Muscle Physiology: Troponin, Tropomyosin, and Myosin Cross-Bridge Cycle

Catalyst University
24 Oct 201513:31

Summary

TLDREste vídeo se enfoca en el ciclo de la puente cruzada (crossbridge cycle), un proceso esencial en la contracción muscular. Se explica cómo los músculos se contraen al acortarse, utilizando un enfoque kinésico para visualizar mejor los movimientos. Se detalla cómo las miofibrillas, las unidades funcionales del músculo, se contraen al formar puente cruzadas entre las proteínas de la miosina (espesas) y la actina (delgadas). La contracción se desencadena con la liberación de calcio, que permite que la miosina se una a la actina y realice el paso de potencia, acortándose y moviendo las filamentos hacia la línea M. El vídeo utiliza animaciones para ilustrar este proceso a nivel molecular.

Takeaways

  • 💪 El vídeo trata sobre el ciclo de crossbridge, un proceso esencial en la contracción muscular.
  • 🤔 Se utiliza una aproximación más práctica y visual para enseñar cómo se mueven las partes musculares durante la contracción.
  • 📐 Se explica que, al contraerse, el bíceps brachii se encoge, disminuyendo el ángulo en la articulación del codo.
  • 🔬 Se detalla que cada célula muscular está compuesta por unidades funcionales llamadas miofibrillas, y dentro de estas, las unidades funcionales son los sarcómeros.
  • 🧬 Los filamentos gruesos, formados por la proteína miosina, y los filamentos delgados, formados por actina, son cruciales en el ciclo de crossbridge.
  • 🔴 Los filamentos gruesos contienen miosina, una proteína contractile y enzima que causa la contracción muscular.
  • 🟡 Los filamentos delgados contienen actina, y tienen sitios de unión para miosina, esenciales para formar el crossbridge.
  • ⚪️ El proceso de contracción comienza con la liberación de calcio, que permite que la miosina se una a la actina, iniciando el ciclo de crossbridge.
  • 🔄 La ATP desempeña un papel crucial en el ciclo de crossbridge, causando la desconexión de la miosina de la actina y su posterior activación.
  • ➡️ El 'power stroke' es el movimiento por el cual la miosina contrae y se adentra en la actina, lo que resulta en la contracción muscular.

Q & A

  • ¿Qué es el ciclo de crossbridge y cómo se relaciona con la contracción muscular?

    -El ciclo de crossbridge es el proceso por el cual las proteínas miosina y actina interactúan para causar la contracción muscular. Las cabezas de la miosina se unen a los sitios de unión de la actina, se activan y realizan un 'paso de fuerza' que provoca el movimiento de las filamentas hacia la línea M, resultando en la contracción del músculo.

  • ¿Cuál es la función de las miofibrillas dentro de una célula muscular?

    -Las miofibrillas son las unidades funcionales dentro de una célula muscular que permiten la contracción. Están compuestas de filamentos gruesos (miosina) y delgados (actina) que se mueven en relación durante el ciclo de crossbridge.

  • ¿Qué es un sarcómero y cómo se relaciona con el movimiento muscular?

    -Un sarcómero es la unidad funcional microscópica dentro de una miofibrilla. Es el segmento de la miofibrilla que se encarga de la contracción y se encorta hacia la línea M durante la contracción muscular.

  • ¿Qué proteínas componen los filamentos gruesos y delgados en un sarcómero?

    -Los filamentos gruesos están compuestos principalmente de la proteína miosina, mientras que los filamentos delgados están compuestos de actina.

  • ¿Qué es la función de la miosina como enzima y cómo se relaciona con la contracción muscular?

    -La miosina actúa como una enzima que cataliza la hidrólisis de ATP, lo que libera energía para la contracción. La miosina se une a la actina utilizando la energía de ATP, lo que inicia el ciclo de crossbridge y resulta en la contracción.

  • ¿Qué sucede cuando la miosina se une a la actina durante el ciclo de crossbridge?

