LA CELLULE : UNE VILLE MAGNIFIQUE - BMShow

Summary

Welcome to the Boring Medical Show, where the host, BMS, creatively likens the human body to a world with continents, countries, and cities, each representing different levels of biological organization. The video dives into cellular biology, highlighting the vast number of cells (over 100,000 billion) and proteins (250,000 billion billion) in the human body. It differentiates between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, focusing on eukaryotes as they are the cells of our body. The host introduces 'Cellulia,' a model cell, and explains its protective barriers, the membrane, and its organelles, which are like tiny organs within the cell. The video promises future episodes exploring each element in more detail.

Takeaways

• 🌍 The human body is metaphorically described as a world with continents, countries, and cities, where cells are the cities and proteins are the inhabitants.
• 🔍 There are over 100,000 billion cells in the human body, each containing more than 2.5 billion proteins, illustrating the vast complexity of our biological systems.
• 🧬 Cells are categorized into two types: prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotes, which have a nucleus and include the cells of our body.
• 🏙️ The 'city' of Cellulia, a model for understanding cells, is surrounded by a membrane that acts as a barrier, protecting the cell's contents.
• 🛡️ The cell membrane consists of two layers: the exoplasmic layer (E) and the protoplasmic layer (P), with lipids forming the physical barrier and proteins facilitating communication.
• 🏢 Organelles are specialized structures within the cell that perform essential functions, likened to tiny organs within the city of Cellulia.
• 🏛️ The nucleus is a significant organelle, considered the 'government' or 'town hall' of the cell, playing a central role in cellular activities.
• 💧 The cytoplasm, which includes everything inside the cell except the nucleus, is analogous to the 'cities' within the barriers of Cellulia.
• 🌊 The cytosol, a liquid within the cell, supports the organelles and is compared to the water upon which Venice rests, highlighting the cell's fluid environment.
• 🔬 Each element of the cell, including the membrane and organelles, will be explored in more detail in future videos, indicating a series that delves deeper into cellular biology.

Q & A

What is the analogy used to describe the human body in the script?

The human body is compared to a world with continents, countries, and cities, where continents are body parts like the head, thorax, abdomen, and limbs, countries are organs or tissues, and cities are cells.

How many cells are estimated to be in the human body according to the script?

The script estimates that there are more than 10 to the 14th power different cells, which translates to over 100,000 billion cells.

What is the significance of the number of proteins in each cell as mentioned in the script?

Each cell contains more than 2.5 billion proteins, which, when multiplied by the number of cells, results in a staggering quantity of proteins in the human body.

What are the two types of cells distinguished by the presence or absence of a nucleus?

The two types of cells are Prokaryotes, which do not have a nucleus, and Eukaryotes, which have evolved with a nucleus.

Why is the theory of evolution mentioned in the context of medicine?

The theory of evolution is mentioned because it serves as a framework for understanding the development and function of cells in the human body, despite it not being perfectly accurate.

What is the term used to describe the city in the script that represents a typical cell?

The term used is 'Cellulia,' which is a model that describes the majority of cells in terms of structure and function.

What are the barriers that protect the inside of the cell, as described in the script?

The barriers that protect the inside of the cell are the cell membrane, which is composed of two layers: the exoplasmic layer (E layer) and the protoplasmic layer (P layer).

What is the term for the liquid on which Cellulia, the cell city, rests according to the script?

The liquid on which Cellulia rests is called 'the Cytosol.'

What is the role of the proteins in the cell membrane as described in the script?

The proteins in the cell membrane act like the TSA of Cellulia, allowing the cell to communicate with other cells and control the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

What is the term for the structures within the cell that have an important role, as mentioned in the script?

The term for these structures is 'Organelles,' which are likened to the tiny organs of the cell, each with a specific function.

What is the role of the nucleus in the cell, as described in the script?

The nucleus is described as the government or town hall of the cell, indicating its central role in controlling the cell's activities and containing genetic information.

