Sejarah Kerajaan Hindu, Buddha, dan Islam

Summary

This script delves into the rich history of Indonesian kingdoms, both Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic, showcasing their cultural and architectural legacy. It highlights ancient kingdoms like Kutai, Tarumanegara, Mataram Kuno, Sriwijaya, Singasari, and Majapahit, emphasizing their trade relations, religious influences, and famous rulers. The script also covers the rise of Islamic kingdoms such as Demak, Mataram Islam, Ternate, Tidore, Banten, and Gowa-Tallo, noting their establishment and decline. The importance of preserving these historical sites and the role of leadership in their success is underscored, encouraging viewers to learn more about Indonesia's royal past.

Takeaways

• 🏰 The script discusses the history of Hindu, Buddhist, and Islamic kingdoms in Indonesia, highlighting the existence of various kingdoms with distinct religious and cultural influences.
• 🕌 Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Indonesia are believed to have existed since the 4th century CE, with their development influenced by trade relations with India and China.
• 📜 The Kingdom of Kutai in East Kalimantan is one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia, established around 400 CE, with its success during the reign of Raja Mulawarman documented in seven inscriptions.
• 🏛 The Tarumanegara Kingdom in West Java, which ruled since the 4th century CE, is known for its famous ruler Purnawarman and its relics such as the Tugu Inscription, Ciaruteun Inscription, and Kebon Kopi Inscription.
• 🌋 The Mataram Kuno Kingdom, which ruled since the 8th century CE, initially located in Central Java, moved to East Java due to volcanic eruptions, and initially followed Hinduism before adopting Buddhism under the Syailendra Dynasty.
• 🗿 The Srivijaya Kingdom, a Buddhist kingdom established in the 7th century in Palembang near the Malacca Strait, flourished due to its strategic location for international trade and is known for rulers like Raja Balaputradewa.
• 🛕 The Singasari Kingdom in East Java, founded in the 13th century by Ken Arok, reached its peak of prosperity under King Kertanegara, who led the Pamalayu Expedition.
• 🏰 The Majapahit Kingdom, established around 1293 and lasting until 1527, was the last Hindu-Buddhist kingdom to rule the archipelago and is considered the largest, with its power stretching from Java to the eastern part of Indonesia.
• 🕊 Islam arrived and developed in the Indonesian archipelago around the 13th century through Arab, Persian, and Gujarati traders.
• 📿 The first Islamic kingdom to emerge was the Samudra Pasai Kingdom in Aceh, established around 1267 CE by Sultan Malik as-Saleh, which declined after the Portuguese took control of the Malacca Strait.
• 🏙️ Islamic kingdoms on Java Island include the Demak Kingdom, which was originally under Majapahit's influence and became independent in 1475 CE, and the Islamic Mataram Kingdom, established in 1586 and later split into two parts in 1755 under the Treaty of Giyanti.

Q & A

What is the significance of the Hindu, Buddhist, and Islamic kingdoms in Indonesian history?

The Hindu, Buddhist, and Islamic kingdoms are significant as they represent the diverse cultural and religious influences that shaped Indonesia's history, with each kingdom leaving a unique mark through its architecture, art, and traditions.

When did the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Indonesia begin to exist?

The Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Indonesia are estimated to have existed since the 4th century CE, with their development influenced by trade relations with India and China.

Can you name one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia?

The Kingdom of Kutai, located near the Mahakam River in East Kalimantan, is one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia, established around the 4th century CE.

What is the historical significance of the Prambanan and Borobudur temples?

The Prambanan and Borobudur temples are significant as they are remnants of the Hindu-Buddhist Mataram Kuno Kingdom, showcasing the architectural and cultural heritage of that era.

How did the Srivijaya Kingdom benefit from its location?

The Srivijaya Kingdom, located near the Malacca Strait in Palembang, benefited from its strategic location as a center for international maritime and trade routes, which facilitated its rapid growth.

