V2X Technology and Deployment : Explanation of Technologies

Summary

The video script discusses the importance of V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) communication technology in enhancing traffic safety and operations. It outlines the US, European, and Japanese initiatives aiming for zero traffic fatalities, emphasizing V2X's non-networked exchanges, interoperability, and 360-degree coverage. The script details the FCC's allocation of 5.85-5.925 GHz spectrum for V2X, highlighting its applications in crash avoidance and infrastructure communication. It contrasts DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communication) with cellular V2X, underscoring DSRC's maturity and reliability for safety-critical applications. The script also addresses technical requirements for V2X, such as regular broadcasting of vehicle data and the need for mature, proven technology for vehicle safety.

Takeaways

• 🚦 The main goal of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is to improve traffic safety and operations, despite the ongoing occurrence of traffic collisions.
• 🌐 Leaders from academia, industry, and government are collaborating globally to expedite the deployment of Advanced ITS, known as Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication technology.
• 🇺🇸🇪🇺🇯 The U.S., Europe, and Japan have adopted slogans aiming for zero traffic accident fatalities or serious injuries, emphasizing the importance of V2X for safety.
• 📡 V2X communication is characterized by non-networked exchanges, interoperable protocols, omnidirectional 360-degree coverage, and operation within a 300-meter range, with minimal environmental impact.
• 🔒 V2X is designed with significant attention to security and privacy, ensuring low latency and protection from harmful interference.
• 📶 The U.S. Federal Communications Commission allocated the 5.85 to 5.925 GHz spectrum for V2X in 2003, providing a buffer against unlicensed Wi-Fi.
• 🚗 V2X is crucial for various crash scenarios and can enhance communication among vehicles, including those not directly connected, improving road safety.
• 🌐 The collective perception feature of V2X allows vehicles to 'see' beyond their line of sight, such as around curves or buildings, enhancing situational awareness.
• 📅 The deployment of V2X services using Cooperative Perception Messages and Maneuver Coordination Messages is anticipated by 2022 or 2023, with U.S. deployment expected by 2024 or 2025.
• 📉 The Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) channel plan could disrupt V2X services if implemented, as it threatens the existing 75 MHz allocation crucial for V2X messages.
• 🔑 The four key characteristics for V2X basic safety are communication with everyone, everywhere, with different generations of technology, and scalability.

Q & A

What is the main goal of implementing V2X technology?

The main goal of implementing V2X (Vehicle to Everything) technology is to improve traffic safety and operations by facilitating communication between vehicles, infrastructure, and other road users.

What are the key regions focusing on reducing traffic accidents through V2X technology?

The key regions focusing on reducing traffic accidents through V2X technology include the United States, Europe, and Japan, all of which have slogans for reducing traffic accidents with the goal of no deaths or serious injuries.

What are the main requirements for V2X technology according to the U.S. Department of Transportation?

The main requirements for V2X technology are that exchanges are non-networked, protocols are interoperable and coexist in the same channel, devices are omnidirectional with 360 degrees of coverage, communications operate predominantly within a 300-meter range, and signals are largely unaffected by environmental conditions.

What frequency band was proposed by the Federal Communications Commission for V2X in the United States?

The Federal Communications Commission proposed 5.85 to 5.925 gigahertz for V2X in the United States, with a buffer of 5 megahertz against unlicensed Wi-Fi under 5.850 gigahertz.

What is the significance of the 75 megahertz allocation for V2X in the United States?

The 75 megahertz allocation is significant for U.S. road safety as it includes critical V2X services such as basic safety messages, vehicle to infrastructure messages, collective perception messages, maneuver coordination messages, messages for platooning, and CACC, and messages for vulnerable road users.

How does the use of collective perception messages enhance road safety?

The use of collective perception messages allows vehicles to 'see' beyond their line of sight, further distances, and around obstructions such as curves and buildings. This advanced warning can reduce accident frequency and potentially save lives.

What is the expected timeline for the availability of services using CPM and MCM in the United States?

Services using CPM (Cooperative Perception Messages) and MCM (Maneuver Coordination Messages) may be available in the near future, with completion expected by 2022 or 2023, and U.S. deployment expected by 2024 or 2025.

