G11S LH En Bio Ch 3 Act 8 Specificity of enzymes 20 21

Summary

This educational video script delves into the specificity and mechanism of enzyme action, highlighting the enzyme-substrate complex's role in catalysis. It explains that enzymes, being proteins, have an active site with a specific spatial configuration that complements the substrate, embodying a lock-and-key mechanism. The script further clarifies that enzyme specificity encompasses both substrate selectivity and the type of chemical reaction catalyzed. The video illustrates hydrolysis and synthesis reactions, emphasizing the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes and the dual function of amino acids in the active site: binding substrates and catalyzing reactions.

Takeaways

• 🔬 **Enzyme-Substrate Interaction**: Enzymes and their substrates interact through a lock-and-key mechanism, where the enzyme's active site and substrate's shape complement each other.
• 🧬 **Protein Nature of Enzymes**: Enzymes are proteins composed of amino acids, which fold and coil to form their three-dimensional structure, including the active site.
• 🔐 **Double Specificity of Enzymes**: Enzymes exhibit specificity in two ways: for the substrate due to the spatial configuration complementarity, and for the type of chemical reaction they catalyze.
• ⚙️ **Active Site Functionality**: The active site of an enzyme is made up of amino acids that serve two functions: binding the substrate and catalyzing the chemical reaction.
• 🔄 **Enzyme Mechanism**: Enzymes catalyze reactions by forming enzyme-substrate complexes, which are essential for the reaction to occur.
• 🧪 **Types of Enzymatic Reactions**: Enzymes can catalyze hydrolysis reactions, where one substrate is broken down into simpler products, or synthesis reactions, where multiple substrates combine to form a single product.
• 🔑 **Binding Amino Acids**: Specific amino acids within the enzyme's active site, known as binding amino acids, are responsible for the substrate's fixation.
• 💊 **Medical Relevance**: The script mentions the application of enzyme knowledge in understanding diseases like leukemia, highlighting the practical importance of enzyme studies.
• 📚 **Educational Content**: The video is educational, aiming to teach students about enzyme specificity, mechanism of action, and the relationship between enzyme structure and function.
• 🎓 **Learning Outcomes**: By the end of the video, students are expected to understand the specificity and mechanism of enzyme action, as well as the importance of the enzyme-substrate complex.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the activity described in the transcript?

The main focus of the activity is to understand the specificity and mechanism of enzyme action, particularly how enzyme-substrate complexes form due to the complementarity of certain zones of the enzyme molecule and the substrate.

What is the relationship between the enzyme's active site and the substrate?

The enzyme's active site and the substrate have a lock-and-key relationship, where the substrate's shape must fit the active site for the enzyme to act upon it.

What are the two meanings of enzyme specificity mentioned in the transcript?

The two meanings of enzyme specificity are: 1) specificity for the substrate, which depends on the complementarity of the spatial configuration of the enzymatic active site and the substrate, and 2) specificity in the reaction catalyzed, where an enzyme acts in a specific chemical reaction on the substrate.

How does the enzyme's active site contribute to the catalytic process?

The active site of the enzyme is made up of amino acids that have two functions: binding the specific substrate using binding amino acids and catalyzing the reaction undergone by the bound substrate using catalytic amino acids.

What is the difference between a hydrolysis reaction and a synthesis reaction as described in the transcript?

In a hydrolysis reaction, one substrate is decomposed into two or more simple products, whereas in a synthesis reaction, two or more substrates combine to give one product.

What is the role of the enzyme-substrate complex in the catalytic process?

The enzyme-substrate complex is formed during the chemical reaction, where the substrate binds to the enzyme's active site, and the enzyme catalyzes a specific type of chemical reaction.

What is the significance of the spatial configuration of the enzyme active site and the substrate?

The spatial configuration of the enzyme active site and the substrate is significant because it determines the enzyme's specificity for the substrate and the efficiency of the catalytic process.

How does the transcript explain the production of proteins?