When did the Majapahit Kingdom, the last Hindu-Buddhist kingdom, rule?

The Majapahit Kingdom ruled from around 1293 to 1527 CE, with its center in East Java.

How did Islam spread and develop in the Indonesian archipelago?

Islam spread and developed in the Indonesian archipelago around the 13th century, primarily through Arab, Persian, and Gujarati traders.

Which was the first Islamic kingdom to emerge in the Indonesian archipelago?

The first Islamic kingdom to emerge was the Samudra Pasai Kingdom in Aceh, established around 1267 CE by Sultan Malik as-Saleh.

What event led to the division of the Islamic Mataram Kingdom into two separate kingdoms?

The Islamic Mataram Kingdom was divided into two separate kingdoms, Surakarta and Yogyakarta, through the Treaty of Giyanti in 1755.

How can historical sites of these kingdoms be preserved for future generations?

Historical sites can be preserved through conservation efforts, maintenance, and educational initiatives that raise awareness about their cultural and historical significance.

What is the importance of maintaining the historical legacy of these kingdoms?

Maintaining the historical legacy of these kingdoms is important to ensure that the evidence of Indonesia's rich history is not lost and can be passed down to future generations, providing a deeper understanding of the nation's cultural heritage.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ History of Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic Kingdoms

This paragraph introduces the historical context of various kingdoms in Indonesia that were influenced by Hindu, Buddhist, and Islamic cultures. It starts with a question to engage the audience about their experiences visiting historical sites like the palaces of Yogyakarta and Surakarta or the temples of Borobudur and Prambanan. It then discusses the existence of these kingdoms as evidence of Indonesia's rich history, dating back to the 4th century CE. The paragraph outlines several Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, including Kutai, Tarumanegara, Mataram Kuno, Sriwijaya, Singasari, and Majapahit, highlighting their locations, significant rulers, and contributions to Indonesian history. It also touches upon the spread of Islam in the 13th century and mentions the early Islamic kingdom of Samudra Pasai in Aceh.

05:10

🕌 Development and Legacy of Islamic Kingdoms in Indonesia

The second paragraph delves into the development of Islamic kingdoms in Indonesia, starting with the Demak kingdom, which was initially under Majapahit's influence and was established by Raden Patah in 1475. It then discusses the Islamic Mataram kingdom, which was founded in Yogyakarta by Ki Ageng Pamanahan in 1586 and later split into two kingdoms following the Treaty of Giyanti in 1755. The paragraph also covers the Ternate and Tidore kingdoms in Maluku, known for their advanced Islamic rule and significant maritime power. The Banten kingdom's influence over western Java and Lampung is mentioned, along with the Gowa-Tallo twin kingdom in Makassar, which reached its peak under Sultan Hasanuddin. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the importance of preserving historical sites as a testament to Indonesia's rich royal history and encourages the audience to engage further through a website and app for more historical topics.

Keywords

💡Hindu Kingdoms

Hindu Kingdoms refers to the historical kingdoms in Indonesia that were influenced by Hindu culture and religion. They are central to the video's theme of exploring the diverse historical kingdoms in Indonesia. An example from the script is the mention of the Kingdom of Kutai, which is identified as one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia, established around the 4th century CE.

💡Buddhist Kingdoms

Buddhist Kingdoms are those that embraced Buddhism and are part of the religious and cultural history of Indonesia. They are integral to the video's exploration of the spiritual and political landscape of the region. The Srivijaya Kingdom, mentioned in the script, is an example of a Buddhist kingdom that thrived from the 7th century due to its strategic location near the Malacca Strait.

💡Islamic Kingdoms

Islamic Kingdoms in the context of the video represent the transition and influence of Islam in the Indonesian archipelago from the 13th century onwards. They are crucial to understanding the religious and cultural shifts depicted in the video. The Samudra Pasai Kingdom, established around 1267 CE by Sultan Malik as-Saleh, is highlighted as one of the early Islamic kingdoms in Aceh.