What are the four keywords important for V2X basic safety messages?

The four keywords important for V2X basic safety messages are 'everyone,' 'everywhere,' 'different generations,' and 'scalability.' These keywords emphasize the need for reliable communication with all vehicles and infrastructures, in all places, across different generations of technology, and with the ability to scale under congestion.

What are the two major categories of V2X communication?

The two major categories of V2X communication are direct communication for vehicles and infrastructure systems called V2X, and communication through telecommunication networks called V2N (Vehicle to Network).

What is DSRC and why is it significant for V2X technology?

DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communication) is a V2X technology specifically developed for transportation safety applications. It is significant because it is a well-established and proven technology with stability, which is a key factor for vehicles and transportation systems.

How does DSRC differ from LTE V2X in terms of communication reliability?

DSRC uses a CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) technology, allowing typically only one car to occupy the channel at a time, ensuring all surrounding vehicles can receive the transmission. In contrast, LTE V2X uses resource units of time and frequency, which can lead to persistent packet collision, half-duplex, and near-far problems, potentially making it less reliable than DSRC.

Outlines

00:00

🚦 Introduction to V2X Technology

The script discusses the importance of improving traffic safety through the deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), specifically Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication technology. V2X aims to prevent traffic collisions by enabling communication between vehicles, infrastructure, and other road users. The script highlights the efforts of leaders from academia, industry, and government to accelerate V2X deployment. It outlines the U.S. Department of Transportation's requirements for V2X, including non-networked exchanges, interoperable protocols, omnidirectional coverage, and operation within a 300-meter range. V2X is designed for specific crash scenarios and offers security and privacy protection with low latency and resistance to interference. The Federal Communications Commission allocated a frequency band for V2X in the U.S., and the technology is expected to be deployed by 2024 or 2025, with the potential to reduce accidents and save lives.

05:00

🌐 Key Characteristics of V2X for Basic Safety

This paragraph emphasizes the critical characteristics of V2X technology for basic safety, focusing on four key aspects: communication with 'everyone,' ensuring all vehicles and infrastructures can communicate; 'everywhere,' covering various locations including rural and tunnel areas; 'different generations,' requiring backward compatibility for vehicles with different technologies; and 'scalability,' maintaining reliable communication even in congested traffic. The paragraph also discusses the importance of mature communication technology for V2X and differentiates between direct V2X communication for safety and network-based V2N communication for data transmission. It mentions DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communication) as a proven V2X technology and contrasts it with cellular V2X, highlighting the need for a hybrid communication approach that combines both technologies.

10:01

📡 DSRC and Cellular V2X: A Comparative Analysis

The script compares DSRC and cellular V2X technologies, emphasizing DSRC's established ecosystem and its evolution into Next Generation V2X (NGV), which ensures interoperability and backward compatibility. It contrasts this with cellular V2X, which lacks these features and requires a separate spectrum. The paragraph discusses the implementation of DSRC in various regions and the movement towards cellular V2X in China, where pilot projects are underway. It also addresses the challenges of cellular networks in early deployment phases and the confusion caused by advertisements about cellular technology's suitability for V2X. The paragraph concludes by stressing the importance of adopting reliable and proven technology for vehicle safety, given the long life cycle of vehicles compared to phones.

15:02

🚗 Technical Requirements and Challenges of V2X Communications

This section delves into the technical requirements and challenges of V2X communications, highlighting the need for each car to broadcast its location and speed regularly and for nearby cars to reliably receive this information. It explains the differences between DSRC and LTE V2X in terms of communication mechanisms, with DSRC using a contention-based approach to minimize collisions, while LTE V2X uses resource allocation that can lead to persistent packet collisions, half-duplex issues, and near-far problems. The paragraph argues that these issues make LTE V2X less reliable than DSRC for V2X safety services. It also discusses the need for LTE V2X to mature and prove its effectiveness in challenging communication scenarios before it can be widely adopted for vehicle safety.

