Co to jest przypadek (rzeczownik)?

Summary

This speech delves into the intricacies of the Polish language's case system, tracing its historical development back to Onufry Kopczynski and highlighting its syntactic and semantic roles. It illustrates how case confusion can alter sentence meanings and discusses the evolution of case usage over time, from inflectional forms to the increasing reliance on prepositions. The speaker also contemplates the future of Polish, suggesting a continued shift towards lexical determiners and the enduring significance of case in conveying precise relationships in language.

Takeaways

• 📚 The script discusses the intricacies of the Polish language's case system, highlighting its historical development and current relevance.
• 🗣️ The case names in Polish date back to the 19th century, with Onufry Kopczynski being credited as the key figure in their establishment.
• 🔍 Initially, case names were different and more closely tied to their Latin counterparts, but they evolved to the familiar nominative, accusative, and others by the early 19th century.
• 🌐 The concept of case varies significantly across languages; some like Caucasian languages have dozens of cases, while others, like English, have very few.
• 💡 Cases serve a crucial grammatical function, defining the syntactic roles of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals within a sentence.
• 🔑 Cases can change the meaning of a sentence dramatically, as demonstrated by simple examples involving the use of different cases for objects and tools.
• 🎭 The script uses literary examples to illustrate how case changes can alter narrative scenes, such as the direction of a procession carrying the golden calf.
• 📉 Some case functions have diminished over time, with prepositions taking on roles previously indicated by case changes, reflecting a shift in language evolution.
• 📚 Historical texts can be challenging to understand due to changes in case functions and the use of different syntactic constructions.
• 🌟 The script concludes by emphasizing the importance of cases in Polish, allowing for nuanced expression and the preservation of certain semantic roles that might be lost in languages with fewer cases.
• 🚀 The future of Polish language may see a continued shift towards prepositions and lexical determiners, reflecting a broader trend in language simplification and evolution.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the speech?

The main topic of the speech is the case system in the Polish language, its history, functions, and the evolution of its terminology.

Who is credited with the creation of the Polish case names used in the 19th century?

Onufry Kopczynski is credited with the creation of the Polish case names used in the 19th century.

How many cases does the Polish language have, and what are they?

The Polish language has seven cases: nominative, complement, accusative, genitive, instrumental, locative, and vocative.

Why do some young people have trouble remembering the names of the cases?

Some young people have trouble remembering the names of the cases because they are not as familiar with the historical context and Latin influences that shaped these names.

What is the origin of the case names in the Polish language?

The case names in the Polish language originated from the 19th century and were influenced by Latin names, with Onufry Kopczynski playing a significant role in their establishment.

How have the functions of cases in the Polish language changed over time?

The functions of cases in the Polish language have evolved from primarily inflectional forms to a mix with lexical determiners such as prepositions, indicating a shift towards more precise expression of relationships between words.

What is the role of cases in defining syntactic functions of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns in the Polish language?

Cases in the Polish language define syntactic functions by expressing the relationships between components of a sentence, indicating roles such as subject, object, instrument, location, etc.

Can confusion of cases lead to a completely different meaning of a sentence?

Yes, confusion of cases can lead to a completely different meaning of a sentence, as cases are crucial in indicating the syntactic roles and relationships within a sentence.

What is the significance of prepositions in the evolution of case functions in the Polish language?

Prepositions have become increasingly important in the Polish language as they can more accurately express detailed relationships between words, indicating a shift from inflectional forms to lexical determiners.

How does the speech discuss the future of the case system in the Polish language?

The speech suggests that the future of the case system in the Polish language may involve a continued shift towards prepositions and lexical determiners, with inflectional forms becoming less prominent.

What is the importance of cases in the Polish language compared to other languages?

Cases are of great importance in the Polish language as they help to clearly indicate relationships between words, which is especially useful given the free word order in Polish, unlike languages where word order is more fixed.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Historical Origins of Polish Case Names

This paragraph delves into the historical background of Polish case names, tracing their origins back to the 19th century and the work of Onufry Kopczynski. It discusses the evolution of case names from their Latin roots to the more familiar nominative, accusative, and other cases used today. The speaker highlights the didactic significance of these names and their transition from Kopczynski's original terms like 'painting' and 'accusing' to the standardized names in the 1817 grammar book. The paragraph also touches on the varying number of cases in different languages and the unique challenges young people face in remembering these names.