    -Cuando la miosina se une a la actina, se forma un crossbridge que permite la transferencia de energía de la hidrólisis de ATP a un movimiento mecánico, lo que provoca el movimiento de las filamentas actina hacia la línea M y la contracción del músculo.

  • ¿Qué es el papel de ATP en el ciclo de crossbridge?

    -ATP es esencial en el ciclo de crossbridge porque provee la energía requerida para la contracción. Se hydroliza en ADP y fosfato, lo que permite que la miosina se active y realice el paso de fuerza necesario para la contracción.

  • ¿Cómo se desencadena la contracción después de la hidrólisis de ATP?

    -Después de la hidrólisis de ATP, la liberación de energía activa la cabeza de la miosina, que se coloca en una posición lista para unirse a la actina. La liberación del fosfato y ADP de la miosina intensifica la unión miosina-actina y desencadena el paso de fuerza que resulta en la contracción.

  • ¿Qué es el papel de la troponina y la tropomiosina en la regulación de la contracción muscular?

    -La troponina es una proteína que se une al calcio, lo que permite que la tropomiosina se desplace y revele los sitios de unión de la miosina en la actina. Esto es esencial para iniciar el ciclo de crossbridge y la contracción muscular.

  • ¿Cuál es el significado de la línea M en un sarcómero y cómo se relaciona con la contracción?

    -La línea M es el punto central de un sarcómero y es hacia donde se mueven las filamentas actina durante la contracción. La contracción se produce cuando las filamentas actina se desplazan hacia la línea M debido a la acción de las cabezas de la miosina.

Outlines

00:00

💪 Ciclo del puente cruzado en la fisiología muscular

Este vídeo se centra en el ciclo del puente cruzado, un concepto clave en la fisiología muscular. Se utiliza una aproximación más dinámica y visual, en lugar de presentaciones tradicionales, para ilustrar cómo se mueven las partes musculares. Se explica que, al contraerse, el bíceps se encoge y se reduce el ángulo en la articulación del codo. Se invita al espectador a realizar un ejercicio físico para experimentar este cambio. Se detalla la composición del músculo, mencionando las células musculares, las miofibrillas y los sarcómeros. Se enfatiza la importancia de la interacción entre las proteínas miosina (filamentos gruesos) y actina (filamentos delgados), y cómo esta interacción es crucial para el movimiento muscular.

05:00

🔬 Funcionamiento a nivel molecular del ciclo del puente cruzado

Se profundiza en el proceso molecular del ciclo del puente cruzado, destacando la función de la miosina y la actina. Se describe la aparición de iones de calcio que activan la contracción muscular al interactuar con las proteínas troponina y tropomiosina, exponiendo los sitios de unión de miosina en la actina. Se ilustra cómo la ATP (adenosín trifosfato) desempeña un papel crucial en el ciclo: su hidrólisis provoca la activación de la cabeza de la miosina, preparándola para unirse a la actina y formar un puente cruzado. Este proceso es esencial para el movimiento de los filamentos musculares y, por ende, para la contracción muscular.

10:01

🏋️‍♂️ Detalles del proceso de contracción muscular

Se explica con detalle el proceso de contracción muscular, que comienza con la formación de un puente cruzado entre la miosina y la actina. La llegada de ATP provoca la desconexión de la miosina de la actina. Posteriormente, la hidrólisis de ATP y la liberación de energía activan la cabeza de la miosina, preparándola para unirse nuevamente a la actina. Se describe cómo la liberación de fosfato y ADP incrementa la fuerza de la interacción miosina-actina y desencadena el poderoso movimiento de la cabeza de la miosina, conocido como el 'pase de fuerza'. Este movimiento es responsable de la contracción muscular y se visualiza a gran escala en el vídeo, mostrando cómo los filamentos delgados se mueven hacia la línea media del sarcómero.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Crossbridge cycle

El ciclo de crossbridge es el proceso por el cual las proteínas de la musculatura, como la miosina y la actina, interactúan para causar el movimiento muscular. En el vídeo, este ciclo es fundamental para entender cómo se produce la contracción muscular, ya que las cabezas de miosina (crossbridges) se unen a los sitios de unión de actina, provocando el movimiento de las filamentos finos hacia la línea M, y con ello, la contracción del músculo.