20:02

🌟 Global Deployment and Future of DSRC V2X Technology

The final paragraph discusses the global deployment of DSRC V2X technology, which is seen as the only mature and proven technology for direct V2X communication. It notes the installation of roadside units in the U.S. and the steady progress in deploying DSRC V2X infrastructure in Japan, Europe, and the U.S. The script emphasizes the collaboration of experts worldwide in developing DSRC and its validation for real-world use. It concludes by stating that the continued expansion of DSRC V2X technologies and the allocation of dedicated spectrum will lead to safer and smarter transportation systems, ultimately contributing to more efficient use of transportation resources and enhanced safety goals.

Keywords

💡V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything)

V2X refers to the communication technology that enables vehicles to communicate with each other (V2V), with infrastructure (V2I), pedestrians (V2P), and even networks (V2N). It plays a central role in the video's theme of improving traffic safety and operations by facilitating data exchange to prevent collisions. The script mentions V2X as a key technology for safety, highlighting its use in various communication scenarios such as 'basic safety messages' and 'maneuver coordination messages'.

💡ITS (Intelligent Transportation System)

ITS encompasses advanced technologies that optimize transportation systems. In the context of the video, ITS is associated with the deployment of V2X to tackle traffic challenges. The script positions ITS as a collaborative effort between academia, industry, and government aimed at reducing traffic accidents.

💡Interoperability

Interoperability in the script refers to the ability of different devices, systems, and networks to communicate and operate together. It is crucial for V2X technology as it ensures that various components within the transportation ecosystem can exchange information seamlessly. The video emphasizes the need for protocols that are interoperable to coexist in the same channel.

💡Backward Compatibility

Backward compatibility ensures that new technologies can work with older ones. The video stresses its importance for V2X, as vehicles have an average life of 12 to 15 years. This means that new vehicles must be able to communicate with older models, maintaining the functionality of V2X services over time.

💡Omnidirectional Coverage

Omnidirectional coverage implies that communication devices have a 360-degree range, ensuring that vehicles can receive signals from all directions. This is vital for V2X, as it allows for comprehensive detection of other vehicles and obstacles, contributing to the video's focus on safety enhancements.

💡DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communication)

DSRC is a V2X technology specifically developed for transportation safety applications. The video discusses DSRC as a mature and proven technology for direct V2X communication. It is based on stable Wi-Fi technology and is designed to evolve into Next Generation V2X (NGV), maintaining interoperability and coexistence.

💡LTE V2X

LTE V2X is a cellular-based V2X communication technology that uses 3GPP Release 14 standards. The video contrasts it with DSRC, highlighting potential issues such as persistent packet collision and the need for separate spectrum allocation. It is mentioned as an alternative being considered in regions like China.

💡5G NR V2X

5G NR V2X refers to the application of 5G New Radio technology to V2X communications. The video positions it as an evolving technology that will require further standards and evaluation for vehicle safety. It is part of the next generation of cellular networks, promising high capacity and low latency.

💡Scalability

Scalability in the context of the video means the ability of V2X systems to handle a growing amount of traffic and data without a decrease in performance. It is important for ensuring that V2X services remain reliable even under congested conditions, which is a key aspect of the video's discussion on technology's role in traffic management.

💡Coexistence

Coexistence in the video refers to the ability of different communication technologies to operate in the same environment without interfering with each other. It is particularly relevant to the discussion on spectrum allocation for V2X, where technologies like DSRC and LTE V2X must share or be allocated specific frequency bands.

💡Cellular V2X

Cellular V2X is a term used in the video to describe the use of cellular networks for V2X communications, specifically mentioning LTE V2X PC5 based on 3GPP Release 14. It is part of the broader discussion on the different technologies being considered for V2X implementations globally.

Highlights

Improving traffic safety and operations is the main goal, with traffic collisions still a challenge.

Leaders from academia, industry, and government collaborate to accelerate the deployment of advanced ITS.

V2X or Vehicle-to-Everything is explained as a communication technology for traffic safety.

The US, Europe, and Japan have goals for reducing traffic accidents, aiming for no deaths or serious injuries.

V2X requirements include non-networked exchanges, interoperable protocols, and backward compatibility.

Devices for V2X should have 360-degree coverage and operate within a 300-meter range.

V2X is designed for specific crash scenarios and provides security and privacy protection with low latency.

The US Federal Communications Commission allocated 5.85 to 5.925 GHz for ITS in 1999.

V2X requires 75 MHz for US road safety, including various critical services.