05:06

🌐 The Significance of Cases in Language Structure

The speaker explores the purpose and function of cases in the Polish language, emphasizing their importance in defining syntactic roles for nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals. Through simple examples, the paragraph illustrates how changes in case can dramatically alter the meaning of a sentence. It also contrasts the complexity of languages with dozens of cases to the relative simplicity of Polish with its seven cases. The discussion includes the role of cases in prepositional phrases and how they contribute to the semantic and syntactic clarity of language.

10:08

🔍 The Impact of Case Confusion on Sentence Meaning

This paragraph examines the consequences of mixing up cases in the Polish language, demonstrating how such errors can lead to absurd or altered interpretations of sentences. It provides examples of common mistakes, such as the misuse of the verb 'need' and the confusion between the accusative and complement cases. The speaker notes that while these mistakes may not change the core meaning of a sentence, they can still cause discomfort or confusion, reflecting the ongoing evolution and challenges within the Polish language.

15:10

📉 The Historical Shift from Inflectional Forms to Lexical Determiners

The speaker discusses the historical shift in Polish from inflectional forms, such as cases, to the use of lexical determiners like prepositions to express relationships between words. This paragraph highlights the transition from primary prepositions to a proliferation of secondary prepositions derived from various parts of speech. It suggests that this shift towards prepositions allows for more precise expression of relationships and is a fundamental direction of language evolution, with implications for understanding older texts and the future of the Polish language.

20:12

🌟 The Enduring Importance of Cases in Polish

In conclusion, the speaker emphasizes the enduring importance of cases in the Polish language, despite the trend towards lexical determiners. They argue that cases provide a level of clarity and precision in expressing relationships that prepositions alone cannot match. The paragraph also reflects on the unique grammatical structure of Polish compared to other languages and the poetic potential of its inflectional forms, as exemplified by the work of Adam Mickiewicz. The speaker invites the audience to appreciate the richness of the Polish language and its grammatical nuances.

Keywords

💡Case

In linguistics, a 'case' is a grammatical category that indicates the syntactic function of a noun, adjective, pronoun, or numeral in a sentence. It is central to the video's theme, as it explores the historical development and functional significance of case names in the Polish language. For example, the script mentions 'nominative' and 'accusative' as specific cases that define the role of a noun in a sentence, such as the subject or the object.

💡Onufry Kopczynski

Onufry Kopczynski is identified in the script as a key figure in the history of Polish linguistics, credited with establishing the terminology for case names in the 19th century. His work on the Polish language, including the creation of grammar books for schools, has had a lasting impact on how cases are named and understood in Polish, making him an essential reference point in the video.

💡Syntactic Functions

Syntactic functions refer to the roles that words play in a sentence's structure, such as subject, object, or modifier. The video emphasizes the importance of cases in defining these functions in Polish. For instance, the script discusses how changing a noun's case can alter its syntactic function, and consequently, the meaning of the sentence.

💡Prepositional Phrases

A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. The script highlights the role of prepositional phrases in expressing relationships between words, which can sometimes substitute for case endings, especially in languages with fewer case distinctions like English.

💡Historical Linguistics

Historical linguistics is the study of language change over time. The video touches on this concept by examining the evolution of case names and their functions in Polish from the 18th to the 19th century. It illustrates how linguistic conventions, like case names, can shift and be influenced by other languages, such as Latin.

💡Semantic Roles

Semantic roles describe the meaning of a noun or pronoun within an action or state, such as agent, patient, or instrument. The script explains how cases in Polish can indicate semantic roles, providing clarity on who or what is involved in an action, as seen in examples where changing cases alters the perceived agent or object of a verb.

💡Inflection

Inflection is a morphological process by which a word is altered to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, or number. The video discusses the inflection of nouns in Polish to indicate case, which is crucial for understanding the sentence structure and meaning.