💡Bíceps

Los bíceps son un grupo de músculos en el brazo humano que se contrae para flexionar el codo. En el guion, se menciona el bíceps para ilustrar la contracción muscular al flexionar el brazo, mostrando cómo el músculo se acorta y se tensa al formar ángulos más pequeños entre el humero y el radio.

💡Myofibril

Los miofibrilos son las unidades funcionales dentro de las células musculares que están compuestas principalmente de filamentos gruesos y finos. En el vídeo, se explica que cada miofibrilo contiene múltiples sarcómeros, y es en este nivel donde se produce la interacción entre miosina y actina, esencial para el ciclo de crossbridge.

💡Sarcomero

El sarcómero es la unidad contractiva más pequeña dentro de un miofibrilo, compuesto por filamentos de actina y miosina organizados en una estructura regular. En el vídeo, el sarcómero es crucial para entender cómo se produce la contracción al mostrar cómo los filamentos se mueven hacia la línea M durante el ciclo de crossbridge.

💡Filamentos gruesos

Los filamentos gruesos, también conocidos como filamentos de miosina, son estructuras dentro de los sarcómeros que contienen la proteína miosina. En el vídeo, se enfatiza que estos filamentos tienen cabezas (crossbridges) que interactúan con los filamentos finos de actina para producir la contracción muscular.

💡Filamentos finos

Los filamentos finos, compuestos principalmente de actina, son otro tipo de filamentos dentro de los sarcómeros. En el guion, se describe cómo estos filamentos se mueven hacia la línea M en respuesta a la interacción con los filamentos gruesos, lo que resulta en la contracción del músculo.

💡ATP

El ATP, o adenosín trifosfato, es la fuente principal de energía en las células y juega un papel crítico en el ciclo de crossbridge. En el vídeo, se explica que la hidrólisis del ATP es necesaria para la activación de la cabeza de miosina, lo que permite su desvinculación de la actina y posterior unión, dando lugar a la contracción.

💡Cálcium

El calcio es un ion esencial en la regulación de la contracción muscular. En el guion, se menciona que los iones de calcio se unen a las proteínas troponina, lo que provoca una serie de eventos que exponen los sitios de unión de miosina en la actina, preparando el terreno para el ciclo de crossbridge.

💡Troponina

La troponina es una proteína que se encuentra en los filamentos finos y juega un papel crucial en la regulación de la contracción muscular. En el vídeo, se describe cómo la troponina se une al calcio y, a su vez, provoca que la tropomiosina se desplace, revelando los sitios de unión de miosina en la actina.

💡Tropomiosina

La tropomiosina es una proteína que se enrosca alrededor de los filamentos finos de actina, ocultando los sitios de unión de miosina cuando el músculo está en reposo. En el guion, se explica que la presencia de calcio y troponina desplaza la tropomiosina, permitiendo que la miosina se una a la actina y comience el ciclo de crossbridge.

Highlights

视频专注于肌肉生理学中的交叉桥循环(crossbridge cycle)

交叉桥循环的教学采用动态展示,以增强理解

二头肌收缩时肌肉缩短的演示

肌肉细胞内的功能性单位称为肌原纤维(myofibrils)

肌原纤维的功能单位是肌小节(sarcomere)

肌小节缩短向M线(中间线)移动的过程

肌小节中的厚丝(thick filaments)主要由肌凝蛋白(myosin)构成

肌凝蛋白不仅是收缩蛋白,也是酶,其酶机制导致肌肉收缩

肌小节中的薄丝(thin filaments)主要由肌动蛋白(actin)构成

肌动蛋白上存在肌凝蛋白结合位点,是形成交叉桥的关键

钙离子在肌肉收缩中的作用,与肌钙蛋白(troponin)结合

钙离子结合导致原肌球蛋白(tropomyosin)从肌凝蛋白结合位点移开

肌凝蛋白头部与肌动蛋白结合形成交叉桥

ATP分子的结合导致肌凝蛋白从肌动蛋白上脱离

ATP水解为ADP和无机磷酸盐,激活肌凝蛋白头部

磷酸盐的释放增强了肌凝蛋白与肌动蛋白之间的相互作用

ADP的解离导致肌凝蛋白头部发生强力的“动力冲程”