💡Borobudur

Borobudur is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Central Java, Indonesia, and is a UNESCO World Heritage site. It is a key example in the video of the architectural and cultural achievements of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, specifically the Mataram Kingdom.

💡Prambanan

Prambanan refers to a 9th-century Hindu temple complex in Java, and it is another significant cultural heritage site. In the video, it is mentioned as a remnant of the Mataram Kuno Kingdom, showcasing the Hindu architectural style.

💡Keraton

Keraton is a term for a type of Javanese palace or royal court, reflecting the traditional political structures of Java. The script mentions the kratons of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, which are important cultural symbols and remnants of the Islamic Mataram Kingdom.

💡Sultanate

A Sultanate refers to a state ruled by a sultan, which is common in Islamic regions. In the video, it discusses various sultanates such as Demak and Banten, which are significant in the spread and establishment of Islamic rule in Java and other parts of Indonesia.

💡Majapahit

Majapahit is mentioned as the last major Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Indonesia, which had a vast influence across the archipelago from the 13th to the 15th century. It is a central concept in the video's narrative of the peak of pre-Islamic kingdoms.

💡Yupa

Yupa refers to a type of stone inscription or monument, often used in ancient Javanese kingdoms to record important events or laws. The script cites the seven yupas of Raja Mulawarman of the Kutai Kingdom as an example of this tradition.

💡Palembang

Palembang is a city in Sumatra, known as the location of the Srivijaya Kingdom's capital. It is significant in the video's discussion of the maritime and trade prowess of the Buddhist Srivijaya Kingdom.

💡Preservation

Preservation in the context of the video refers to the act of maintaining and protecting historical sites and artifacts. The script calls for the preservation of these remnants as a way to keep the historical evidence of Indonesia's kingdoms intact and passed down to future generations.

Highlights

Historic kingdoms in Indonesia have a rich history, including Hindu, Buddhist, and Islamic influences.

The Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms are estimated to have been established in Indonesia since the 4th century CE.

Trade relations with India and China contributed to the development of these kingdoms.

The Kutai Kingdom in East Kalimantan is one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia, established around 400 CE.

The Tarumanegara Kingdom, located near the Citarum River in West Java, ruled since the 4th century CE.

The Mataram Kuno Kingdom, which began in Central Java, later moved to East Java due to volcanic eruptions.

The Sriwijaya Kingdom, a Buddhist kingdom, was established in the 7th century in Palembang, near the Malacca Strait.

The Singasari Kingdom, founded by Ken Arok in the 13th century, reached its peak under King Kertanegara.

The Majapahit Kingdom, the last Hindu-Buddhist kingdom, ruled from 1293 to 1527 CE and was centered in East Java.

Islam began to spread in the Indonesian archipelago around the 13th century through Arab, Persian, and Gujarati traders.

The Samudra Pasai Kingdom in Aceh was the first Islamic kingdom, established around 1267 CE by Sultan Malik as-Saleh.

The Demak Kingdom on Java Island was the first Islamic kingdom to appear in Java, established around 1475 CE.

The Islamic Mataram Kingdom was established in 1586 by Ki Ageng Pamanahan and later split into two kingdoms in 1755.

The Ternate Kingdom in Maluku was established in the 13th century and became a major Islamic power in the east.

The Tidore Kingdom, established in 1486, reached its peak under Sultan Nuku, who united Tidore and Ternate.

The Banten Kingdom, established by Maulana Hasanuddin in 1552, had influence over western parts of Java and Lampung.

The Gowa-Tallo Kingdom in Makassar, South Sulawesi, reached its peak under Sultan Hasanuddin in the 16th century.

Preserving historical sites is crucial to maintaining the historical evidence of Indonesia's kingdoms.