💡Lexical Determiners

Lexical determiners are words that specify the relationship between other words in a sentence, often replacing or complementing the function of inflectional endings. The script suggests a historical shift from inflectional forms to lexical determiners, such as prepositions, to express relationships in the Polish language.

💡Word Order

Word order refers to the sequence in which words appear in a sentence. The video points out that in languages like Polish, word order is relatively free due to the information conveyed by case endings, allowing for flexibility in sentence construction while maintaining clarity of meaning.

💡Conjugation

Conjugation is the variation of a verb's form to express tense, mood, person, or number. The script briefly mentions conjugation in the context of the Polish language's ability to use inflectional forms, such as case endings, to convey relationships between words, which is less common in languages like English that rely more on word order and prepositions.

Highlights

Introduction of the topic: The importance of case names in the Polish language.

Historical origin of Polish case names traced back to the 19th century and Onufry Kopczynski.

Original case names in the 18th century were different, influenced by Latin.

Evolution of case names from the 18th to the 19th century with the appearance of familiar terms like nominative and accusative.

Resistance to the adoption of new case names despite Kopczynski's authority.

Onufry Kopczynski's significant contributions to Polish linguistic terminology.

Comparison of the case system in Polish to other languages, highlighting the differences.

The case system's role in defining syntactic functions of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals.

Illustration of how case changes can alter sentence meaning through simple examples.

Discussion on the persistence of case confusion and its impact on sentence understanding.

Explanation of how cases can indicate semantic roles and conceptual categories in a sentence.

Historical changes in case functions and their impact on understanding old texts.

Transition from inflectional forms to lexical determiners in the history of Polish and other Slavic languages.

The emergence of secondary prepositions and their role in language evolution.

Speculation on the future of the Polish language, suggesting a continued move towards prepositions.

The significance of case in the free word order of Polish and its contrast with languages like English.

Concluding remarks on the enduring importance of cases in the Polish language, with a poetic example from Mickiewicz.

Transcripts

Good morning.

The title of my speech is you can see it here.

Why do I see Peter, but I look at Peter.

So we're going to talk about

a case of a very, very interesting and difficult category, it must be said.

We will be asking questions that are quite relevant.

First of all, what are the cases in Polish for?

I think one of the most important issues is the question of case names.

And they might be worth looking into,

Before we talk about case functions.

We have, of course, here everyone knows very well.

We have seven cases of denominator,

Complement, object, accusative, accusative, instrument, local, vocative.

We all know these cases, although I have to

say that many young people have trouble remembering these names.

And yet these are only seven names.

We can find poems on the Internet,

and even songs about cases that allow you to remember the name.

Well, where did these names come from, ladies and gentlemen?

They have a specific character.

I will also talk about this.

But first, where did they come from?

What we see here, ladies and gentlemen,

these names go back to the nineteenth century.

It is recognized that the author of their

was Onufry Kopczynski, an extraordinary man, a very interesting personality.

It is worth reading about him.

He lived in the 18th century, you could

say at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries.

He was probably an excellent didactic and

a tremendous authority when it comes to the Polish language.

He cooperated with the National Education Commission

and therefore issued a grammar of the Polish language for schools

National and there he placed Polish terminology, m.

in.

CASE NAMES.

Back then, they still looked different in the eighteenth century than they do today.

Here you can see his grammar.

Names such as

painting, giving birth, giving, accusing, receiving, challenging.

These names, of course, surprise us,

especially names such as nascent and accusatory.

Somehow we find it hard to relate them to cases.

These names of the majority were

influenced by Latin names, because originally

We used Latin names to describe the case.

Only later, in the order grammar, which appeared in the

1817, the names we already know appeared.

So. So it is the nominative, the complement,

the nominative, the accusative, the accusative.

The tool is what?

And the callout.

That is, the early nineteenth century.

We can say that these names are 200 years old.

But they were not immediately adopted.

Although indeed Kopchinskiy was

tremendous authority, yet these names were not accepted without hesitation.

This is what can still be said in the encyclopedia Universal Organ Planta.

Completely different names are emerging.