Outlines

00:00

🌐 Introduction to Cellular Biology

The script introduces the concept of cellular biology by comparing the human body to a complex world. The narrator, BMS, likens the body's various parts to continents, countries, and cities, with cells being the cities and proteins as the inhabitants. The analogy is used to emphasize the vast number of cells (over 100 trillion) and proteins (over 250 trillion billion) in the human body. The script then differentiates between two types of cells: prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotes, which include the cells of the human body. The focus is on eukaryotic cells, which are the subject of the video. The city of 'Cellulia' is introduced as a metaphor for a generic eukaryotic cell, complete with barriers (the cell membrane), cytoplasm, and organelles. The script promises future videos dedicated to explaining each element in detail.

05:02

🔬 The Cell Membrane and Organelles

This section delves into the structure of the cell membrane, which separates the cell from its environment and is composed of two layers: the exoplasmic layer (E layer) and the protoplasmic layer (P layer). The E layer interacts with the extracellular matrix, while the P layer is in contact with the cell's interior. The membrane is primarily made up of lipids that form a physical barrier, but it also contains proteins that function like the TSA of Cellulia, allowing controlled entry and exit of substances. The concept of organelles is introduced as significant structures within the cell, each with a crucial role, likened to tiny organs. The script concludes with a promise to explore each organelle in future videos.

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Keywords

💡Cellular Biology

Cellular biology is the study of cells, which are the basic structural, functional, and biological units of all known living organisms. In the video, the host uses the analogy of the human body as a world to introduce the concept of cells, emphasizing their importance as 'cities' within the body's 'continents' and 'countries'. This sets the stage for exploring the intricacies of cellular functions and structures.

💡Proteins

Proteins are large biomolecules composed of amino acids that play a crucial role in virtually all biological processes. The script mentions that cells are inhabited by proteins, likening them to the 'citizens' of a city. The host highlights the vast number of proteins within the human body, illustrating the complexity and diversity of cellular components.

💡Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are two domains of life. Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms without a nucleus, while eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes. The video script uses these terms to differentiate between less and more complex cells, with the human body being composed of eukaryotic cells, showcasing the evolution of cellular structures.

💡Cell Membrane

The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a biological membrane that separates the interior of the cell from the external environment. In the script, the membrane is described as a barrier surrounding the city of 'Cellulia', protecting its contents and regulating the passage of substances in and out, akin to the TSA agents controlling access to a city.

💡Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within a cell, which contains many of the cell's organelles and is the site of many cellular activities. The video likens the cytoplasm to the 'cities' within the body's 'continents', highlighting its role as the main site of cellular function, excluding the nucleus.

💡Organelles

Organelles are specialized subunits within cells that perform specific functions. The script introduces organelles as 'buildings' within the city of 'Cellulia' that stand out due to their importance, such as the nucleus, which is likened to the 'government' or 'town hall' of the cell.

💡Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains the cell's genetic material. In the video, the nucleus is portrayed as the central authority within the cell, akin to a city's government or town hall, emphasizing its role in governing cellular activities and storing genetic information.

💡Cytosol

The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid, is the liquid found inside cells that helps in the transport of molecules and ions. The script humorously notes that 'Cellulia' resembles Venice because it rests on this liquid, illustrating the importance of the cytosol in maintaining the cell's internal environment.

💡Extracellular Matrix

The extracellular matrix is a complex network of extracellular macromolecules such as proteins and carbohydrates that provide structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. In the script, it is mentioned as the environment outside the cell, highlighting its role in cell-cell interactions and the overall structure of tissues.

💡Lipids

Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds including fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids. The video script describes lipids as forming the physical barriers of the cell membrane, emphasizing their structural role in maintaining the integrity of the cell.

Highlights

The human body is likened to a world with continents, countries, and cities, with cells being the cities.

There are over 100,000 billion cells in the human body, each functioning as a complex city.

Each cell contains more than 2.5 billion proteins, highlighting the immense complexity at the cellular level.

Cells are categorized into Prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus, and Eukaryotes, which have a nucleus.

The theory of evolution, despite its imperfections, is a useful framework for understanding medicine.

Cellulia, a hypothetical city, represents a generalized model of a eukaryotic cell.

The cell membrane acts as a barrier, composed of an exoplasmic and protoplasmic layer.