Collective perception messages allow vehicles to see further distances and around obstructions.

Connected infrastructure can spot non-connected vehicles and vulnerable road users.

Maneuver coordination messages let vehicles know what other vehicles intend to do ahead of time.

Services using CPM and MCM may be available by 2022 or 2023, with US deployment expected by 2024 or 2025.

The basic characteristics needed for V2X basic safety include reliable communication with everyone, everywhere, and with different generations.

V2X basic safety requires mature communication technology that has been verified over many years.

DSRC is a V2X technology developed specifically for transportation safety applications.

DSRC is designed to evolve into its next generation technology, NGV, ensuring interoperability and backward compatibility.

LTE V2X and Future NR V2X do not have the same interoperability, coexistence, or backward compatibility as DSRC and NGV.

China is moving towards the introduction of Cellular V2X, based on 3GPP Release 14.

5G NR V2X will require further standards for analysis, evaluation, and vehicle safety before being used on the road.

DSRC is more reliable than LTE V2X due to its mature technology and satisfaction of V2X requirements.

DSRC technologies have been validated for real-world use in Japan, the United States, and Europe.

Continued expansion of DSRC V2X technologies will make transportation systems safer and smarter.

Transcripts

[Music]

improving

traffic safety and operations is our

main goal

however traffic collisions still occur

leaders from academia industry and

government are working together

to accelerate the deployment of advanced

its

or intelligent transportation system a

type of communication technology to

tackle this global challenge

we will explain v2x or vehicle to

everything

as a typical its for safety

[Music]

the us europe and japan all have slogans

for reducing traffic accidents

with the goal of no deaths or serious

injuries

according to the u.s department of

transportation

the main requirements for v2x are that

exchanges are non-networked

[Music]

protocols are interoperable coexistence

in the same channel

and must be backward compatible

devices are omnidirectional with 360

degrees of coverage

communications operate predominantly

within a 300 meter range

signals are largely unaffected by

environmental conditions

also v2x is uniquely crafted for certain

crash scenarios

it can also be used in other vehicles

communications have been designed for

significant security and privacy

protection

with low latency

[Music]

free from harmful interference

[Music]

coverage with scalability high

reliability

and stability

[Music]

in the united states the federal

communications commission proposed 5.85

to 5.925 gigahertz for its in 1999

and announced it in 2003 making a buffer

of 5 megahertz against unlicensed wi-fi

under 5.850 gigahertz

[Music]

v2x requires 75 megahertz for u.s

road safety this allocation includes

critical v2x services such as basic

safety messages

vehicle to infrastructure messages

collective perception messages

maneuver coordination messages messages

for platooning

and cacc and messages for vulnerable

road users

to name a few this requirement was

calculated by multiple independent

sources

including sae and c2cc

the use of collective perception

messages allows vehicles to see what

they otherwise could not

further distances and around

obstructions such as curves and

buildings

connected infrastructure or a connected

vehicle can spot non-connected vehicles

and non-connected vulnerable road users

such as pedestrians

bicycles scooters motorcycles and road

workers

that information is transmitted to other

vehicles whose drivers do not have a

line of sight to the non-connected

objects

allowing the vehicles to react ahead of

time faster than they could otherwise

this advanced warning can reduce

accident frequency

and potentially save lives even when not

all of the vehicles involved

are connected

maneuver coordination messages allow

vehicles to know what other vehicles

intend to do ahead of time with the

existing 75 megahertz allocation

services using cpm and mcm may be

available in the near future

with completion expected by 2022 or 2023

and u.s deployment is expected by 2024

or 2025. however if the nprm

or noticed of proposed rulemaking

channel plan is implemented

this service will be lost

these channel allocations have been used

to support a basic set of v2x messages

that lay the groundwork for a wide range

of applications that are beneficial to

the public

they require the entirety of the

existing 75 megahertz for real-world use

what are the basic characteristics

needed for v2x basic safety

[Music]

there are often discussions focusing on

communications performance

such as packet error rate and

communication range

but there are other more important

indicators

these four keywords are important for

v2x basic safety messages

the keywords are everyone

everywhere different generations

and scalability

[Music]