肌凝蛋白头部的收缩是人体生物化学中最大的构象变化之一

多个肌凝蛋白分子连续作用,拉动肌动蛋白丝向M线移动

Transcripts

play00:01

welcome back to the muscle physiology

play00:03

playlist this is going to be a video

play00:05

dedicated to what we call the

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crossbridge cycle and I'm kind of taking

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a deviation here from uh the normal uh

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paintbrush and PowerPoint videos because

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quite honestly um it's a lot more

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effective in terms of teaching this

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stuff if you can if you can physically

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see how things are moving um you know

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from class I like to give you more of a

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kinesthetic approach to this okay so

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what you see here is what's referred to

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as the bicep break eye other muscles

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have been um eliminated for clarity

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purposes okay and what's going to happen

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is when the bicep break eye contracts it

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shortens okay so this is a good place to

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pause it and I want to do a little

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exercise with you so I want you to have

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your arm starting out in the extended

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position so in other words where the

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angle between your humoris and your

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radius and on is 180 de and I want you

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to put your hand on your bicep at least

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at the point where it sort of um kind of

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gets close to the elbow and keep your

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hand on that point and then what I want

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you to do is I want you to flex your arm

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in other words by a flexion I mean

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rotate your elbow such that you decrease

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the angle of the joint like they showed

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just now in the video and what you'll

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find is that your muscle actually

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shortens so what you see here is more in

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the extended position and then what you

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see is the bicep contract and what that

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means is is that the bicep is shortening

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as a whole well the question remains is

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how does the bicep shorten overall well

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it turns out that each of the muscle

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cells that makes up the muscle as a

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whole each muscle cell has functional

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units called

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myofibrils okay um the functional unit

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of the myofibril if we get even more

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microscopic is called the

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sarir and what what we're going to do

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here is we're going to look at the

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function of the sarir and so let's

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continue this

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video so that's an extension of the arm

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in which case the muscle lengthens okay

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so now we're zooming in on this muscle

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and we're going to look at what's

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referred to as the crossbridge cycle

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okay so here what we're doing is we're

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looking at myof fibral this right here

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is the sarir the functional unit and now

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what we're doing is we're zooming in

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right here and what they're going to

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show you is these red filaments right

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here these are called the thick

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filaments now what's really important

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here is the thick filaments have a major

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protein it's a contractile protein

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referred to as mein mein is not just a

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contractile protein it's also an enzyme

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and the enzymatic mechanism that it uses

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is actually what causes it to contract

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so the red ones or this pinkish ones are

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going to be the thick filaments the

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yellow ones that lie between the thick

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filaments those are are the thin

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filaments the major protein on those is

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called actin and actually what we're

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going to find is that on each actin

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protein there's what we call a mein

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binding site and so this is an important

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Point here is that actin must bind to

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mein or you could view it the other way

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around in fact that's normally how

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people view it they say that in order

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for a crossbridge to form in the sarir

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mein has to bind to actin and like I

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said there's a mein binding site on

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acted and we're going to look at the

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events that occur on the sarir level

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okay so what's essentially going to

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happen here is you're going to see the

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actin filaments right here move towards

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this point where my mouse is so notice

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notice my positioning of the mouse where

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I'm going up and down this point on the

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saram miror this line is called the M

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line m stands for middle and the reason

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it's called the mline is because the

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sarcomere shortens toward this line

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towards the mline in lab we looked at

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that model we're going to look at it

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again this week and you're going to see

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how the sarir shortens towards this line

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right here and in in reality what's

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happening is the mein heads attached to

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the actin or these thin filaments and

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the thin filaments are going to get

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walked ultimately towards this mline

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okay so here they're showing the thick