The transcript explains that proteins, including enzymes, are produced through a process involving a long line of amino acids that are folded and coiled to form their structure.

What is the chemical nature of enzymes according to the transcript?

Enzymes are proteins, and their chemical nature is determined by the sequence and structure of amino acids that make up the enzyme.

What is the importance of the active site in enzyme function?

The active site is crucial for enzyme function as it is the specific part of the enzyme where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction is catalyzed.

How does the transcript illustrate the concept of enzyme specificity?

The transcript illustrates enzyme specificity by explaining that each enzyme acts on a specific substrate and catalyzes a specific type of chemical reaction, highlighting the importance of the enzyme's active site and its interaction with the substrate.

Outlines

00:00

🧬 Enzyme Specificity and Action Mechanism

This video segment introduces the concept of enzyme specificity and the mechanism of enzyme action. It begins with an overview of the enzyme-substrate complex, emphasizing the importance of the complementarity between the enzyme's active site and the substrate. The video explains that enzymes are proteins with a specific three-dimensional structure, and their active sites are regions where substrates bind. The concept of enzyme specificity is explored, highlighting that enzymes have a dual specificity: for the substrate based on the spatial configuration of the active site, and for the type of chemical reaction they catalyze. The video uses examples of hydrolysis and synthesis reactions to illustrate how enzymes act on specific substrates to catalyze specific chemical transformations. The role of amino acids within the active site is also discussed, with a focus on binding and catalytic amino acids that facilitate substrate binding and reaction catalysis.

05:03

🔬 Enzyme Active Site and Chemical Reactions

The second paragraph delves deeper into the functionality of the enzyme active site, which is composed of amino acids. It explains that the active site has two primary functions: to bind the specific substrate using binding amino acids and to catalyze the reaction of the bound substrate using catalytic amino acids. The video uses examples to demonstrate how enzymes form enzyme-substrate complexes during chemical reactions, which can be either hydrolysis or synthesis reactions. The video also discusses the importance of the shape complementarity between the substrate and the active site, akin to a lock and key mechanism. Finally, the video provides an application example related to leukemia, where the viewer is asked to analyze a figure showing a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme. Questions are posed to reinforce understanding, such as identifying the type of reaction, naming the complex formed, and recognizing the shapes and functions of amino acids within the active site.

Keywords

💡Enzyme

An enzyme is a biological catalyst, typically a protein, that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. In the video, enzymes are central to the discussion on their specificity and mechanism of action. The script explains that enzymes are proteins with a specific structure that allows them to catalyze reactions, highlighting their importance in biological processes.

💡Substrate

A substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts to catalyze a chemical reaction. The video script emphasizes the specificity of enzymes for their substrates, indicating that each enzyme has a particular substrate it interacts with, as described in the lock-and-key model where the enzyme's active site and substrate must fit together.

💡Active Site

The active site is a specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction occurs. The video explains that the active site's structure is crucial for enzyme specificity, as it determines which substrates can bind and be acted upon by the enzyme.

💡Specificity

Specificity in the context of enzymes refers to their ability to catalyze reactions with particular substrates and carry out specific types of chemical reactions. The video script discusses the double specificity of enzymes: specificity for the substrate due to the complementarity of the spatial configuration of the enzymatic active site and the substrate, and specificity in the reaction catalyzed, such as hydrolysis or synthesis.

💡Hydrolysis Reaction

A hydrolysis reaction is a type of chemical reaction where a molecule is broken down into simpler products by the addition of water. The video script uses hydrolysis as an example of a specific reaction type that an enzyme might catalyze, where one substrate is decomposed into two or more products.

💡Synthesis Reaction

A synthesis reaction is a chemical reaction where two or more simple molecules combine to form a more complex molecule. The video script contrasts synthesis with hydrolysis, illustrating how an enzyme can catalyze the combination of substrates to produce a single product.