v2x basic safety requires reliable

communication

with everyone

if some vehicles or infrastructures

cannot communicate with each other

v2x basic safety services will not work

[Music]

in order to communicate with all

vehicles and infrastructures

interoperable technology is key for v2x

basic safety

[Music]

v2x basic safety requires reliable

communication

everywhere

[Music]

vehicles travel to various places

outside of urban and residential areas

where not so many infrastructures are

deployed

such as mountains

or through tunnels

[Music]

and v2x basic safety requires reliable

communication

with different generations the average

life of a vehicle is 12 to 15 years

so if new technologies are replaced one

after another

new vehicles and old vehicles won't be

able to communicate with each other

and v2x basic safety services will not

work in order to communicate between old

vehicles and new vehicles

backward compatibility is necessary for

v2x

communication technology

[Music]

in addition v2x basic safety requires

reliable communication with scalability

to be able to communicate reliably even

under congestion

communication should not be lost when

there's too much traffic

communication for each vehicle must be

reliable

even when congested

most importantly communication

technology must be

mature for v2x basic safety

mature means that the technology has

been verified over many years

tested in traffic and other various

scenarios

[Music]

its communications have two major

categories

direct communication for vehicles and

infrastructure systems

called v2x and v2n

where signals are communicated through

telecommunication networks

[Music]

v2n is used to connect vehicles and has

been used for many years

direct v2x communication is suitable for

collision avoidance

and automated driving

while network-based v2n is good for

sending large amounts of data to broad

areas

[Music]

dsrc dedicated short-range communication

is a v2x technology specifically

developed for transportation safety

applications

an appropriate mix of these two

different technologies

v2x and v2n is a good approach for its

communication

this mix is sometimes called hybrid

communication

and has already been applied to vehicle

and infrastructure systems around the

world

dsrc technology for safety is developed

based on well-established

stable wi-fi technology there are recent

proposals to use cellular technology for

direct v2x communication

there may be some confusion about dsrc

and cellular v2x

here are some things to know

dsrc is a well-established and proven

technology

its stability is a key factor for

vehicles and transportation

systems due to its long history and

promises of future success and evolution

a misinterpretation of this stability is

that it is an obsolete technology

but again this stability is an important

factor

for transportation systems

[Music]

dsrc is also designed to evolve into its

next generation technology

properly named ngv or next generation

v2x

experts are developing this next

generation of technology now

under ieee

since ngv is an evolution of dsrc

it is designed to assure

interoperability coexistence

and backward compatibility with dsrc

ngv does not require spectrum separate

from dsrc

dsrc already has a well-established

ecosystem

and it will be further enhanced to

evolve with ngv

by contrast there is no interoperability

same channel coexistence or backward

compatibility

between lte v2x and futures nrv2x

nrv2x requires a separate spectrum from

the lte v2x

that is the reason why only dsrc and ngv

have an evolution path with

interoperability

same channel coexistence and backward

compatibility

dsrc has already been implemented in

japan

europe and the united states

while in china the government and

private sectors are moving toward the

introduction of another technology

often called cellular v2x

but it is lte v2x pc5 based on 3gpp

release 14.

a number of pilot projects are underway

in china to deploy

lte v2x and v2n applications

for infotainment

v2n using a cellular technology has a

good possibility for infotainment

because it enables transportation

authorities to monitor vehicles

in a broad area to improve traffic

operations

v2n by definition requires the use of

commercial cellular networks by carriers

to start with lte is a voice and data

communication technology

following on from 3g and 4g we are now

starting to welcome in

5g which features high capacity

ultra high speeds substantial

connectivity capability

and low latency

however it needs a dedicated

infrastructure that will require

enormous cost and time to build out

[Music]

and the fact is that cellular networks

employ base stations as translation

devices between generations

but direct v2x has no such translation

device

as such places with 5g connections are

limited in the early deployment phase

various advertisements questioning

whether cellular communication

technology can be used for v2x are

causing confusion

[Music]

adopting technology for phones that are

replaced on average every two to three

years

differs from the adopted technology for

the life cycle of vehicles

which is approximately 12 to 15 years in

the u.s

europe and japan

established reliable and proven

technology

is necessary for cars where safety is

paramount

[Music]