For more practice on topics like 'Hindu, Buddhist, and Islamic Kingdoms', visit kejarcita.id or download the kejarcita app on Playstore.

Transcripts

Sejarah Kerajaan Hindu, Buddha, dan Islam

Siapa di antara kalian yang pernah berkunjung ke keraton Yogyakarta dan keraton Surakarta?

Atau mungkin mengunjungi Candi Borobudur dan Candi Prambanan?

Adanya kerajaan dan bangunan candi ini adalah salah satu bukti berdirinya kerajaan-kerajaan di Indonesia,

baik kerajaan yang bercorak Hindu, Buddha, maupun Islam.

Kerajaan bercorak Hindu-Buddha diperkirakan berdiri di Indonesia sejak abad ke-4 Masehi.

Kerajaan tersebut berkembang karena hubungan dagang dengan India dan Tiongkok.

Yuk kita bahas, apa saja contoh kerajaan bercorak Hindu-Buddha.

Kerajaan Kutai terletak di dekat Sungai Mahakam, Kalimantan Timur.

Kerajaan Kutai adalah salah satu kerajaan Hindu tertua di Indonesia

yang berdiri sekitar tahun 400 Masehi.

Kerajaan Kutai mengalami kejayaan pada masa Raja Mulawarman,

yang kisahnya tercatat dalam tujuh buah yupa.

Kerajaan Tarumanegara terletak di dekat Sungai Citarum, Jawa Barat.

Kerajaan ini berkuasa sejak abad ke-4 Masehi.

Raja yang terkenal adalah Purnawarman.

Peninggalan Kerajaan Tarumanegara adalah Prasasti Tugu,

Prasasti Ciaruteun,

dan Prasasti Kebon Kopi.

Kerajaan Mataram Kuno berkuasa sejak abad ke-8 Masehi.

Awalnya kerajaan ini terletak di Jawa Tengah,

kemudian pindah ke Jawa Timur karena bencana letusan gunung berapi.

Raja pertamanya adalah Raja Sanjaya.

Awalnya, kerajaan ini bercorak Hindu, tapi pada masa Dinasti Syailendra juga menganut Buddha.

Peninggalan Kerajaan Mataram Kuno adalah Candi Prambanan dan Candi Borobudur.

Kerajaan Sriwijaya adalah kerajaan bercorak Buddha yang berdiri sejak abad ke-7.

Kerajaan ini terletak di Palembang, tepatnya di dekat Selat Malaka.

Kerajaan ini mampu berkembang dengan pesat

karena Selat Malaka merupakan pusat pelayaran dan perdagangan internasional.

Raja yang terkenal adalah Raja Balaputradewa.

Peninggalan Kerajaan Sriwijaya adalah Prasasti Kedukan Bukit dan Prasasti Talang Tuo.

Kerajaan Singasari terletak di Malang, Jawa Timur.

Kerajaan ini didirikan oleh Ken Arok pada abad ke-13.

Raja yang terkenal adalah Kertanegara,

yang membawa Singasari ke puncak kejayaan melalui Ekspedisi Pamalayu.

Peninggalan Kerajaan Singasari adalah Candi Jago, Candi Kidal, dan Prasasti Kudadu.

Kerajaan Majapahit berdiri sekitar tahun 1293 sampai 1527 Masehi

dan berpusat di Jawa Timur.

Kerajaan ini didirikan oleh Raden Wijaya, dari Kerajaan Singasari.

Kerajaan Majapahit adalah kerajaan Hindu-Buddha terakhir yang menguasai nusantara

dan dianggap sebagai kerajaan terbesar.

Kekuasaan Majapahit terbentang dari Jawa,

Sumatra,

Semenanjung Malaya,

Kalimantan,

hingga Indonesia bagian timur.

Pada masa kepemimpinan Hayam Wuruk dan Mahapatih Gajah Mada inilah,

Majapahit berada di puncak kejayaan.