Names reminiscent of the former, i.e., painting, giving birth, etc.

The Universal Encyclopedia was published in 1862.

If I recall correctly,

That back then these well-known names were not yet in general circulation.

Nevertheless, we can indeed

say the names are about two hundred years old.

It would be worth adding that Onufry

Kopczynski is the author of many names in the terminology of the

Polish, which has been adopted in Polish linguistics.

Please note that in Slavic Polish we have seven

cases, but it looks different in different languages.

This category looks different.

The case category is not known, for example.

Chinese language,

But it is well-known, until you can tell the excess of some other language.

Such a linguistic record,

when it comes to the category we are

talking about, there was a language, there is the Iranian language.

Caucasian language from around Azerbaijan,

about which Zdzislaw Kemp writes quite a lot in Rehearsing Case Theory.

I am currently looking in the direction of this book.

A very interesting book, although indeed not very easy to read.

Here the author

talks about this language, showing that there these cases are very many

In different studies, the number given varies, but perhaps enough for us,

That it can be said that there are about dozens of cases in this language.

I will not specify exactly how much, because it is indeed more complicated and

This is defined differently in various studies.

A few dozen cases are enough for us.

Ladies and gentlemen, imagine the language that is

dozens of cases against the Polish language, in which there are only 7.

The difference is huge.

But of course, there are also languages.

Returning to the Indo-European languages such in which there is a

These cases are very few or in such residual form.

Such a language in which

these residual bones we see, is at least the English language.

Also, we see, ladies and gentlemen, that this

The case category is very different in languages.

What are the cases for then?

Cases is a grammatical category that defines syntactic functions

Nouns, adjectives, some pronouns, numerals,

That is, all those that conjugate by cases.

And thinking about what cases are, why are they in the language?

I think it is worth giving a few such

The simplest examples, really the simplest.

And these simplest examples

are probably the best, as far as our considerations are concerned.

Imagine a sentence that says

A young mom who is proud of her child and says this sentence.

Anna can already eat with a fork and knife,

Although, of course, this term with a fork and knife.

And about the form of Marzenko.

Here we see that indeed

Tool Nick introduces us to such interesting information.

We know that Anna.

The food route can use certain tools.

Now let's think about it and have some fun.

Something different.

Let's change the case.

Will anything change in this sentence?

If we were to use a targeting device, this sentence would be completely meaningless.

But if we tried it with a meter?

Take a look at what is happening at the moment.

Here we are suddenly presented with the

sentence Anna can already eat with a fork and knife.

And that already sounds a little scary.

But please note, despite

absurdity of this sentence, we all understand what is meant.

This may frighten us, but we understand.

Why did the accusative appear here?

Fork and knife.

The accoutrement, which very clearly indicates the object of the activity.

That is, we know that Ania can already eat no

with a fork and knife, only able to eat those forks and knives.

And suddenly this sentence takes on a completely different meaning.

Because chance makes not words, because words are exactly like that

themselves, but the coincidence changed the meaning of the whole statement for us.

It was a sentence both sentences made up by me.

But then maybe it's time for other sentences and other examples?

I am thinking here of prepositional phrases.

And maybe now

prepositional phrases, because these prepositional phrases will be important.

I'll be talking about them more in a moment.

I propose Z's sentence.

Bialoszewski's book Ramowa.

Some of you may be familiar with this book.

There is a scene there where the

characters talk about paintings, talk about paintings.

Among other things, they tell

of a related image that is tied to a biblical theme.

And there appears such a sentence Under the mountain they carry the golden calf.

Here we can already see that the golden

calf automatically takes us towards the Bible.

We can imagine the scene.

There is a procession, There are people who carry the golden calf.

They are located at the foot of the mountain, under the mountain.

What if we changed something again now?

We can change even one voice.

In fact, a coincidence, or a sign that it is disappearing.

Let's try.

Transition to passive.

And then suddenly there is again a

sentence that carries a completely different content.

They carry the golden calf uphill.

The picture changes completely for us.

We see, ladies and gentlemen, a scene in which the

People carry a calf, but they are headed upwards.

