Gr11 Ch3 Act2part 1
Summary
TLDRThis educational video explores the concept of genes and transgenesis. It explains that genes are DNA fragments coding for specific proteins, using the example of human insulin in mice. The video describes an experiment where the human insulin gene is inserted into mouse eggs, resulting in one transgenic mouse synthesizing human insulin. It defines transgenesis as the process of introducing foreign genes into an organism's genome, and a transgenic organism as one containing these foreign genes.
Takeaways
- 🧬 The script discusses the structure and function of genes, focusing on the relationship between DNA and synthesized proteins.
- 🧬 A gene is defined as a fragment of DNA that codes for a specific protein, which is crucial for understanding genetic programming.
- 🧬 The experiment of transgenesis is explained, where a human insulin gene is inserted into a mouse's genome to observe protein synthesis.
- 🧬 The process involves removing eggs from a mouse and inserting the gene into a male pronucleus, which is then implanted into an egg.
- 🧬 The resulting embryo is transferred to a foster mother, who nurtures the embryo to term, demonstrating the concept of genetic modification.
- 🧬 Out of three mice born from this experiment, only one showed the synthesis of human insulin, indicating successful gene insertion.
- 🧬 The successful transgenic mouse, which produced human insulin, exemplifies the outcome of the transgenesis process.
- 🧬 Transgenesis is defined as the process of introducing a foreign gene into an organism's genome, altering its genetic makeup.
- 🧬 A transgenic organism is one that contains foreign DNA or genes in its genome, as a result of genetic engineering.
- 🧬 The script concludes by emphasizing that each gene is responsible for the synthesis of a specific protein, highlighting the precision of genetic coding.
Q & A
What is the main focus of the video script?
-The main focus of the video script is to explain the concept of genes, their role in protein synthesis, and to introduce the terms 'transgenesis' and 'transgenic organism' through an experiment involving the insertion of a human insulin gene into a mouse.
What is a gene according to the script?
-A gene is defined as a fragment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.
What are the basic building blocks of chromosomes mentioned in the script?
-The basic building blocks of chromosomes mentioned in the script are nucleotides, specifically adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
What is the purpose of the experiment described in the script?
-The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the process of transgenesis by inserting a human insulin gene into a mouse and observing the synthesis of human insulin in the resulting mice.
What role does the foster mother play in the experiment?
-The foster mother in the experiment is a surrogate that nurtures and brings up the genetically modified embryo, allowing it to develop into a mouse with the potential to produce human insulin.
How does the script explain the relationship between DNA and synthesized proteins?
-The script explains the relationship between DNA and synthesized proteins by describing an experiment where a human insulin gene is inserted into a mouse, leading to the production of human insulin in one of the mice, thus linking the gene to the specific protein it codes for.
What is the outcome of the experiment with the mice?
-The outcome of the experiment is that out of three mice, two did not synthesize human insulin, indicating the insulin gene was not successfully inserted into their genomes, while one mouse did synthesize human insulin, showing that the gene was successfully inserted.
What is the definition of a transgenic organism as per the script?
-A transgenic organism, as per the script, is an organism that has foreign DNA or genes in its genome.
What is the definition of transgenesis?
-Transgenesis is defined as the process of introducing a novel or foreign gene into the genome of an organism.
Why did only one mouse out of three show a positive result for human insulin synthesis?
-Only one mouse out of three showed a positive result for human insulin synthesis because only in this mouse was the human insulin gene successfully inserted into its genome, allowing it to produce the human insulin protein.
What additional materials will be provided to the viewer at the end of the video?
-At the end of the video, the viewer will be supplied with extra sheet 7 and summary sheet 7 for further understanding and reference.