3gpp release 14 specifies direct v2x

communication technology based on lte

technology however since the us standard

sae j3161-1

which defines the minimum requirements

for v2v

basic safety messages transmission has

not yet been determined

release 14 lte v2x technology

has not been fully tested in various

scenarios and aspects

such as scalability in congested

scenarios for v2x

safety communications

release 16 specifies a new radio access

technology for direct v2x based on 5g

technology referred to as new radio

the release 16 standard was completed in

june 2020

release 17 will enhance 5g nr v2x

technology 5g nrv2x will require further

standards for analysis

evaluation and vehicle safety before it

can be used on the road

for safe driving what are the technical

requirements being sought for v2x

communications one of the difficulties

with v2x is that you don't know which

car will need to send specific

information

nor who will need to receive that

information

for this reason it's necessary to adopt

technology that will allow

each car to broadcast its location and

speed at regular intervals

and also allow nearby cars to reliably

receive that information

[Music]

let's see why dsrc is more reliable than

lte v2x

[Music]

dsrc utilizes a csma with ca technology

randomly the vehicle first confirms that

no other car is transmitting before

sending out data

with this mechanism typically only one

car

occupies the channel at a time thus

all surrounding vehicles are able to

receive the transmission

as long as each car periodically carries

out these random transmissions

the communications are achieved

dsrc is a mature technology that

satisfies the v2x requirements

[Music]

on the other hand with lte v2x pc5

the time resources are divided into one

millisecond subframes

the frequency resources are divided into

10 sub channels

these are the resource units that cars

use to communicate

each car checks the usage status of the

resource for the most recent one second

and then randomly selects one of the

resources that is in the bottom twenty

percent

of power consumption to communicate

the resource selected by each car is

used every 100 milliseconds

after a resource is selected the

transmitter doesn't check to see if

anyone else is transmitting before

starting to transmit

the resource usage is known as

semi-persistent scheduling

lte v2x differs from dsrc

in that it allows simultaneous

communication among multiple cars using

different sub channels

each of which repeatedly uses its same

selected resource

due to these differences this may result

in several

issues

the first issue is the persistent packet

collision problem

if multiple cars select the same

resource communications using that

resource will repeatedly collide

the second issue is the persistent half

duplex problem

when multiple cars transmit

simultaneously

even if different sub channels are used

they will not be able to hear each

other while transmitting the more sub

channels that are set

the more likely it is that this issue

will occur

[Music]

the third issue is the persistent

near-far problem

in the situation noted above according

to the positional relationship of the

receiving vehicle

the strength of the signal from a nearby

car will be too strong

meaning that there is a possibility it

will not be able to hear the

transmission from a car that is farther

away

[Music]

because of these issues lte v2x can be

unreliable

due to the persistent packet loss to

combat this

packets are usually duplicated and sent

twice

as a result lte v2x requires twice as

much bandwidth

as dsrc or ngv

so when traffic is congested there is a

risk that this will further exacerbate

the issue

for lte v2x pc5 to mature as a v2x

communication technology

it will need to prove that communication

in difficult circumstances can be

established

[Music]

this summary compares dsrc to lte v2x

from

a safety perspective in order to be

installed in vehicles

the first priority is safety and the v2x

technology used for vehicles must be

mature and reliable

for v2x safety services let us consider

v2x safety

for both car manufacturers and related

suppliers

[Music]

in the united states europe and japan

dsrc is deployed as the only mature and

proven technology

for direct v2x communication because

dsrc technology was developed

specifically to satisfy

transportation safety purposes by

experts around the world

[Music]

through collaboration dsrc technologies

have already been validated for

and deployed in real-world use in japan

the united states and europe

approximately 9 200 rsus or roadside

units have already been installed in the

united states

by usdot and state departments of

transportation

as of july 2020 and 12 400 units in

total will be installed soon

numbers of roadside units and

infrastructure are progressing steadily

in each region of the united states

europe and japan

through the continued expansion of

deployed dsrc

v2x technologies in japan europe

and the united states as well as

continued allocation of

already allocated dedicated v2x spectrum

our transportation systems will become

safer

and smarter while using our

transportation resources

more efficiently dsrc

v2x technologies have been expanding

for our ultimate safety goals