Change very big.

And that's it.

Just these two examples, ladies and

gentlemen, are actually enough to make you realize how

an important function in Polish or Slavic languages in general are cases.

Confusion of cases can therefore lead to a

completely different sense of the sentence.

But well, that is not always the case.

It is not always a change of case that leads to such changes in meaning.

Perhaps just an example to show that this is not always, not always the case.

And again, an example, please.

I classically think of a sentence that is formed with the verb need.

This verb causes us many problems.

I tell us because it also causes problems.

Polonist made a study of the language of polonists in this regard.

It turned out that here, too, Poles often make a rather classic mistake.

In Polish, of course, need a complement.

That is, we should say I need

pen, sunshine, happiness, whatever.

On the other hand, it often appears in colloquial speech

is passive, i.e. we say I need a pen, I need a car.

Unfortunately, this often happens.

But this is, of course, treated as an error.

Let's note that regardless of the

on whether we use the accusative or the complement, the sentence does not change.

Sentence. The meaning of the sentence is the same.

That is, we feel uncomfortable when we hear a sentence with such an error.

On the other hand, we will understand without any problem.

Why?

Since the accusative and the complement function

can perform a similar function of a

sentence, that is, here the function has not changed.

The function is more or less the same.

It is time, then, for some summary of what we have said so far.

This example I give here is not the only one.

Of course, in Polish we have a very

many examples of such an exchange of complement and accusative.

This is natural,

because their functions are similar, so in today's modern

The Polish language of history mixes us up with these incidental forms.

Quite often, for good measure, we have problems with the use of the upstart.

Sometimes it so happens that initially the verb that had a reaction

of the accusative or complement, shifts to

the accusative response of the accusative, such as.

save.

We can say at the moment we are saving water.

It's all just mixed up in the Polish language.

And I think you understand why this is the case.

And well.

And now in this case a certain

generalization when it comes to cases, it is said,

Ladies and gentlemen, that the cases in Polish or,

In Slavic languages, they primarily perform syntactic functions, i.e.

are used to express the relationship of relationships that occur between

components of a statement, that is, they

indicate that all these relations between words.

Thus, we have words connected to each other, they form a certain coherent whole.

Penalty seconds can also serve a semantic function.

They point to certain semantic roles, certain conceptual categories.

Yes, we could say.

Thus, they indicate whether we have to

dealing with the perpetrator of the

activity, the object, the activity the means, etc., etc.

There will, of course, be many more of these features.

It is very common for cases to combine these two functions with each other.

Let us now look, ladies and gentlemen, at the various

case names in terms of forfeiture functions.

We see, indeed, ladies and gentlemen, that

These names are associated with basic functions.

The nominative comes from the word mano.

This is probably the least transparent under

In terms of creative terms when it comes to cases.

Mano used to mean a name, a name.

For this, of course, we have a complement, which has a function.

Complementary say.

Anyway, the complement is, ladies and gentlemen, a case in point.

is really multifunctional, because it occurs when defining negation then

We replace the accusative With just the

complement of negation indicates based certainty.

When two nouns are combined, it indicates, for example.

for a property in the city.

Of course, these are only selected examples of functions.

We have.

The target is formed from the noun target.

What is the goal.

Usually it is the person toward whom the activity is directed, but not the

It must only be a person, of course, towards whom the action is directed, who

has a benefit from it or, on the contrary, suffers some damage.

So we can speak in general terms about the purpose of the action.

Passive is naturally a word derived from the word passive.

This is indeed what the object of the activity indicates.

That is, the object on which a given action is performed on a thong.

It's a means of action, so the word comes from a tool.

Here's one.

This is one of the primary functions of this case.

But he, of course, appears in various

Other situations, It can point to places under the table, we can say.

Together with the preposition forms a spatial expression can refer to time.

We can say in the summer I was doing something.

This is where we are dealing with the official.

Well, and finally the locals, who very clearly.

First of all, it points to the place.

Although, again, it should be said that not only this vocab is completely

a separate thing derived from the verb call.

For us, there is something else very important.

Here again, he starts talking like a historian.