💡Enzyme-Substrate Complex

The enzyme-substrate complex refers to the temporary association between an enzyme and its substrate during a catalytic reaction. The video script describes how this complex is formed and is essential for the enzyme to perform its function, leading to the transformation of the substrate into products.

💡Amino Acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, including enzymes. The video script explains that the active site of an enzyme is made up of amino acids, which play a dual role: some bind the substrate (binding amino acids), while others catalyze the reaction (catalytic amino acids).

💡Protein Nature

The protein nature of enzymes refers to their chemical composition and structure, which are crucial for their function. The video script relates the functional characteristics of an enzyme molecule to its spatial configuration and its protein nature, emphasizing that the enzyme's structure is fundamental to its activity.

💡Complementarity

Complementarity in the video script refers to the concept that the shape of an enzyme's active site and the substrate it binds must fit together perfectly, like a lock and key, for the enzyme to function. This concept is central to understanding enzyme specificity and the mechanism of enzyme action.

Highlights

Enzyme substrate complexes form due to the complementarity of certain zones of the enzyme molecule and the substrate.

Enzyme specificity relates to its spatial configuration and protein nature.

Enzymes are proteins, which are long lines of amino acids folded and coiled.

The active site of an enzyme is a specific part crucial for its function.

Enzyme specificity has two meanings: specificity for the substrate and specificity in the reaction catalyzed.

The substrate's spatial configuration must complement the enzyme's active site for binding.

Enzymes catalyze specific chemical reactions, such as hydrolysis or synthesis.

In a hydrolysis reaction, one substrate is decomposed into two or more products by an enzyme.

In a synthesis reaction, two or more substrates combine to form one product, catalyzed by an enzyme.

The active site of an enzyme is made up of amino acids, which have two functions: binding and catalysis.

Binding amino acids in the active site are responsible for substrate fixation.

Catalytic amino acids in the active site catalyze the reaction of the bound substrate.

Each enzyme acts on a specific substrate and catalyzes a specific type of chemical reaction.

The chemical reaction is catalyzed in the active site of the enzyme.

The active site contains amino acids that are either binding or catalytic.

An example application of enzyme specificity is in the study of leukemia.

The video concludes with a summary emphasizing the importance of enzyme-substrate complexes and specificity.

Transcripts

[Music]

dear students

today we'll start a new activity in

chapter 3 which is

activity 8 specificity and mechanism of

enzyme action

at the end of this video we will be able

to

notice that the enzyme substrate

complexes due to the complementarity of

certain zones of the enzyme molecule

and the substrate

relate the functional characteristics of

an enzyme molecule to its spatial

configuration and its protein nature

[Music]