Peninggalan Kerajaan Majapahit adalah Candi Tikus dan Kitab Sutasoma.

Bagaimana dengan kerajaan bercorak Islam?

Islam masuk dan berkembang di Nusantara sekitar abad ke-13

melalui para pedagang dari Arab, Persia, dan Gujarat.

Yuk kita bahas, apa saja contoh kerajaan bercorak Islam.

Kerajaan Islam yang awal muncul adalah Kerajaan Samudra Pasai di Aceh.

Kerajaan ini didirikan sekitar tahun 1267 Masehi

oleh raja pertamanya, Sultan Malik as-Saleh.

Kerajaan Samudera Pasai mengalami kemunduran setelah Portugis menguasai Selat Malaka.

Tradisi dan kekuasaan Samudera Pasai kemudian dilanjutkan oleh Kerajaan Aceh.

Peninggalan Kerajaan Samudra Pasai adalah makam Sultan Malik as-Saleh dan koin Dirham.

Kerajaan Islam pertama yang muncul di Pulau Jawa adalah Kerajaan Demak.

Semula, Demak merupakan salah satu wilayah di bawah kekuasaan Majapahit.

Kerajaan ini didirikan sekitar tahun 1475 Masehi

oleh raja pertamanya, Raden Patah.

Peninggalan Kerajaan Demak adalah Masjid Agung Demak.

Kerajaan Mataram Islam terletak di Kota Yogyakarta.

Kerajaan ini didirikan tahun 1586 oleh Ki Ageng Pamanahan.

Namun, pada tahun 1755 melalui perjanjian Giyanti,

Kerajaan Mataram Islam terpecah menjadi dua bagian.

Kerajaan yang dipimpin Pakubuwana berkedudukan di Surakarta

dan kerajaan yang dipimpin Mangkubumi berkedudukan di Yogyakarta.

Peninggalan Kerajaan Mataram Islam adalah Masjid Kota Gede.

Kerajaan Ternate berdiri sekitar abad ke-13 di Maluku oleh Baab Mashur Malamo.

Kerajaan Ternate berkembang menjadi kerajaan Islam yang maju dan paling besar di wilayah timur.

Hingga kini, Kerajaan Ternate masih ada, meskipun tidak lagi memiliki kekuasaan politik.

Kerajaan Tidore berdiri pada tahun 1486.

Kerajaan ini mencapai puncak kejayaan pada masa Sultan Nuku

yang mampu mempersatukan kerajaan Ternate dan Tidore,

serta mengusir Portugis dari Maluku.

Peninggalan Kerajaan Tidore adalah Benteng Torre-Tahula dan Istana Kadato Kie.

Kerajaan Banten terletak di Banten.

Kekuasaan Kerajaan Banten meliputi sebelah barat Pantai Jawa sampai Lampung.

Kesultanan Banten didirikan oleh Maulana Hasanuddin pada tahun 1552.

Peninggalan Kerajaan Banten adalah Masjid Agung Banten.

Kerajaan Gowa-Tallo adalah kerajaan kembar yang bersatu dan terletak di Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan.

Kesultanan Gowa Tallo mencapai puncak kejayaan pada masa Sultan Hasanuddin,

yang dijuluki sebagai "Ayam Jantan dari Timur".

Peninggalan Kerajaan Gowa-Tallo adalah Istana Balla Lampoa dan Masjid Katangka.

Bagaimana temen kece, ternyata banyak kerajaan di Indonesia yang berjaya dan terkenal.

Hal ini tidak lepas dari kepemimpinan para raja yang berani dan berkuasa.

Berbagai peninggalan kerajaan juga harus kita jaga dengan baik,

agar bukti sejarah kerajaan di Indonesia tidak hilang dan dapat terus diwariskan.

Yuk, sekarang coba jawab pertanyaan berikut!

Salah satu cara melestarikan peninggalan kerajaan berikut adalah dengan ….

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