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filaments the thick filaments are going

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to be the mein the thin filaments are

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going to be the actin okay and notice

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what happened let's go back back and

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watch that process again notice how the

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sarir is shortening toward the mline

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okay so what's happening are those mein

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heads which are located on the thick

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filaments are walking the thin filaments

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towards the mline let's watch that one

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more time okay so notice this line right

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here at this point the thin filaments

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are being walked toward that line okay

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so now let's take a look at what H

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what's happening on the molecular level

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so this right here you can see it right

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here this is a little purple dot right

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here you're going to see more of those

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okay that is what's referred to as a

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calcium ion in this video and you're

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going to see more of them come by um

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some other things that are important

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these blue proteins right here these

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circular blue proteins those are called

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troponin and in a separate video we go

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over the um the functionality of

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troponin and troponin is a calcium

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binding protein we'll see calcium bind

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to this protein later on by the way the

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thin filaments are composed of actin and

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the actin are the kind of these yellow

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dots that go around here and the yellow

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dots are sort of wound together in a

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helix and so the these yellow spherical

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um repeating units are the thin

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filaments and notice how the green

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protein tropomyosin wraps around it in

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in another helical type of arrangement

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well it turns out that at rest the this

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green protein called

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tropomyosin tropomyosin covers up the

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Myas binding sites on actin when the

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calcium binds to the troponin what

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you'll see is that the tropomyosin is

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going to rotate off of The Binding sites

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and you'll I think you'll see pretty

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clearly what The Binding sites are as

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soon as the tropomyosin rotates off of

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the actin okay so what's going to happen

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is this calcium and some others are

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going to bind to these troponin

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molecules that's going to cause

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tropomyosin this green helical protein

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to rotate off of the mein binding sites

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on these actin um subunits of the thin

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filament so hopefully you'll see that

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right here so here comes the calcium

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ions and you'll see some more come and

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they're going to bind to troponin and

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notice what's going to happen is the

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tropo here's the troponin with the

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calcium the tropomyosin which is in

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green is going to rotate off of the mein

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binding sites on actin okay so now

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hopefully you see these little black

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dots right here okay those are The

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Binding sites for mein and and so what

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you'll see is at certain points in the

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mein cycle the mein can actually bind to

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those sites so we're going to see how

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that occurs now so what the mein head

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will literally do is it will form an

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attachment here with the thin filaments

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okay so here's kind of the Assumption

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we're going to make um here um when

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we're looking at the cycle of mein so

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this red thing right here that kind of

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looks like a golf club in a sense this

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is the mein head and this is sort of

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literally what they look like they're

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sort of in an arrangement like this so

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what we're going to do in this video is

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we are going to make the assumption that

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the the cycle of mein begins with the

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crossbridge okay the crossbridge is

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essentially the the interaction or

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binding of mein to the mein binding side

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and actin meaning that masin and actin

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are physically connected we're going to

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start our cycle with that connection

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there okay in other textbooks you may

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see um the cycle begin at different

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points this is just where I choose to

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start the cycle so you're making an

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assumption that you know this this

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crossbridge is already formed okay

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what's going to happen is there's going

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to be a molecule of ATP that comes in

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and you'll see that in just a minute so

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this is the me head that molecule that

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kind of looks like a pill that's coming

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in that's representative of a Denine

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triphosphate what you're going to see is

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that when a Denine triphosphate binds to

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the mein head it's going to cause

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Detachment of mein from actin so let's

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see how that occurs so ATP binds and

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notice what happened you can there's

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just a small Gap there but notice that

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masin just detached from actin that's

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what we call crossbridge Detachment okay

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okay so now masin it's attached now that

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little flash of light that occurred

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there that was ATP

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hydrolysis okay um what I recommend

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doing if you're looking at this in the

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context of organic and biochemistry is

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I'll have another video on the mein um

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mechanism that was actually recently

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determined using quantum mechanics I

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recommend that you go look at that that

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particular mechanism and you'll kind of

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see um how ATP relates to this but if

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you go back and kind of watch that step