The extracellular matrix is the environment outside the cell, interacting with the cell membrane.

Proteins in the cell membrane function like the TSA of Cellulia, regulating what enters and exits.

Organelles are specialized structures within the cell that perform essential functions.

The nucleus is compared to the government or town hall of the cell, indicating its regulatory role.

Cellulia is described as resembling Venice, with the cytosol being the liquid on which the city rests.

The cytosol is a liquid within the cell that supports the organelles and other cellular components.

The transcript promises future videos dedicated to explaining each cellular element in more detail.

The concept of the cell as a complex, self-contained city is a central theme of the Boring Medical Show.

The importance of proteins as the 'inhabitants' of the cell is emphasized, showcasing their variety and number.

The distinction between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes is fundamental to understanding cellular evolution.

The cell membrane's dual-layer structure is crucial for maintaining the cell's integrity and function.

Transcripts

What's up BMS!

My name is BMS,

and welcome to the...

Boring Medical Show!

As you can see with the title,

I'm gonna talk about the basics in cellular biology,

so let's start up with some simple notions:

I'm gonna do a really quick summary of the vision I have of the whole human body

to understand my vision of a cell.

The human body is a World in itself:

It has Continents:

the head, the thorax, the abdomen, the limbs, etc.

And these continents contain Countries: that are represented by organs or tissues.

And a country has multiple cities:

A cell, is just a whole City in itself:

and its inhabitants are Proteins.

So you have, inside of your body, more than 10 to the 14th diffenrent Cities

That means you have more than 100 000 billion Cells!

That's HUGE! And you've seen nothing yet,

because we're only at the 10 or 100 microns scale.

Oh yeah, and each cell contains more than 2.5 billion proteins.

I leave you some time, in case you wanna calculate how much protein you have in total...

250 000 billion of billion of proteins!

Yes, that's called doping, at that point.

That's actually really beautiful, cauz' everybody lives in his own personal World, in the end.

As regards of the cell, we distinguish 2 types:

Those that don't have a nucleus, and those that evolved with a nucleus.

Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes.

Since we're considered an evolved species,

cells of our body are eukaryotes (not all of them)

Yes, because current medicine is based on the theory of evolution.

It is a theory that can have some holes, and that is not perfectly accurate

but it can be really handy to try to put together all of our current knowledge

so, without further ado, let me walk you through the streets of Cellulia:

the city that we're gonna visit, that is the most ideal and general,

and that is a model that describes the majority of the other cities.

As you can see, Cellulia is surrounded by barriers,

that are modeled here by the Membrane.

And these barriers protect what's inside of the cell.

All the city inside the barriers, (except the nucleus)

we call it "the Cytoplasm".

Inside of the city you can see buildings that stand out from others

because they have an important role for the city.

We call them "Organelles".

We gave them that name, because they're like the tiny organs of the cell.

Like, for example the nucleus, that would be the government or the town hall.

And we'll see others.

You also noticed that Cellulia looks a lot like Venise,

because the city rests on a liquid called "the Cytosol".

And yes, I checked:

it has a weird pronunciation in french,

I know, it's not logical,

but don't say that to me, I don't give a damn.

And now it is time for me to talk about each of these elements

and keep in mind that each one will have a dedicated video in the future

to describe it more precisely.

1. The Membrane

A cell separates its content from its environment with its membrane

It is composed of 2 layers:

The exoplasmic layer: we're gonna call it the "E" layer.

and the protoplasmic layer: we're gonna call it the "P" layer.

The "P" layer is in contact with the inside of the cell,

and the "E" layer" is in contact with the extracellular Matrix

Extracellular what...?

It's really just the environment outside of the cell.

Each of these layers is composed of lipids

that actually form the true physical barriers,

but there are also some proteins in the membrane.

And since I told you that proteins are like people,

well you could consider these ones to be the TSA of Cellulia.

Because, yes, the cell is surrounded with barriers,

but it still needs to let some stuff in,

in order to communicate with other cities for example.

2. Organelles

I told you there were many elements in a cell,

But some can be bigger, and can have an essential function

I will do my best, I promise! :)