know I like to think
about in terms of ontology you know
Descartes 1650 said there I think
therefore I am
how did he define his being I think
therefore I am
fast forward to the 1950s French
existentialist jean-paul Sartre was
concerned not that I think therefore I
am but I am the person that sees my
thoughts thoughts may happen but they're
generated
spontaneously by the brain they're not
necessarily who you are you are the
person that sees those thoughts I love
that definition because that's the
cortex of the brain that I want to
amplify I want to magnify when you use
that cortex to determine in my life how
I live my life what I do I can see
thoughts coming into my head you know
maybe getting emotional about stuff
angry about somebody challenging me or
cutting me off on the road or or
something that's challenging but it's
always good to stop for me I stop to
think wow feel my reaction to it is not
necessarily what I want to happen here
what I want to happen I can control I
can do with my cortex I still react is
that brain that primitive brain reacts
so in my experience both in the working
for I've been working for the for the
army for about almost seven years now
and you know been a brain injury doubt
for a few years more than that I see a
lot of folks in this status who end up
going to doctors and they get headache
medications prophylactic and a board of
therapies they get sleep meds which
don't work they get mood medications
they get pain meds okay you know oh let
me talk about one more thing I forgot so
stress right when you're always walking
wrong all these muscles are tightening
up you know you're walking around neck
the sore back is sore you know this is
this is pain being generated by stress
you know with headache headache
generation particular attention and then
migraine headaches neck muscles being
tight for that you know from stress
pretty much every soldier that I see
it's been the war has this going on so
is is a solution to give them headache
meds to fix the headache or do we get to
the cause of the problem let's get to
the cause of the problem this isn't
rocket science
okay a person's stressed it changes the
way their body is operating because of
these stress hormones being activated so
we can do things to reduce the stress
you don't need so long well I mean I'm
not talking about psychiatric patients
need medications but I'm talking about
just cases where there's a clear-cut
cause of hyper arousal hyper stress
okay where this physical symptoms are
being generated not by abnormalities in
the brain but by a set of circumstances
that is arousing the primitive animal
brain to create stress hormones and
activation of this thing we call stress
so what we do when we treat the men and
women who have gone to war is try to get
to a solution okay so how do we treat
headaches send them to a physical
therapist they learn a stretching
program they get devices heating devices
massage devices to loosen up the muscles
lower the tension that's triggering the
headaches learn sleep hygiene learn
relaxation techniques okay we have yoga
classes okay we teach meditation
meditation has been an amazing tool
you know meditation relaxes the brain
what happens physical symptoms get
better headaches memory sleep mood
issues all are improving exercise
physical exercises we one I'm probably
the biggest advocate of okay we have
many many patients who are on profiles
meaning they're not allowed to exercise
at normal high level of military so we
use these programs to really help the
soldiers decrease their stress level and
go to an organic holistic solution
rather than using the pharmaceutical
products which of course have
significant side effects so I leave you
with the message of considering in your
own lives how the your primitive animal
brain reacts to situations triggering
actions and urge you to consider
alternatives to the pharmaceutical
industry I am about to demonstrate
something that I do for relaxation
before I was a physician I was a
professional guitar player for many
years and I'm about to plug in this
beautiful Gibson Les Paul over here and
do a little I'm gonna do this as a
tribute to the men and women that have
served in military I've had an amazing
opportunity in my life to not only be a
professional musician but to go to
medical school and become a doctor in my
40s because I live in this amazing
country called the United States and
play this for all the veterans and
current active-duty soldiers and people
involved with the military who have
allowed me to have the freedom to live
this crazy life that I've had so thank
you and this is gonna be for you okay
let it rip
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