Case functions are subject to change.

The fact that we sometimes do not

understand old texts is the result of this.

Although sometimes we do not understand syntactic constructions.

Of course, it's true that we don't understand Lex, but not only that.

It is these syntax functions that we find very difficult.

I have selected three historical examples for you today.

Simple.

We don't have time to discuss the more complicated ones.

We have a collection of Queen Sophia's teeth his first milk.

Yes, of course, contemporaries will not say.

We should say teeth first than milk or from milk.

Then the indications of the Holy Cross famous

The sentence The Savior King goes to you, that is, goes toward you.

Or perhaps more contemporarily, we should say to you

and, finally, Reja and if only they also did not die with the fall of the Republic.

Well, and here we have, ladies and

gentlemen, a sentence that we would probably have to

Translate using the term because of the fall.

I translate into modern Polish to

show you that many incidental functions have been lost to history.

Coincidences used to be much more important than they are today.

Why do I say they were more important than contemporaries?

Since today their functions are increasingly

more clearly adopt lexical determiners, i.e. prepositions.

It could be said that history

Polish, but also the history of other Slavic languages

is a slow transition from such inflectional forms to lexical determiners

determinants, which indicate precisely the relationship between the words.

Initially, these were prepositions called.

primary, those that we commonly recognize as prepositions, thus

about, on, at, in front of, over, under, which accoutrements are a bit

later, but it is not important to us,

because they are such simple prepositions, but

Polish with another Slavic language was no longer enough.

At some point, prepositions, the so-called "prepositions," began to appear.

Secondary prepositions, prepositions that arose from other parts of speech, such as.

From nouns, prepositional phrases, also from adverbs.

This creates a huge class of secondary prepositions.

I have given you one example of a secondary preposition due to.

Such examples can be given in abundance.

Some of the signaled, such as according

to, according to, or against, but there are also.

In some we can very clearly sense their

structure and connection to the base word, e.g..

for the reason I will give you here,

Whether by examples, of course, could be given a lot.

Why is it that it is the prepositional phrases that begin to

substitute these primary prepositional forms, incidental?

It is said, ladies and gentlemen, that

Such lexical determinants, since there are many more of them than forms of

accidental, can more accurately express relationships in more detail.

Well, undoubtedly, however, I think this direction is, so it is worth it.

remember as the basic, fundamental direction of the changes taking place.

What will Polish look like in 500 years?

1,000 years from now?

It is difficult for us to say unequivocally, of course.

Undoubtedly, however, we can expect that this

direction will be preserved, that is, that random forms as if they were a bit

will get sidelined, and prepositions will turn out to be much more important to us.

Polish is in such a

situation when we have both incidental forms and prepositions.

In other languages it is already simplified, i.e. the forms of

coincidentally fade somewhere in there, and the lexical determinants remain.

Why, ladies and gentlemen, cases are also

of great importance in the Polish language.

We know that in the Polish language, the chic

is quite free, it is not arbitrary, but it is quite free.

Why, ladies and gentlemen, why is it different from English?

This I ask you, Therefore, that the forms

incidental to us make it easier to point out relationships.

Not the array, but precisely the incidental forms.

Prepositional phrases will play a decisive role.

Why?

Therefore, we can say Peter kicked Paul or Paul kicked Peter.

This is, of course, possible in Polish,

because this form of the accusative tells

us that Paul is the object of the action here.

And changing the array in Polish is also of great importance.

Take a look at these two sentences.

Peter kicked Paul and Paul kicked Peter.

Seemingly, it's the same content,

and yet there are some semantic nuances that we bring in by changing the array.

And one more comment completely at the end,

Which will conclude our consideration of the American Steppes.

Why exactly does this example show you?

I swam to the dry expanse of the ocean.

Look at such a beautiful sentence with such a strange array.

Admittedly, what Mickiewicz could have

written thanks to the fact that the words in Polish

conjugate and that it is indeed only this

adjective of dry that we can associate with the

ocean, even though it is located in a completely different place.

And it is thanks to the fact that we have

cases, thanks to the fact that we conjugate words.

Thank you very much for your attention.