you need a pen

and your notebook

in this chapter we learned about

proteins how they are produced their

faith etc

this activity will learn about enzymes

do you know what is the chemical nature

of enzymes

yes enzymes are proteins that's why we

are interested in enzymes

structure of an infant leukemis

what can you see

yes we can see a long line of amino

acids that is

how

folded and coiled

so

enzymes are proteins

their structure will be basically a long

line of amino acids folded and coiled

many times

showing a specific part called the

active site look here

here we can see a specific part of the

enzyme and it's called the active site

of the enzyme

and we will talk later about its

importance

today we will learn about a property of

enzymes the specificity

what is meant by specificity of an

enzyme

does it mean each enzyme acts on a

specific substrate

in fact no this is an incomplete answer

to discover the real meaning of

specificity of the enzyme you have to

read

the first point in this text

enzymes have a double specificity

specificity for the substrate which

depends on the complementarity of the

spatial configuration or

three-dimensional structure of the

enzyme active site and the substrate in

a lock key relationship

so it's obvious that specificity of an

enzyme has more than one meaning

first meaning

the specificity for the substrate

due to the complementarity of the

spatial configuration of the enzymatic

active site and the substrate in a lock

and key relationship

so the key has to fit in the lock

look at the shape of the active site of

the enzyme and that of the convenient or

the specific substrate how are they

yes they are complement

so this abstract has to fit in the

active site as the key that fits in the

lock

what about the second meaning of

specificity of an enzyme

let's read the second point in the text

specificity in the reaction catalyzed an

enzyme acts in a specific chemical

reaction on the substrate

for example look here we have an enzyme

that catalyzes a reaction

one substrate is fixed in the active

site of the enzyme

at the end two products are good this is

a hydrolysis reaction so here the enzyme

is catalyzing a hydrolysis reaction

here we have two substrates

that combine

in the active site of the enzyme to

produce at the end

just

one product

so this is a synthesis reaction here the

enzyme is catalyzing a specific chemical

reaction which is the synthesis reaction

so let's talk more about the hydrolysis

reaction in a hydroxyl reaction one

substrate is decomposed into two or more

simple products at the end of the

reaction here we have one substrate

and at the end we have two products

so in this case the enzyme is catalyzing

the hydrolysis reaction or is acting in

a hydrolysis reaction

in a synthesis reaction two or more

substrates combine together

to give at the end one product

so in this case the enzyme is acting in

a synthesis reaction

in both cases

we have the formation of

a complex enzyme substrate okay

here we have enzyme substrate complex

and all in all we have a hydrolysis

reaction since we have one substrate and

two products at the end

and here also we have an enzyme

substrate complex

and this is the case of synthesis

reaction since we have two substrates

and one product at the end

so

to sum up we can say that specificity of

an enzyme means

each enzyme acts

on a specific substate

and also each enzyme catalyzes a

specific type of chemical reaction so

these are the two meanings of

specificity of an enzyme and keep in

mind that an enzyme substrate complex is

formed during the chemical reaction so

here we have an enzyme substrate complex

formed

now

the active site of the enzyme remember

when we talked about the active site of

the enzyme

where does the binding of the substrate

and the catalysis of the chemical

reaction okay

yes

look here in the active site of the of

the enzyme

okay in your opinion from what the

active site of the enzyme is made up of

remember

the enzyme is what

yes a protein and from what a protein is

made up of

amino acids so

the active site is indeed made up of

amino acids so it's made up of amino

acids since it's a part of the enzyme

knowing that the enzyme is a protein

now in order to discover the way the

enzyme active site functions you have to

read the following paragraph

the enzyme active site made up of amino

acids has two functions first to bind

the specific substrate using binding

amino acids

to catalyze the reaction underwent by

the bound substrate using catalytic

amino acids

so amino acids of the active sites

among these amino acids i can talk about

two groups

a group

called burning amino acids

binds to the substate and another group

of amino acids called catalytic amino

acids that catalyzes the reaction

finally to sum up let's see in this

summary

each enzyme acts on a specific substrate

and catalyzes a specific type of

chemical reaction

two the substrate points to the enzyme

and the chemical reaction

is catalyzed in the active site of the

enzyme the active site of the enzyme

contains amino acids a group of these

amino acids points to the substrate here

i'm talking about the binding amino

acids

and the other group catalyzes the

occurring reaction and here i'm talking

about the catalytic amino acids

what about an application

leukemia

here you have a figure that shows the

occurrence of a chemical reaction

catalyzed by an invite you have to

observe this figure and to answer the

following questions

take your time

now solution

regarding the first question indicate

the type of the reaction shown

now the reaction starts with

one substrate

and it ends with two products

right

so this is a

yes

excellent hydrolysis reaction

second question

give the name of the complex formed in

step two here we have step two

what do we call this complex

yes

enzyme substrate complex

third question what can you say about

the shapes of the substrate and that of

the active site

so if you have the shape of the active

site and here you have the shape of

the substrate how are they

yes they are complement right

and the last question

give the name of the amino acids found

in the active site that are responsible

for the fixation of the substrate

yes they are the binding

amino acids

excellent work

finally don't forget to study the

summary

thank you for your attention goodbye

[Music]