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let's go back a little bit ATP gets

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hydrolized into adenosine diphosphate

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and inorganic phosphate okay what that's

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going to do as you'll see now is it's

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going to activ at the mein head and when

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we say activate it typically what we

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mean is it gets cocked into the

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activated position so this position

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right now where it is it's inactivated

play09:39

but when you when you hydroly ATP you

play09:42

release some energy in context of

play09:45

chemistry we call that Gibbs free energy

play09:47

and that energy is going to mein's

play09:50

head into the activated position okay so

play09:53

you'll see it kind of move into the

play09:55

activated position assuming I hit play

play09:58

okay there we go and the mein head is

play10:00

going to get cocked into the activated

play10:02

position okay so at this point right

play10:05

here the mein head has bound ADP that's

play10:08

this little bright yellow sphere has

play10:10

bound phosphate that's the little red

play10:12

sphere and so now masin is in the

play10:15

activated position and it's going to be

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able to bind to aasin binding site on

play10:21

actin so let's continue okay so now what

play10:24

we're assuming we're going to go back

play10:25

and look at these steps in in kind of

play10:27

the same detail so we're starting with

play10:30

mein bound to actin okay so once again

play10:33

we're going to kind of see the same

play10:34

story so mein's bound to actin okay

play10:37

what's going to happen ATP comes in and

play10:40

causes crossbridge

play10:42

Detachment okay so you'll see mein

play10:45

detach from actin the next step is going

play10:48

to be ATP hydrolysis ATP is going to get

play10:52

hydrolyzed into a Denine diphosphate and

play10:54

inorganic phosphate and that's going to

play10:56

the mein head into the activated

play10:59

position as shown there okay in this one

play11:03

they call this step one but basically

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what's going to happen now is the

play11:07

crossbridge is going to form so myosin

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is going to spontaneously bind to actin

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and then what's going to happen is a

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series of processes okay notice that

play11:16

molecule that just left okay that's

play11:18

phosphate it turns out that when

play11:20

phosphate leaves the mein head okay it

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strengthens the interaction between mein

play11:26

and actin so what you're going to see

play11:28

here is an Inc increase in the strength

play11:30

of the mein actin interaction okay so

play11:33

the strength is increased okay and then

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what's going to happen something

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referred to as the power stroke so the

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first thing that happens is ADP

play11:41

dissociates so when ADP dissociates from

play11:45

the mein active site it's going to

play11:47

result in a very strong Power Stroke as

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you'll see here okay so hopefully you

play11:54

can kind of see that contraction of the

play11:57

mein head and one important thing to

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kind of point out here is that um and

play12:02

and somebody correct me if I'm wrong on

play12:04

this in the comments but as far as I

play12:06

know this movement of mein where it

play12:09

where the where the head contracts and

play12:11

moves the thin filament that movement

play12:14

when ADP dissociates I believe is the

play12:17

largest confirmational change in any

play12:20

protein in human biochemistry so it's a

play12:23

very large contraction with respect to

play12:25

the total volume of this protein let's

play12:27

watch that again cuz it's really

play12:29

important kind of go back a little bit

play12:31

so phosphate dissociates with which

play12:33

which strengthens the mein actin

play12:36

interaction and then ADP dissociates

play12:39

from the mein active site and then what

play12:42

you get is the power stroke notice the

play12:44

contraction okay so hopefully that makes

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a little bit of sense we're now going to

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watch this in real time with a bunch of

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mein molecules and they are they're

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continuously in the presence of ATP

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they're pulling the actin filaments

play12:59

toward the mline so this is literally

play13:01

what's happening go back here and

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hopefully what you see is on a more

play13:05

macroscopic scale the thin filaments are

play13:08

going to be pulled toward the mline of

play13:12

the sarir and that's all due to mein

play13:27

contraction

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Ähnliche Tags
Fisiología muscularCiclo crossbridgeContracción muscularMiofibrilasSarcomerasProteínas muscularesEducación físicaBiología celularMecanismo de contracciónAprender fisiología
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