Outlines
🧬 Understanding Genes and Transgenesis
This video segment focuses on chapter 3, activity 2, which delves into the structure of genes and their role in protein synthesis. The viewer is introduced to the concept that genes are fragments of DNA responsible for coding specific proteins. The video promises to provide supplementary materials and aims to help viewers understand the terms 'transgenesis' and 'transgenic organism'. It explains that our bodies are composed of proteins, which are dictated by our genetic makeup stored in chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of nucleotides (A, T, C, G), and the relationship between DNA and synthesized proteins is explored through an experiment involving the insertion of a human insulin gene into mouse eggs. The experiment results show that only one mouse out of three synthesized human insulin, indicating successful gene insertion. The video concludes by defining a gene as a DNA fragment coding for a specific protein and explaining that transgenesis is the process of introducing foreign genes into an organism's genome, resulting in a transgenic organism.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Gene
💡DNA
💡Protein
💡Transgenesis
💡Transgenic Organism
💡Chromosomes
💡Nucleotides
💡Insulin
💡Foster Mother
💡Genetic Program
💡Gametes
Highlights
Continuation of activity 2 from chapter 3 on gene structure and information unit.
Introduction to the concept that genes are fragments of DNA coding for specific proteins.
Definition of transgenesis and transgenic organism.
Proteins in the body are based on the genetic program held by chromosomes.
Chromosomes are made up of nucleotides A, T, C, and G.
Experiment to analyze the relationship between DNA and synthesized proteins.
Each chromosome carries several genes, which are sequences of nucleotides.
Transgenesis experiment involves inserting a human insulin gene into a mouse egg.
Foster mother mice raise the embryos with the inserted gene.
Observation of human insulin in the blood of genetically modified mice.
Only one mouse out of three showed the synthesis of human insulin.
The presence of human insulin indicates successful gene insertion.
A gene is defined as a fragment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.
Transgenic organism is defined as one with foreign DNA in its genome.
Transgenesis is the process of introducing foreign genes into an organism's genome.
The experiment demonstrates the practical application of transgenesis in creating a transgenic mouse.
Transcripts
[Music]
today we will continue with activity 2
of chapter 3 the gene structure and
information unit part 1. you will be
supplied at the end of this video with
extra sheet 7
and summary sheet 7.
at the end of this video you will be
able to deduce that a gene is a fragment
of dna
coding for a specific protein
and define both terms transgenesis and a
transgenic organism
as we know our body is built up from
proteins
like hemoglobin found in red blood cells
keratin
enzymes and many others
we know that all what we have in our
body is based on the genetic program
that we have and which is held by the
chromosomes
found in the nucleus
where chromosomes are basically made up
of the nucleotides
a
t
c
and g
what relationship exists between dna and
the synthesized proteins
to understand this we are going to
analyze an experiment but first of all
we are going to define a gene
each chromosome carries several genes
and every gene is a sequence of
nucleotides
well here the definition of a gene is
not yet complete we'll complete it after
we explain the experiment of
transgenesis
in this experiment
eggs are removed from a mouse
and human insulin gene is inserted into
a male prone nucleus that has been
inserted into one of the eggs here we
notice that the female
and male prone nuclei correspond to the
female and the male gametes before
fusion during fertilization
then the obtained embryo is transferred
along with other embryos into a foster
mother
where the foster mother is the mother
with that will bring up the child
instead of the natural mother
and later we observe the birth of three
mice
after searching for human insulin in the
blood of these mice
two mice showed negative result
where human insulin was not synthesized
in them
and only one showed a positive result
where human insulin was synthesized in
it
to explain the results of the experiment
we noticed that these two mice didn't
produce the human insulin protein
which means that the insulin gene wasn't
inserted into their genome
however
this mouse showed the synthesis of
insulin protein
which means that the insulin gene was
inserted into its genome
then we can conclude that the human
insulin gene
was responsible for the synthesis of the
human insulin protein
in conclusion
each gene is responsible for the
synthesis of a specific protein
now we can define fully a gene
a gene is a fragment of dna that codes
for a specific protein
this is the mouse that showed the human
insulin hormone in its blood
then it is the mouse that had the
insulin gene inserted into its genome
this mouse is described as a transgenic
mouse
what do mean by a transgenic organism
and what is transgenesis
a transgenic organism is the organism
that has the foreign dna or genes in its
genome
transgenesis corresponds to the process
of introducing an oval or foreign gene
into the genome of an organism
to sum up
a gene is a fragment of dna coding for a
specific protein
transgenesis is the process of
introducing an oval or foreign gene into
the genome of an organism
and a transgenic organism is the one
that has the foreign gene in its genome
thanks for listening
you
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